out several bishops, who, with their assistants and successors, were instrumental in converting the Anglo-Saxons, through the northern and central parts of England. It is certain that these Scottish bishops ordained other bishops, and a great many inferior ministers, and that the influence of their ordinations and labors continues in England to the present time.

To all this, the high church Episcopalian replies, that though we have no account of any bishop residing at Iona, and taking part in the ordinations there, still, it is altogether probable there was one, since the distinction between bishops and presbyters universally prevailed in the sixth century, and bishops were found every where else.

But this consideration, says the Presbyterian, is not conclusive, since the divine right of bishops, and the necessity of an apostolical succession, was not insisted on in the sixth century. This was not a doctrine of the Catholics, till so late as the Council of Trent, and was not advocated by the English bishops, till the times of Bancroft and Laud. It is further urged, on the authority of the Saxon Chronicle, that though there was always a presbyter abbot at Iona, there was no bishop.

A question so weighty, and so long and warmly contested, I shall not take upon me here to decide. It will be admitted, perhaps, by all, that through the connection of the presbyter establishment at Iona with the hierarchy of England, the subject of the apostolical succession is considerably embarrassed, and the difficulty of establishing it, to the entire satisfaction of all concerned, is increased.

I have said already, that Iona is a small island, lying on the outer shore of Mull. The channel between the two islands is about half a mile in width, and of difficult navigation, owing to the existence of sunken rocks. Iona is two miles and a half in length, and a little more than a mile in breadth, containing 1,300 Scotch acres. The surface is uneven, rising into hills, the most elevated of which is about 400 feet above the level of the sea. The soil is easy of cultivation, and affords abundant crops of barley and oats. Notwithstanding the lateness of sowing the grain, it is ready for harvest early in August. Adamnanus relates, that barley sown in June, by direction of Columba, was ripe in the beginning of August; which, however, he ascribes to a miracle. He mentions also the abundance of the crop. The pastures of Iona are celebrated in all the vicinity.

A great variety of beautiful minerals are found on the island, among which is a small vein of coal. There are extensive rocks of seinite on the southwest shore, which afford blocks of any dimensions. Of this material almost all the ancient structures were builded.

I conclude by suggesting to American Christians, who are making, or are about to make, the tour of Europe, to be sure to set their feet on the sands of Iona. I scarcely know a place, on the other side of the Atlantic, which to my own mind stands connected with so many pleasing and sacred associations. If it is interesting to visit the Isle of Wight, and stand by the grave of Elizabeth Waldron, it surely cannot be less so, to visit the sacred classic ground of Iona, and survey its ruins, and tread upon the ashes of the illustrious and holy dead who are there entombed.

THE INSTITUTIONS FOR LITERARY EDUCATION IN DENMARK. [Furnished by the Rev. JOHN C. BROWN, St. Petersburgh.]

I. The University of Copenhagen.

THE desired information will be found for the most part in the accompanying description, (copied from a MS. by Dr. Kirkegaard, written for a German periodical,) and the following remarks may supply what further accuracy may be required.

As the University was established with the express purpose of fitting men to fill the official situations in church and state; the professors are nearly all of them likewise examiners; in addition to the examinations spoken of in the MS. namely, the examinations in arts and in philosophy, (the object of which is to ascertain what knowledge the student brings with him from school, and secondly what progress in general information he has made in his first academical year, both which are held by the members of the philosophical faculty;) these have besides to hold an examination for office, for those who desire to be directors or head teachers in the classical schools of the country. The theological faculty holds an examination for office for all those intended for the ministry of the established church. The juridical, for all the legal officials, (judges) advocates and attorneys.

The medicinal faculty examined hitherto only those who, besides the right to practice, wished to be admissible to the more important offices in this profession payed by the state, whilst the other were examined by the chirurgical academy spoken of in my MS. ;* but from the present year, 1838, there is to be but one common examination for all who will practise or seek office as physicians, and this is held by the professors of the faculty and academy in common. As a consequence of the absence of all sound religious tendency in the past generation, as well as their utter disregard of the lessons to be derived from the history of past times, the theological and juridical faculties in particular are devoid of any living connection with and influence upon the intellectual development and moral state of the people. Medicine and the natural sciences are cultivated with more vigor and in a closer connection with real life, and, together with philology, number amongst their teachers the university's most celebrated names: in physics, Oersted; astronomy, Schumacher; botany, Scow; Brönsted, celebrated for his travels in Greece, together with Denmark's most celebrated poet, Oehlenschlager.

The number of the professors is:

In the Philosophical Faculty,

22

4

The number of students is about 900.

The number entered yearly on the books is between 150 and 200.

The estates of the University amount according to hartkorn,1† to about onehundredth of Denmark Proper; besides it possesses a capital of 150,000+ rigsbankdaler, and manages and appropriates to the support of needy students the income of considerable estates, together with the interest of 830,000§ Rbd. granted, the first by different kings, the last by private individuals.2

Besides the University library, (see German MS.) there are also in connection with the University, a botanical garden, astronomical observatory, extensive collections in natural history, together with the (hitherto independent) chirurgical academy, with four professors, two tutors, and about 200 students, which from the present year may be considered as in a certain respect an appendix to it.3 4

II. Soro Academy.

This establishment owes its origin to a Cistercian cloister, founded by the celebrated Archbishop Absalon's family, and enlarged by himself, (1151-61.) After the introduction of the Reformation, (1536) the monks for the time being were permitted to remain there till their death, after which the property devolved to the crown, and continued from 1536 to be appropriated to the

*The accompanying German MS. About £15,000.

VOL. XII.

The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, refer to notes at the end of the article.
About £83,000.

21

support of a classical school. To this the celebrated king Christian the 4th, (James I., Christian's brother in law,) annexed from the year 1623 an academy where the young nobility might receive an education answering to their station, and the powerful influence on the concerns of the kingdom to which it at that time gave them access.

The establishment was supplied by the king with considerable grants of the secularized property of the cloisters, while his mother also aided it with money, and it had for a short time many pupils, notwithstanding it seems that the king's design of diminishing the disposition of the nobles to seek their education in foreign lands, and France in particular, was not fully realized. Under his successor, Frederick III., however, the habit began to be less frequent, and as the greatest part of the country during an unfortunate war with Sweden, had long been in the power of the enemy, the institution was necessarily broken up (1665) from want of funds.

The academy indeed was again established in the year 1747 by king Frederick V., and enriched by the celebrated writer, Ludo. Holberg, who bestowed upon it his estates and a considerable capital; but an academy for the Danish nobility, at a time when it was devoid of all influence, and destitute of any internal vigor or strength, was an untimely abortion and could not thrive.

In vain an attempt was made to help it forward, and follow the spirit of the times by opening it from 1782 to the people at large; it was less and less frequented, and towards the end of the century came to a complete stand.

At last the buildings and library were destroyed by fire in 1813. Meanwhile it ought to be mentioned that some of the professors of the academy in this period did important service to the national literature, which was neglected in Copenhagen, through the rage for what was foreign, and in this respect they were worthy followers of Holberg, with whom our literature, at least its prosaic, proper and independent development may be said to begin.

The property of the academy, which (consisting in part of legacies) could not be diverted to any other channel, was at the same time so great, (compared with that of the Copenhagen University, being as 4 to 3,) that exertions were soon made to reestablish it. It now, (since the year 1822,) consists of a philosophical faculty, combined with one of the best classical schools in the kingdom, where students on leaving school, and before proceeding to the metropolitan University to be educated for a particular profession, acquire a more general literary education, which is by no means as much confined to the classics as the parallel course in Copenhagen, but pays much more regard to modern languages and literature, English in particular.

The academy has at the present time twelve professors, and some teachers in music, arithmetic, gymnastics, &c. but the number of the pupils, (exclusive of course of the school, which is numerously attended,) has not as yet exceeded twenty, and it will scarcely succeed in conferring any considerable benefit on the country without a total reform of its present system, which is an unfortunate attempt at combining the traditional scholastic education with the more modern European system.

The library and collections are as yet of no considerable extent, though perfectly adequate to the more immediate design of the institution.

III. Of public classical, or so called Latin schools, which are much of the same kind as what we call gymnasia in Germany, and which on the whole are in good condition, there are in the islands of the kingdom twelve, and in Jutland seven; there are in addition to these, especially in the metropolis, various private establishments of the same kind, very numerously attended.

IV. It may be further remarked, that Iceland has a Latin school in Bessestad, which is connected with a theological seminary where a part of the clergy of the island are educated, while the rest, as well as those who design themselves for the legal and medical professions, proceed from schools in the island direct to the University in Copenhagen, where they are particularly favored in respect of public support.

This establishment has a theological professor, and three other tutors.

Amongst the other institutions for acquiring a higher order of attainments in a line of study not strictly classical, we may mention,

1. The Polytechnic Institution, established 1829, with six professors and three tutors, where by means of instructions in mathematics, physics, chemistry, technology, &c. as well as by all kinds of practical exercises, an attempt is made to afford the people a comprehensive education in arts and industry, which may fit them to establish or superintend all kinds of manufactories.

2. The Academy for the Fine Arts in Copenhagen, instituted 1754, by king Frederick V. This operates as a society for the encouragement of arts; for instance, by a yearly exhibition of the works of members and others, which are judged of any worth, (as specimens of their respective arts, &c.) and likewise as school for the arts.

In addition to six of the ordinary members of the academy, the establishment has four other professors, (in anatomy, perspective, mathematics, mythology and the history of the arts,) and besides, eleven tutors, particularly in drawing. Amongst the most celebrated of its pupils we may mention Juul, Abildsgaard, and THORVALDSEN, at present the first sculptor in Europe.

The academy has likewise by its drawing school, which is attended by about 500 pupils, contributed towards spreading amongst mechanics an improved taste, and an accuracy in the finish of their works.

The resources of the academy are small, and its income consists chiefly of a sum paid yearly out of the state purse.

It possesses a collection of antiques in plaster of Paris, as well as some paintings. The king has permitted it to be kept in one of his palaces.

3. "Real" Schools. Of these there are but few, and those private; the government has lately given orders for the establishment of two public ones.

4. For the education of officers, there are two military schools; the Land Cadet Academy, and the Sea Cadet Academy, from which the pupils pass directly into the army or navy as officers; and the Military High School, in which individuals from among the younger officers, who have distinguished themselves by their diligence and ability, acquire a higher cultivation with a view to their special destination, to serve hereafter on the general's staff.

REMARKS.

1 Hartkorn is a mode of measurement, in which the consideration of the quality of the land is combined with that of the quantity. According to this all landed property in Denmark Proper is valued. The word hartkorn signifies clean or winnowed corn, the land being estimated according to the quantity of clean corn which, in proportion to the quality of the land, it should have to pay in tax to the king.

2 As the University has such considerable funds, it has, in place of the University buildings, which were for the most part burnt down by the bombardment of 1807, erected a new one at its own expense, (about 180,000 Rbd.) which was formally opened in 1836, and is an ornament to the city.

3 It is without doubt something quite peculiar to the Copenhagen University, and at the same time characteristic of the feeling prevailing between the government and the students, that these not only in 1801 and 1807 as a special corps, carried arms in the defence of the metropolis, but also since that time continue as a corps, (the king's own select corps,) and yearly exercise themselves in arms.

4 The academy got in the year 1827, a beautiful new building, in which there are not only apartments for instruction and for public occasions, but also for the household establishment, where nearly all the pupils of the school, (which is not the case in any of the other schools of the country,) are likewise pensioners, lodged, supported, &c. The professors also have, nearly all of them, official apartments either in the academy itself, or in places appointed for that purpose, and houses belonging to the establishment.

*By "Real" Schools, are meant those which are designed for young men, who, without being specifically literary characters, should in general society stand on the same footing with these in respect of general esteem and information, only that this information shall be of a modern and European character, (i. e. modern languages, the natural sciences, &c.) It is requested that these may not be confounded with the ordinary schools for the people at large, of which there are so many that every child in the country that attends no higher establishment, receives in them the necessary instruction in religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, &c.

The books referring to the foregoing subjects are:-" Nyerups Skildring af Danmarks ældre og nyere Tilstand," Description of the Ancient and Modern state of Denmark; "Thaarups det danske Monarkies Statistik, &c." Statistics of the Danish Monarchy. Nothing at all is here said of the Dutchies of Holstein, Lauenburg, and Sleswick, as the two first are parts of Germany which have only a common king with Denmark. The last, though Danish, yet in respect of language, cultivation, and educational establishments, more resembles Holstein.

A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.

IN the year 1785, three colleges were constituted by the legislature on the same day, and by a single charter, common to them all. One of these was by the charter located at Charleston, with a view to accommodate the sea coast of the State; another at Winnsborough, near the centre, and the third at Cambridge, in the northwestern part.

In 1791, a new charter was granted for the College of Charleston, in consequence, (as its preamble recites,) of "many inconveniences having arisen in carrying into execution the act of 1785, both as to the time of election of officers from among the trustees of Charleston College, and as to the other stated times and places of meeting of the trustees of the said college." The preamble, also, recites, "that by blending the regulations for the said three colleges into one act, doubts had arisen in many instances, as to the construction of the same."

The original endowment of the college by the legislature was very considerable, consisting of 87 acres of land, (streets deducted,) and known by the name of "free school land." It was situated in Charleston, and was comprised between Boundary, St. Philip, Coming and George streets. The present college square was one-fourth part of the tract. We shall see in the progress

of this sketch, what became of the other three-fourths.

Besides this large and valuable endowment in land, the early records of the trustees are filled with notices of legacies and donations made for its use by the pious and the liberal, amounting to many thousands of pounds. The liberality of the citizens even anticipated the action of the legislature; for as early as 1776, John McKenzie, Esq. bequeathed a thousand pounds, and his valuable library of 1,200 volumes, in the language of his will, "to a college to be established at Charlestown." By the will of John Price, dated 28th August, 1772, a college to be established in Charleston, was prospectively made his residuary legatee. It appears that this legacy amounted to nearly £1,000 sterling, at the sale of his estate. Again, Benjamin Smith, in his will dated 25th July, 1770, gave £500 sterling to a college to be established in Charleston. Mrs. Brewton gave by her will £1,000 sterling "to a college to be established in the province, in case of the death of all her children under age and without issue." Samuel Wainwright gave by his will, £2,000, currency money, towards endowing a college or academy in South Carolina,-provided such seminary should be established within three years after his decease-otherwise to go to the South Carolina Society." His will was dated on the 8th of February, 1780. Mary Ellis by will dated 15th August, 1780, gave £5,000 "current money, for the use of one or more seminaries of learning established or to be established in South Carolina, to be disposed of in such way and manner, as might by her executors be thought most fit and conducive towards promoting said seminary or seminaries." These legacies and donations do credit to the spirit of the people of South Carolina in early times, and make it manifest, that if literary institutions have not flourished there, it has not been owing to any unwillingness on the part of the people to sustain and cherish them. At an early period of the history of the college, Mr. Belcher Noyes made it a considerable donation of valuable books, but the exact time of his doing this is unknown to us.