HEDERELLA MAGNA, n. sp.

The lateral tubes are frequently regularly arranged, but often otherwise, diameter 1.25 mm.; length 2 mm.; near the end the cell turns upward, and the circular and slightly expanded aperture is par allel with the axis of the branch. The surface is marked by fine transverse striæ, and frequently by strong annulations. This species can easily be distinguished from all other forms by its much larger size.

Locality-York, N. Y.

PTILIONELLA, nov. gen.

Bryozoum parasitic, procumbent, attached along its entire length; ramose; branches at irregular intervals; cells tubular, subcylindrical; the attached portion flat, the free portion round; cells on each side of the rachis contiguous, but not coalescing.

PTILIONELLA CONFERTA, n. sp.

Width of cell at base .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm. ; cells in contact nearly their entire length; transverse section oval; aperture slightly elevated, circular, opening directly outward; surface with anruiations, and with fine distinct longitudinal striations.

Locality-Darien, N. Y.

PTILIONELLA PENNIFORMIS, n. sp.

Width of cells at base .25 mm., increasing to .66 mm.; cells on each side of rachis contiguous, but not coalescing; the end of each cell-tube projecting beyond the previous cell gives a serrate appearance to the frond, tubes strongly annulated; apparently angular. Where the annulations have the appearance of nodes the tubes are not angular.

Locality-Cazenovia, N. Y.

PTILIONELLA NODATA, n. sp.

Diameter of cell-tubes at base .25 mm., enlarging to 75 mm.; in contact with each other nearly their entire length, and frequently coa lescing; each succeeding cell projects beyond the preceding about .80 mm.; length of cell-tube nearly 4 mm.; tubes very strongly annulated or nodose; sometimes the annulations extend across the celltube, but usually there is a strong line of nodes on each side, sometimes coalescing with similar nodes on adjoining tubes, the apertures

are oval or lunate, and directed upward; the tubes are generally slightly overlapping; the nodes on different tubes are very variable. Locality-New York.

HERNODIA, nov. gen.

HERNODIA HUMIFUSA, n. sp.

Epizoic, procumbent, consisting of tubular cells enlarging to near the aperture; diameter at smaller end .33 mm.; greatest diameter 1 mm.; aperture slightly contracted; length of tube 5 mm.; surface marked by comparatively strong annulations, concentric striæ and faint longitudinal striæ. Growing upon Gomphoceras.

Locality-New York.

PTYLOPORA, McCoy.

Bryozoum attached by radices, from which arises a strong midrib, having slender equi-distant, cylindrical, lateral branches, connected by dissepiments; midrib gradually growing smaller from the base; celluliferous on one side.

PTYLOPORA STRIATA, n. sp.

Width of rachis from 1 to 1.25 mm.; non-celluliferous side rounded, striated; from ten to twelve striæ on a branch, diameter of lateral branches 20 mm.; situated at regular distances apart; non-celluliferous side striated, dissepiments depressed, oblique; on celluliferous side the cell-apertures are arranged in two rows, opening directly laterally, fourteen in the space of 5 mm.; margins thin, elevated. Locality-West Williams, Canada.

PTYLOPORA NODOSA, n. sp.

A transverse section of the midrib circular; width on fragments observed 33 mm.; width of lateral branches 20 mm.; space be tween adjacent branches .40 mm.; cell-apertures slightly oval, 20 mm. in length, arranged in two rows, usually opening laterally, margin of apertures thin, elevated; space between ranges elevated, striated, nodose.

Locality-Alden, N. Y.

GLAUCONOME, Goldf.

GLAUCONOME CARINATA, n. sp.

Width of midrib .40 mm.; of lateral branches .20 mm.; lateral branches diverging at an angle of 90 degrees; non-celluliferous side of the midrib flattened, with a comparatively strong carina along the

middle; the margins of the branch are sharp and elevated, having the appearance of two striations. The midrib has thus the appearance of having three ridges, the central one the strongest, lateral branches similar; on celluliferous side the branches are subangular; cell-apertures minute, circular, with comparatively strong, elevated margins; ranges of apertures separated by comparatively strong, sharp carina.

Locality-Eighteen Mile creek, Erie county, NY.

THAMNISCUS, King.

THAMNISCUS PAUCIRAMUS, n. sp

Bifurcations distant from each other from 3 to 7 mm.; branches diverging at an angle of from 30 to 40 degrees, enlarging below bifurcation; width from .50 to 1 mm.; non-celluliferous side striated, granulose; cells opening obliquely, apertures small, circular, or polygonal from mutual pressure; diameter .20 mm., closely but irregularly disposed; usually in contact.

Locality-Monteith's Point, Canandaigua Loke, N. Y.

THE FIRST MEN:

THEIR EPOCH, HABITAT AND CRANIA.

BY STEPHEN C. HUTCHINS.

[Read before the Albany Institute, February 15, 1881.]

The subject which I propose for consideration this evening is one which is attracting general attention, and the solution of which is engaging the critical examination of the most eminent scientific investigators. My purpose is to gather together the sum of present knowledge concerning the first men, free from detail, and to connect it with certain hypotheses; the whole forming what it seems to me is the provisional answer men are preparing to give to questions concerning the epoch, habitat and crania of their original ancestors. I trust I shall not be deemed presumptuous in presenting for your consideration so intricate and involved a problem, for I shall assume that when scientific men have thoroughly explored the accessible sources of knowl edge, the results of their investigations are to be accepted as the best attainable truth, if not as actually the truth itself. At the same time I shall feel at liberty to disregard conjecture, or even hypothesis, and to supply suppositions of my own, in cases where it seems necessary to do so, in order to preserve the continuity of the provisional history which I shall briefly outline, subject to verification.

Among the sources of our knowledge we ascribe high authority to the book of Genesis. While we do this, however, we must at the same time carefully distinguish between the book itself and its interpretations. It is within the memory of most of us that it was regarded as heresy to deny that the earth was created in six days of twenty-four hours each. Now, this construction of the ancient record has been cast aside, and there has been no better use found for the vast number of printed volumes enforcing it than to grind them into pulp again, perchance to afford the white pages upon which to print a history of creation far more in harmony with the character of the great Author whose press has been the forces of the universe, the leaves of whose work have been the stratified rocks of the earth, and whose types have been the fossilized remains of flora and fauna, ranging from the tiniest, most simple and most delicate to the largest, most complex and most ponderous. As we have cast into heaps of literary rubbish the interpretations which men were once arrogant enough to claim as the only literal and authorized version of a revealed account of creation, so one must discard the crude constructions of the antediluvian portion of the narrative, and

adopt one which, while being even more in harmony with the Word, shall conform to the history of man which God Himself has written in the open pages of the fossilized races now to be found the world over, arranged in the strata where they were originally deposited, when man was being gradually developed into the stature we now find him.

It is established that the cyclical succession in the earth's history is correctly recorded in Genesis. We must give to the "days" therein. described, however, a more specific character, if we would ascertain their full significance. The "evening" and the "morning" have definite meaning, and we must determine what that meaning is, or else lose the full force of the testimony of the Word. A natural day is a completed cycle, and so must the days in Genesis have been, or the original term (yon) has been employed without due regard to its pertinence and value. These cycles must have conformed in general character to the natural day, or else the terms "evening" and "morning" have been used carelessly and at random. We must, then, base our divisions of the world's history into ages upon the divisions in Genesis, and depart from scientific nomenclature sufficiently to enable us to give names to those days, derived from their characteristics as stated in the Word, if we would synchronize the two accounts, and ascertain the night and noon of each day. If science will enable us to do this, we shall find in Genesis the cycle in which the first men were created. If the result thus reached shall be in harmony with advanced science, let us not shrink from accepting it as the true solution; for man is older than he is willing to own, as well as woman, and there can be no real conflict between the record of God in the rocks of the earth or the races of men, and the revelation of His doings which He gave to the founders of His true worship.

The Hebrew day began with the "evening," and thus began each creative cycle.* In undertaking to give precise definition to the terms "evening" (erev) and "morning" (voquer), we shall be greatly assisted by the fact that in Hebrew the same consonants, as a rule, embody the same root idea, and that the different meanings are expressed by the Vowels. Erev, therefore, is related in thought to arev, which means. to mix, conceal, confuse together; and voquer is connected with biquar,t to make appear, develop. In each creative day, therefore, there was developed or made to appear during the morning that which was mixed, concealed or confused together during the evening; and hence each day was a distinct cyle of evolution.

*The author has rewritten the paragraphs in which the days" of Genesis were considered, in order to avail himself of the interpretations of erev and voquer, thehom and hoshak given in an able work entitled "Conversations on the Creation: Chapters ou Genesis and Evolution," published by the Sunday School Union, London.

+ The consonants "b" and "v" are more or less interchangeable in nearly all languages.