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72. The passive of Kal is Niphal, which prefixes to the past or preter tense, and signifies to be done, as pa he is visited. Comp.

rule 60.

*

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73. The second conjugation is Hiphil, which is formed, in the preter, by prefixing to the preter of Kal, and by inserting before the last radical; thus p9 in Hiphil forms 7p. A verb in Hiphil generally signifies to cause another person or thing to do, or to cause a thing to be done, as on he caused to visit. The passive of Hiphil is Huphal, which is formed from Hiphil by generally dropping the characteristic, and denotes to be caused to do or to be done.

74. The third conjugation is Hithpael, which is formed, in the preter, by prefixing лn to the preter of Kal, and generally signifies reflected action, or to act upon oneself, but is often used in a passive sense, as from p, pon he visited himself, or was visited. Hithpael also often denotes to make or pretend oneself to be what is denoted by the root, hence it has by some been called the hypocritical conjugation.

To all these conjugations the personal affixes are joined nearly as in Kal; but these things will appear more clearly by the following paradigma or example.

that is that is to

that the action expressed by the verb is done; the latter, that the action is to be done, or going to be done. Thus in Judg. vi. 28, " that was or had been built, ædificatum, but 1 Chron. xxii. 19, to be, or is going to be, built, ædificandum; Gen. ii. 9, be desired, now or hereafter; to be desired, Prov. xxii. 1.; Gen. xlix. 29, going, or about, to be gathered. In short the participle Paoul in Kal nearly answers to the participle preterperfect passive in Latin, and the participle Benoni in Niphal to the Latin participle future passive in dus. See Dr. Bayly's Introduction to Languages, part i. p. 71.

* We have in some English verbs something very like the Hebrew conjugation in Hiphil, thus to set is, as it were, the Hiphil of sit; raise of rise; fell of fall; lay of lie.

The participle Hiphil often imports being about to do a thing, or going to do it presently, and, in such instances, nearly answers to the Latin participle future in rus. See Gen. vi. 13, 17. xix. 13, 14. Exod. x. 5. So the Heb. participle in Huphal answers to the Latin one in dus. Ps. xlviii. 1. Jer. xl. 1.

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75. Example of a regular Hebrew Verb conjugated throughout with all its Serviles.

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Feminine. |Mascul. | Feminine. |Mascul. | Feminine. |Mascul. Feminine. | Mascul. | Feminine. Mascul.

Paragogic Letters.

sing_3|פקר 2|פקרת

פקדה

נפקר נפקדת

נפקדה

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1|פקרתי

נפקדתי

הפקדתי

הפקדתי

התפקדתי

.plur 3|פקדו

נפקדו

הפקידו

הפקדו

התפקדו

2|פקדתם

פקדהן

!|פקדנו

נפקדתם נפקדתן

הפקדתם הפקדתן

נפקדנו

הפקרנו

הפקדנו

הפקדתם הפקדתן התפקדתם התפקדתן

התפקדנו

.sing 3|יפקר

הפקר

פקד

תפקד

יפקיד

תפקיד

תפקד

תתפקד

2|תפקד

תפקרי

תפקד

תפקרי

הפקיר

תפקידי

תתפקר

תתפקרי

ואפקר

אפקר

אפקיר

.plur 3| פקדו

תפקרנה

ןיפּקרי

תפקדנה

יפקידו

תפקידנה

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אתפקר

יתפקדו

תתפקדנה

2|תקרו

תפקדנה

תפקדו

הפקדנה

|תפקידו

תפקידנה

1]נפקר

תתפקדו תתפקדנה

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נפקר

נפקיר

תפקר

p 2 sing. IMPE

פקרי

הפקר

הפקדי

הפקיד

הפקידי

.plur. | RAT 2|פקדו

פקדנה

הפקדו

הפקדנה

הפקידו

הפקידנה

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הפקר

הפקיד

פקיד

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Part.

.plur. Benoni פוקדים פוקדות

sing פקוד פקודה or -ה פקודות

.plur [פקודים

פוקדה or יה נפקד .sing פוקר

נפקדים

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Part. Paoul.

N. B. The learner would do well to copy out this example of a regular verb in the order of the conjugations, Kal, Niphal, &c. making the radical letters with red ink.

מפקדה or "ת מתפקד מפקידה or "ת מפקד

מפקדים מפקדות מתפקדים מתפקדות

מתפקדהof־תי

f.

OBSERVATIONS

On the above Example of a Regular Verb.

76. The final of the first person singular preter is sometimes, though rarely, dropt, as in inn for when I drew him out, Exod. ii. 10. So in Hiph. ' for 'I-multiply thee, Gen. xlviii. 4. But see Dr. Kennicott's Bible.

77. In Kal 1 is often inserted before the last radical of the future

פקד for פקור (אפקר for אפקוד and imferative, as

78. The in the participle Benoni in Kal is frequently, and in the participle Paoul sometimes, omitted.

79. In the third person masculine plural future of verbs, as ↑ paragogic is often postfixed to the 1, so the 1 is sometimes dropt, and only

for ירשיען ;18 .they shall strive, Exod. xxi יריבון for יריבן retained, as in they may be יאריכון for יאריכן ;8 .they shall condemn, Exod. xxii ירשיעון

prolonged, Deut. v. 16. So more rarely in the second person mascu line plural future, as in 1 for ye shall prolong, Deut. iv. 26.*

80. In the third person feminine plural future of any conjugation the final is often dropt, as in an, Gen. xli. 24; 1xn, Exod. i. 19.

from,תהרין ;33 .Gen. xix,שקה from ,תשקין So in irregular verbs, as in כהה from תכהין ;35 .Gen. xxvi היה from תהיין ;36 .Gen. xix (הרה

Gen. xxvii. 1; 18Ÿn, from xy', Exod. xv. 20: and more rarely in the second person feminine plural future, as in "nye (women) have preserved alive, from n'n, Exod. i. 18.

In the second person feminine plural imperative the final is sometimes omitted, as in jy hear ye (women) Gen. iv. 23; ¡NY¤ find ye (women) Ruth i. 9.

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81. In Hiphil as the characteristic is used only in three words of the preter, so it is often omitted in all words of that conjugation. 82. In Hithpael the characteristic n is transposed and placed after the first radical in verbs beginning with or D, as he kept him

התסבל he loaded himself, for הסתבל ;to keeft שמר from ,התשמר self, for

*In the farthest column to the left hand of the above example, are added the paragogic letters, that is, such letters as are sometimes postfixed to the respective persons of all conjugations against which they stand, and are always emphatical.

,נחצרק

from 0 to load; and in verbs beginning with 3, ♫ is not only transposed, but changed into, as pro we will justify ourselves, for pл, from pry to justify, Gen. xliv..16; 1 they made (or feigned) themselves ambassadors, for 1797, from 13 an ambassador, Jos. ix. 4. 83. When the third person feminine preter of any conjugation is followed by a pronoun suffix, its is changed into , as □, Gen. xxxi. 32, she stole them, not ; max, Gen. xxxvii. 20, hath eaten him, not innbox; 1778, 1 Sam. xviii. 28, she loved him, not innans; onep, Hos. ii. 9, she seeks them, not op. Comp. rule 26.

,בקשתם

84. The second person masculine plural sometimes drops its □ before a suffix, as in 'ny ye have fasted to me; for 'pny, Zech. vii. 5;

.5 .Num. xx העליתמנו ye have made us come auft, for העליתנו

אכלנוהו we eat it, for אכלנהו him or it, as in הן fore the pronoun suffix

85. From the first person plural preter of verbs the is dropt be

1 K. xvii. 12; in my we have forsaken him, for my, 2 Chron. .xiii. 10. So from the third person plural preter, and future, as in

,they knew him הכירהו ;3 .Zech. xiii דקרוהו they stab him, for דקרהו ;5 .Job iii יבעתוהו they shall terrify, for יבעתהו ;12 .Job ii הכירוהו for 2,תענוהו for תענהו and from the second person plural future, as in

K. xviii. 36. Isa. xxxvi. 21,

OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

86. Most irregular verbs are also formed regularly.

Irregular verbs may be comprehended under two kinds, defective and reduplicate.

Defective verbs are such as in some forms drop one or more of their radical letters.

87. From the old example by (comp. rule 63), those that drop their first letter were called defective in Pe, D; those that were supposed to drop their second, defective in Oin, y; and those that drop their third, defective in Lamed, 4.

88. Defective verbs, that sometimes drop their first letter, are. chiefly those that begin with or 3, hence called defective Pe Yod, D; and defective Pe Nun, D.

89. Verbs defective Pe Yod, or with "for the first radical, often drop it in the future, imperative and infinitive of Kal, to which two last they postfix л, and in Niphal and Hiphil they change their into 1.

Here follows an example of a verb defective Pe Yod, in which the first word only of each tense, mood, &c. is given, whence the other words are formed regularly, as in "p5.

90. To dwell.

HITHPAEL. HUPHAL. HIPHIL. NIPHAL. KAL.

התישב

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הושב

ישב

יושב

יןשיב

יושב

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הושיב

not used.

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91. The formative in Niphal and Hiphil is sometimes omitted, as

.37 .Jer. xxxii הושבתי for השבתי Gen. vi. 1; in ילודו for ילדו in

92. These three verbs 77,7, and nɔ, in Hithpael, change their into 1, as Inn, &c.

93. mph to take or be taken is in Kal formed like ɔ“.

94. Verbs defective Pe Nun, or with for their first radical, drop it in the future, imperative and Infinitive of Kal (to which last they also postfix n), in the preter of Niphal, and throughout Hiphil and Huphal.

An example of a verb defective Pe Nun.

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הכר חלך Verbs with a for their first radical often drop it, as .96

97. Verbs with for their first radical * often drop it in the first

* Not always. See Job xvi. 5.

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