when used of a single body: v. 243, 1931. In the present volume corpse has been used as the singular and corps as the plural form.

NOTES ON TEXT.

1. UPON THE Death of tHE LORD HASTINGS. V. B. S. xvi. Only the 1650 issue has been accessible to the present editor, who has depended on an account of the 1649 issue sent him from the British Museum.

27. Orb. Christie calls attention to parallel passages in Stanzas on Cromwell, Absalom and Achitophel, and Eleonora: v. 4, 18; 120,838, 839; 274, 272, 273.

43. Tycho. Tycho Brahe, the Danish astronomer (1546-1601), increased his reputation by the discovery of a new star in 1572.

44. Others' beam. Printed others beam in 1649 edition and others Beam in 1702 edition. C. and SS. insert no apostrophe and take beam as a verb.

2, 66. Constellation. Dryden occasionally employs, for the sake of rhyme, the archaic pronunciation of -tion as two syllables. Cf. 14, 70; 541, 2 (Epil.).

72. Metempsychosis. So printed in the original edition. The word is here accented on the third syllable, as in Greek. Cf. 162, 43, n. 81. Three-legg'd graybeards. The reference is of course to the riddle of the Sphinx. An old man's staff is his third leg.

82. Aches. Two syllables. In Dryden's time the noun ache was pronounced like the name of the letter "h.”

84. An antiquary's room. The 1649 edition reads an Antiquaries room; the 1702 edition omits an; C. and SS. restore an but read

rooms.

93. O virgin-widow. This refers to Hastings' betrothed, the daughter of Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne, a noted physician, who attended the young nobleman in his last illLess. Mayerne's name is mentioned by other elegists in Lachrymæ Musarum, notably by Marvell.

97. Platonic love. This was a favorite subject of interest among the poets of the time: see an article by Professor J. B. Fletcher on "Précieuses at the Court of Charles I." in the Journal of Comparative Literature, i. 120-153. Ideas in 1. 100 of course carries out the conceit; the ideas of Hastings' virtue, etc., would be, in the Platonic philosophy, their eternal archetypes. Cf. 6, 103; 28, 41.

31, 11. Young eaglet. Dryden alludes to the familiar story of the eagle, which mounts to heaven and renews its sight by gazing upon the sun. To it he gives a Puritanic flavor by his phrase the Sun of Righteousness, 20. Helicon. "Dryden confuses Helicon and Hippocrene. Helicon was a mount and not a fount." [SAINTSBURY.]

21. Be. On this use of be for are, cf. 11, 22; 12, 78. The form was already archaic in Dryden's time; in his Defense of the Epilogue

of The Conquest of Granada (published in 1672; v. SS. iv. 233) he condemns Ben Jonson for using it.

LETTER TO MADAME HONOR DRYDEN. On the date of this letter Malone makes the following comment: Lest the date should too nearly discover her [Madame Honor's] age, the two latter figures have been almost obliterated, but the last numeral, when viewed through a microscope, is manifestly a 5; and that the other numeral, which, as being more material, was more carefully defaced, was not a 4, but a 5 also, may be collected not only from the lady's age, (for in 1645 she was probably not more than eight years old, but from the time of our author's admission and residence at Cambridge." If this account be correct, it proves that Dryden continued at Cambridge after April, 1655, at which time Christie supposes that he had ceased to reside there: v. CF. pp. xv, xvi.

32, 11. Persons. That is, parsons. For the spelling, cf. sterve, starve; kerve, carve, and the like. "An hour, measured by an hourglass fixed at the side of the pulpit, was the usual length of a sermon at this time." [MALONE.] 4.STANZAS ON CROMWELL. The Three Poems text is the basis of the present edition, but its frequent italics are neglected, while the more sparing italics of the separate edition are usually preserved.

1. And now 't is time. Dryden apparently contrasts his own discretion in awaiting the time of Cromwell's funeral, with the haste of some other poets, who glorified him immediately after his death.

3. Like eager Romans, etc. An allusion to the Roman custom of letting fly from the funeral pyre of a deceased emperor an eagle, which was supposed to bear his soul to heaven. After that the emperor was worshiped among the other gods: v. Herodian, iv. 2. 11. [SCOTT.]

18. A fame so truly circular. The idea is a common one: v. 1, 27, n. Christie quotes in illustration Horace's fortis, et in se ipso totus, teres atque rotundus (2 Satires, vii. 86), and Massinger's phrase, "Your wisdom is not circular" (The Emperor of the East, iii, 2, 9). 32. Pompey. "Pompey began to decline and Cromwell to rise at forty-five." SAINTSBURY. 5, 41. Our former chiefs, like sticklers of the war, etc. "Essex, Manchester, Sir William Waller, and the earlier generals of the Parliament, were all of the Presbyterian party, who, though they had drawn the sword against the king, had no will to throw away the scabbard. They were disposed so to carry on the war, that, neither party being too much weakened, a sound and honorable peace might have been accomplished on equal terms, Cromwel! openly accused the Earl of Manchester of having refused to put an end to the war after the last battle at Newbury, when a single charge upon the King's rear might have dissipated his army for ever." [SCOTT.]

'Sticklers are seconds who first arrange a

fight, and then, if they can, part the combatants." [SAINTSBURY.] 48. To stanch the blood by breathing of the vein. The separate edition reads stench. On the meaning of breathing, cf. 336, 65; 473, 700. This passage, which seems to imply nothing further than that Cromwell conducted the war so as to push it to a conclusion, was afterwards invidiously interpreted by Dryden's enemies as containing an explicit approbation of the execution of Charles I." [SCOTT.] 55. Of conquests. Christie construes this with thick, and compares thick of bars (755, 230). This seems a better interpretation than, following Saintsbury, to "take of with maps, and construe thick as an adverb with strew'd." 56. Is sown. The separate edition reads are sown. This variant indicates that the separate edition is the older; Dryden later corrected his slip of grammar.

57. His palms, etc. Professor E. S. Parsons, in Modern Language Notes, xix. 47-49, gives for the first time a satisfactory explanation of this line. The idea that the palm, if loaded with heavy weights, does not give way, but grows with new vigor, is well known. In 1648-49 there had appeared a famous book, the Eikon Basilike, which was supposed to be by King Charles I, and to contain a "pourtraicture" of him "in his solitudes and sufferings." The frontispiece of this "represents Charles I in his royal robes, kneeling, looking upward toward the heavenly crown, soon to be his. From a cloud in the background a beam of light shines out and rests on the king's head, . . . and two palms are disclosed, carrying heavy weights, with the motto: Crescit sub Pondere Virtus." Cromwell's palms, though, unlike those of Charles, under weights they did not stand, still thrived. Cf. 17, 151.

60. And drew, etc. Dryden's poems contain

several references to the technique of painting: v. 6, 94-96; 8, 125-128; 414, 41-44; 7412, 44-49.

63. Bologna's walls, etc. During the siege of Bologna in 1512, according to a story told by Guicciardini, a mine was laid beneath a portion of the wall on which stood a chapel of the Virgin. When the mine was fired, the wall was blown into the air, so that through the breach the assailants could see the defenders, but a moment later it returned to its former place, as if it had never been moved. 66. Treacherous Scotland. The epithet probably refers rather to the general shifting course of the Scots during the Civil War than to any particular event.

71. Influence. mien. Influence is here used in its astrological sense, of the influence of the stars on human affairs. Mien is spelled mine in the Three Poems text, mien in the separate edition; perhaps the former spelling should be retained here, to mark the rhyme. 77, 78. When past, etc. These two lines are here punctuated as in the separate edition of 1639; the Three Poems text omits the comma

after Jove, and has commas after depos'd and yield. SS. and C. insert a comma after when, thereby making depos'd the verb of a subordinate clause. This certainly gives a better sense, but the change does not seem quite

necessary.

Feretrian Jove. Pheretrian in the separate edition. To Jupiter Feretrius there were consecrated only the spolia opima, which were won but three times in Roman history. Dryden writes as if all spoils of war were offered to that divinity. As Christie points out, Dryden was apparently fond of the phrase, introducing it, without warrant from the Latin, into his translations of Juvenal and Virgil: v. 350, 208; 609, 1187.

84. Her idol, gain. Dryden loses no opportunity for expressing his hostility to the Dutch: see, for example, 233, 1140-1147.

6, 90. Mounsire. The separate edition reads Monsieur.

91. Where it was. Where e'er 't was in the separate edition.

100. Complexions. The complexion, or temperament, was supposed to be determined by the mixture in the body of the four humors, blood, phlegm, choler, and melancholy. 103. Ideas. Cf. n. 2, 97.

113. He made us freemen, etc. "The poet alludes to the exertions of the six thousand British auxiliaries whom Cromwell sent to join Marshal Turenne in Flanders. The English were made freemen of the continent by the cession of Dunkirk." [SCOTT.] 118. Heard. So the separate edition; the Three Poems text reads har'd, which perhaps should have been retained in the present edition. 120. Alexander. Alexander VII, pope from 1655 to 1667.

"The thunder of his guns [those of Admiral Blake, cruising in the Mediterranean], every Puritan believed, would be heard in the castle of St. Angelo, and Rome itself would have to bow to the greatness of Cromwell." J. R. GREEN, Short History of the English People, ch. viii, § 10.

121. By his command, etc. "A powerful army and squadron were sent by Cromwell, 1654, under the command of Penn and Venables, to attack San Domingo. The main design misgave: they took, however, the island of Jamaica, whose importance long remained unknown: for, notwithstanding the manner in which Dryden has glossed over these operations in the West Indies, they were at the time universally considered as having been unfortunate." [SCOTT.]

136. Under spoils decease "Tarpeia, the virgin who betrayed a gate of Rome to the Sabines, demanded, in recompense, what they wore on their left arms, meaning their golden bracelets. But the Sabines, detesting her treachery, or not disposed to gratify her avarice, chose to understand that her request related to their bucklers, and flung them upon her in such numbers as to kill her." SCOTT. 137. But first, etc. Professor Firth (in Notes

and Queries, series VII. v. 404) well illustrates this stanza by a quotation from James Heath's Flagellum, 1663, p. 205:

"It pleased God to call him to an account of all that mischief he had perpetrated; ushering his end with a great whale, some three months before, on the second of June, that came up as far as Greenwich, and was there killed, and more immediately by a terrible storm of wind, the prognostic that the great Leviathan of men, that tempest and overthrow of government, was now going to his own place."

7, 144. Halcyons. Cf. 10, 236; 845, 495, n. ASTREA Redux. This title means Justice Brought Back. On the coming of the Iron Age, Astræa, the virgin Goddess of Justice, is fabled to have fled from earth to heaven: v. 335, 28; 3462 (n. 4); 389, 191; 462, 671, 672; 630, 425-432. Dryden's idea is that with the restoration of Charles, the Golden Age, when Saturn reigned, has been again established. His motto (VIRGIL, Eclogues, iv. 6; cf. 428, 5-8) means: "Now too the Virgin returns, and the reign of Saturn returns."

On the title-pages of both the 1660 and the 1688 editions the poet's name is spelled Driden.

2. A world divided from the rest. Dryden borrows the thought from Virgil: v. 422, 89, 90. 7. An horrid stillness first invades the ear. This line was much ridiculed by the wits of the time. Scott quotes a couplet parodying it:

A horrid silence does invade my eye, While not one sound of voice from you I spy. 9. Th' ambitious Swede, etc. "The royal line of Sweden has produced more heroic and chivalrous monarchs than any dynasty of Europe. The gallant Charles X, who is here mentioned, did not degenerate from his warlike stem. He was a nephew of the great Gustavus Adolphus; and, like him, was continually engaged in war, particularly against Poland and Austria. He died at Gothenburg in 1660, and the peace of Sweden was soon afterwards restored by the treaty of Copenhagen." Scott. 13. And Heaven, etc. By the treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 peace was concluded between France and Spain. The union was cemented by the marriage of Louis XIV to the Infanta Maria Theresa, on June 9, 1660, soon after this poem was written. 35. The sacred purple, etc. The sacred purple refers, as Christie indicates, to the Bishops, and the scarlet gown to the Peers. "The sight of them animated the people to such senseless fury as elephants, and many other animals. are said to show upon seeing any object of a red color." [SCOTT.]

37. Typhoeus. The giant who for a time expelled Jupiter from heaven, but was later overcome by him and imprisoned beneath Mount Etna: v. 651, 969-972. In the passage just cited the name appears, in accordance with the reading of the early editions, as Typhous.

41. The lesser gods, etc. After the execution of

Charles I, the House of Commons proceeded (1649) to abolish the House of Lords and to take the name of Parliament for itself. 45. The Cyclops. Polyphemus, who was blinded by Ulysses. Dryden has translated from Ovid one story in regard to him: v. 403–408. 8, 57. His wounds, etc. "It is surely unnecessary to point out to the reader the confusion of metaphor, where virtue is said to dress the wounds of Charles with laurels; the impertinent antithesis of finding light alone in dark afflictions (1. 96); and the extravagance of representing the winds that wafted Charles as out of breath with joy (1. 244)." [SCOTT.] 67. Soft Otho, etc. The Roman emperor Galba, who reigned A. D. 68, 69, refused to make Otho his successor, on account of the latter's effeminate life, and adopted Piso as the heir to the throne. Otho then gained power by a revolt, but, after ruling only three months, was defeated by Vitellius at Brixellum, and slew himself.

74. And all at Worc'ster but the honor lost. "This is in imitation of the famous phrase which Francis I of France is said to have written to his mother after the battle of Pavia: 'Madam, all is lost except our honor.' That of Charles II certainly was not lost at Worcester. He gave many marks of personal courage, and was only hurried off the field by the torrent of fugitives." [SCOTT.]

94. On Night, etc. "That night brings counsel' is a well-nigh universal sentiment." [SAINTSBURY.]

98. His famous grandsire. "Henry IV of France, maternal grandfather of Charles II." SCOTT.

101. A Covenanting League's vast pow'rs. Cf. 154, 155. There is a reference to the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643.

106. Chronicles. For the rhyme, cf. 208, 414; 215, 37.

108. Epoches. Three syllables, as is indicated by the spelling epoche's in the editions of 1660 and 1688.

117. Rous'd by the lash, etc. In illustration of this passage Professor W. A. Neilson of Harvard University kindly sends the following quotation: "By the tayle the boldnesse & heart of the Lyon is knowen, for when

the Lion is wroth, first he beateth the Earthe with his Tayle, and afterwarde, as the wrath increaseth, he smiteth and beateth his owne backe." Batman uppon Bartholome, London, 1582; lib. xviii, cap. 65.

121. Portunus. Portunus, the Roman god of harbors, was invoked to secure a safe return from a voyage: cf. 582, 314, 315; 750, 48-50. 125. Yet as, etc. Cf. n. 5, 60.

9, 144. As heav'n, etc. v. Matthew xi. 12. 145. Booth's forward valor. After the death of Cromwell, Sir George Booth rose in Cheshire for Charles II, but was speedily defeated by General Lambert.

150. Lay. The grammatical subject of this verb is not clear.

151. Monk. General George Monk, the com