and in the Eastern Provinces of France (i.e. Alsace, Lorraine, and Burgundy).* The other forms I mention are also mainly to be found in these districts, though occasionally found in the South, where Hugon is the favourite form. It appears then that the Hugos of France are confined to districts where surnames and place-names are predominantly of Teutonic origin, and are therefore, as we would expect, common in Teutonic countries.† I believe that the German Empire could show a higher percentage of Hugos than ever France could.+ Even as a Christian name Hugo will not be found now in France. It is far commoner as such in England. || Only in documents written in Latin do we find Hugo as a in France (experience of French pedigrees suggests that it never was a great favourite); I never knew any person so named in my own fairly large circle of French relatives and acquaintances. Only one French king bore the name Hugues, though there were, of course, princes of the name (at Arles, etc.). Surely all that can be deduced from the surname Hugo as to the origin of the Hugos of Devon and Cornwall is that their stemfather" bore the name Hugh, set down in Latin documents as Hugo. As the Christian name Hugh was once fairly common in England, it is most probable that Hugh, our patriarch, was an English subject. The family might, of course, be of French origin, but I find the surname Hugo in England ،، Christian name in France, "Hugo" being long before the Huguenots appeared anythe Latin form of the Norse Hugr" and where. ،، ،، ،، French "Hugues." The French never, ex- I doubt very much whether the surname cept in Latin, called the founder of their Hugo appeared French to Englishmen of our Third Dynasty Hugo Capet"; their great-great-grandfathers' day. Probably why modern historians call him Hugues," " while it does so now is because the poet, its most their old documents, when written in French, famous bearer in modern times, was a French call him "Hue," "Hues," "Huez," "Huun," etc. § It results from all these considerations that we cannot call "Hugo" a French surname; we must describe it as Teutonic. I may note further that Hugues is uncommon now even as a Christian name * Even though the surname is commonest in the east of France, I have found only two families of that name in that region: (1) the ennobled Hugos of Lorraine (ennobled about 1535; now, I think, extinct), and (2) the family of the poet. Victor Hugo, without a single proof, claimed to descend from the first family, but this claim has been rightly derided in the fcrm in which it appeared. It is possible that the poet was collaterally descended from the noble Hugos, though I doubt it. Various details on both families in d'Hozier, Biré, etc. + As "Hugo" is the Spanish form of "Hugh," there may well be Hugo families in Spain, though I have never heard of any such, and I doubt if Hugh is وو The most celebrated was the jurist Gustav von Hugo. subject. To come now to the Hugo family itself. Boase says that George Hugo, the ancestor of Hugo, of St. Feock, Co. Cornwall, was a ،، a member of a family driven out of France at the period of the Edict of Nantes." Did he mean this literally? Once the Edict had given relief to the Huguenots, in 1598, there would not have been so much point in French Protestant exiling himself (unless, indeed, he foresaw the Revocation), as there would have been when the Edict of Nantes was actually revoked in 1685. In 1685 he might well withdraw to English soil. Presumably then Boase referred to the Revocation.* What evidence is there for Boase's statement? None at all as far as I know. I have made some search in Huguenot sources (e.g. Agnew, 'French Protestant Exiles,' and the Registers of the Walloon Protestants at Southampton, and 'Lists of Foreign Protestants, and Aliens, resident in England, 1618-1682, Camden Soc., 1862), but have not found a single Hugo. It happens fortunately that George Hugo was my own direct ancestor, and, though I have not had the opportunity of searching the St. Feock records thoroughly, I have some notes on George's immediate relatives. George was apparently the son of Peter * It is a suspicious circumstance that the pro-Huguenots do not say exactly when the Huguenot ancestor came to England, or from which part of France he came. Hugo, of St. Feock, Co. Cornwall, where George's descendants resided until 1840. The said Peter (who died at an advanced age in 1774) acted in 1714 as executor of his brother Richard's will, dated 18 Aug., 1713; he had besides three brothers and three sisters, viz. Stephen, Jacob, Gerrans, Elizabeth (Mrs. Lawrence), Juliana (Mrs. May), and Jenefer. There is no hint in their wills of any Huguenot connection, and not a single French word is used. They mention Rouses, Trenerrys, Rosuggans, Mays, etc., all quite Cornish people, among their near relatives and legatees. They scarcely look like Huguenots! Note that Richard Hugo made his will 18 Aug., 1713, so that he must have been born not later than 18 Aug., 1692. I have no reason to suppose that he was the eldest of his father's eight children, who seem all to have been of age in 1713, while indeed Mrs. Lawrence and Mrs. May were already married then, the latter having three children at the time. The mother of Richard Hugo seems to have been quite Cornish, and was probably married sometime about 1680, i.e. probably before the Revocation. The parish of St. Feock was particularly Cornish; it is notable as being the last parish in which divine service was conducted in the Cornish tongue (1640). Take now the case of the Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A., who is stated to have been of French origin. Where is the evidence? * She may have been a Rosuggan, for her dau, Jenefer Hugo (will dated 1770) makes her "Couzens" Eleanor, Dorothy, and Jenefer Rosuggan her principal legatees. These Rosuggans held land in Trevella in St. Feock or in Trevella in St. Erme. A thoroughly Cornish family. A short pedigree of Rosuggan of St. Erme will be found in Vivian, 'Visitations of the County of Cornwall. I may conveniently add here that the pedigree given by Boase is hopelessly incomplete and inaccurate, especially as regards the issue of Samuel Hugo (founder of the Hugos of Allez Street, Guernsey), though in fairness to Boase I am bound to say that in general his Hugo notes were of great use to me. A correspondent (Dr. J. Hambley Rowe, to whom I am indebted for much information) suggests that, as both resided at Penzance, Boase may have had his information from Daniell (alias Daniel) Hugo, my great-great-uncle, but as some of the inaccuracies relate to my grandfather, who kept up correspondence with his uncle Daniell, Boase probably drew some of his information from other sources as well. Daniell Hugo died in 1886, the Hugo pedigree secundum G. C. Boase, for the Collect. Cornub.' appeared in 1890. I am sure that, if he had seen it, he would have been able to supply the necessary corrections. that he never SO saw This antiquary was the eldest son of Charles Hugo, M.R.C.S., of Taunton, son of the Rev. Thomas Hugo, Rector of Dunchideock, Shillingford, and Wolborough, Co. Devon, son of the Rev. John Hugo, Rector of Bridford, Co. Devon, son (there is little doubt) of the Rev. Walter "Hewgoe," who, after holding various benefices in Cornwall and Devon, died about 1741 as Rector of Holy Trinity, Exeter, and Prebendary of Exeter Cathedral. Now Walter Hugo matriculated in 1685 at Queen's Coll., Cambridge, being described as of Cornwall" (see Venn, 'Alumni Cantab.'). He had actually been admitted 27 May, 1685, while the Edict of Nantes was only revoked 18 Oct., 1685. ،، It is clear from the above facts that even if we grant that the Hugos had a Huguenot ancestor, we must look for him before the Revocation. But I cannot find any suggestion in contemporary sources that the Hugos of St. Feock and the Hugos of Devon were French. We.find thoroughly Cornish Hugos at St. Feock in 1685, while the fact that in 1685 Walter Hugo is described "of Cornwall" shows that he was born, or his parents were then residing, in the Duchy. For the (? common) Huguenot ancestor of both stocks we shall have to go further back yet. as Here I have a possible clue as to Walter's origin. From 1695-1716 he was Rector of Michaelstow, Co. Cornwall, so that he doubtless officiated at the marriage on 2 Oct., 1697, of "Thomas Hewgoe, of St. Just-in-Roseland, and Ann Hill" at Michaelstow (Phillimore, 'Cornwall Parish Registers; Marriages, vol. i.). It looks as if Walter and Thomas were related. As I find no other Hugos in any way connected with Michaelstow, Walter probably came from some other parish. What is more likely than that Thomas, while visiting his relative the Rector (? his brother), should make the acquaintance of Miss Anne Hill, one of Walter's parishioners?* It seems likely enough that Walter Hugo was a Hugo of St. Just-inRoseland. The orthography of his name (he generally wrote it "Hewgoe") is by itself sufficient to suggest this, for, though I have found over twenty-five forms of the name, the Hugos of St. Just almost invariably appear as "Hewgo" or Hewgoe," a thing practically peculiar to their branch.t * She was perhaps a descendant of the Rev. Christopher Hill, M.A., Sidney-Sussex Coll., Cantab., Rector of Michaelstow (?1664-71677), one of Walter Hugo's predecessors. † Among Walter Hugo's contemporaries at Now, though I have few notes on them, the Hugos of St. Just-in-Roseland (a parish near Falmouth, but on the other side of Carrick Roads) were an important branch of the Hugo family. Some of the Cornish topographers (e.g. Lysons, Lake, etc.), mention that the barton of Rosecassa in this parish was their seat. The characteristic Christian names of the Rosecassa Hugos were: George, Henry, Nicholas, Stephen, Thomas, and Walter, everyone of which names occurs in the Devonshire family. Can one doubt that Walter Hugo was a Rosecassa Hugo? though it is, of course, possible that the incumbent of St. Feock was ill at the time. But St. Just-in-Roseland is not the nearest parish to St. Feock-they are near, as I have said above, but a boat journey across Carrick Roads is necessary to pass from one parish to the other. It appears then that if we are to find the Huguenot ancestor we must go back a good many years before the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. But I see never a sign of him. F. H. M. HUGO. Here I must revert to the Hugos of St. 15, Allez Street, Guernsey, C.I. Feock. George and Stephen occur in that (To be continued). AND A LATIN PSALM into North Wales,' 1774, has a note under The English version of Psalm 36 begins:My heart sheweth the wickedness of the ungodly," which has no relation to "Dixit injustus." common in other branches). An added دو Cambridge were John Hugo ("Hewgoe" or "Hughoe") and Stephen Hugo ("Hewgoe or "Hugoe"). All Venn says of John is "Adm. pens. at Trinity, Jan. 4, 1681-2. Matric. 1685, as Hughoe; Scholar, 1685; B.A. 1685-6." I have no other information on him; I should be glad of further details. Stephen Hugo is, however, quite well documented. I summarize: Adm. Queen's 7 Apr. 1689, B.A. 1692-3, Vicar of St. Austell, Co. Cornwall, 1696-1758. Bur. 7 Jan., 1758. He had an (only ?) son William, bapt. 10 July, 1699, whose career, if any, I should be glad to know of. Stephen's wife was Elizabeth, widow of the Rev. Charles Tremayne, Vicar of St. Austell, and dau. of John Jago, Esq., of Truthan in St. Erme (apparently by a Herle of Prideaux).,, John Hugo say he was related to Walter. But Stephen is so described, and not only was he at the same college as Walter, but he also bears a typical Rosecassa Christian name. These are probably more than coincidences. Mention of Stephen Hugo is made in Hammond, 'A Cornish Parish, Venn, 'Alumni Cantabrigienses,' Boase, 'Collectanea Cornub.,' etc. is not described as "of Cornwall," but I He means, the Prayer Book version with its brief Latin heading. The Bible version has, "The transgression of the wicked saith within my heart." Johnson is quite right in noting the discrepancy, for both these English versions in the two opening verses correspond with a Latin rendering now and apparently for many years dropped. I use the evidence of three Vulgates in my possession. "Dixit injustus is the beginning of Psalm 35 in a Vulgate, Paris, 1868, and another, Venice, 1677. Psalm 35 answers to our English 36, as our Psalm 10 is noted as secundum Hebræos and not counted in the reckoning. But in a Vulgate, Paris, 1545, I find this Psalm 35, a Psalm 36 corresponding to our 37, and on the opposite page another 36, which is simply another version of 35, differing very little in detail. It begins, however, not with Dixit injustus," but ،، with "Testatur in corde meo scelus impii," The annotations in this 1545 Vulgate say nothing about the existence of these two rival versions, and when later the earlier Psalms arms. Take for instance the Burdett family and the Temples bearing, Arg. with three birds on each bar. Temple bore, Argent, on two bars gules, on each three martlets. Apparently these arms were early in use by the family, but later, in Elizabethan times, we find Richard Temple using variant, namely, Ermine, on a chevron sable five martlets argent. No reason is given for this change. So far as can be seen the pedigree appears to scan, yet the next generation had a different shield, Sable, a chevron ermine between three martlets argent. a A hundred years after a shield was confirmed to another Peter Temple: Argent on a argent. Sir Francis Burdett has, Azure two bars or, which same charge is given to Sir William Bagenal Burdett, this last with a crescent for difference. Who else used the three martlets on two bars? Turning to my Heraldic Dictionary I see that Longcroft, Co. Worcester, had Gules on two bars argent six martlets sable; Byne, Co. Oxon, Or two bars gules, on each three martlets of the field (I should be very glad of any references to this particular family of Byne); More, Argent, two bars azure, on each three martlets of the field; Willey, Argent, on two bars gules, three martlets or. (This family also used the shield with the field ermine and the bars vert); Wriley or Wriallie, Azure two bars or, on each three martlets gules; Tempest, Baronet, Argent, two bars sable on each three martlets or. I give the above for what it is worth, but it will cause any genealogist to ponder over the Heralds' methods. I have avoided any reference to shields with bars and martlets between the bars, nor have I searched to find as many examples as possible. The arms of Burdett go back to ancient days, and the Tempest arms are old; so the query resolves itself into, Why did the Temples use the arms of two ancient families? E. E. COPE. chevron sable between three crescents gules NOMENCLATURE OF THE PUEBLO five martlets argent, while ten years later, ter. in 1576, we find the Sable, chevron ermine between three martlets confirmed to the same Peter Temple. We may suppose he objected to being given a coat-of-arms entirely different from that of his ancestors and was more fortunate than if he had lived in the twentieth century, for he won his way and got a re-grant of the family arms. But he also used a seal with the martlets on the two bars in 1556, and at the funeral of John Temple, in 1603, the arms are given as, Argent a chevron ermine between three martlets sable. Any one interested can see this in the Harleian 'Visitation of Buckinghamshire,' a compilation of well-known heralds. Now for the Burdett family. In Warwickshire and Leicestershire they bore the very pretty shield of, Azure, two bars argent, on each three martlets gules; yet curiously, in Burke's 'Peerage' of 1832, the Sir Charles Burdett descended from the Burdetts of Foremark is accredited with, Paly of six argent and sable, on a bend gules martlets NEW MEXICO.-From Desert Drums: The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, 1540-1928' (Boston, 1928) by Leo Crane, one-time agent of the United States government for these Indians : a In the case of the Pueblo Indians our limited intelligence should recognise first that the Indians were promptly baptized and named in Spanish, partly to incorporate them as closely as possible with the Saints, and partly for quick identification in familiar tongue. Indian Bureau officials have followed this method in modern times, both on reserves and at schools. I recall one day-school principal who kept a Litany of the Saints for this purpose, and certainly he had no other use for it. My own method was to perpetuate the poetic names of the Old Testament. Those who thought differently had often been before me, so one of my tribes were loaded with great modern patronymics-Walter Scott, Charles Dickens, Abraham Lincoln, Edwin Booth; and, should this writing interest a certain contemporary author descended from a stage family, Izola Forrester. For that matter, there is a Hopi Indian named "Leo Crane," a label that I trust will never be a disadvantage to him. P. McP. Readers' Queries. "THE BLAZERS."-Can anyone tell me ،، Sanadon, and Francis adds that the result has been called by foreigners Mr. Sanadon's Masterpiece"; it has "been esteemed an uncommon Proof of his critical sagacity, many why the Galway Hounds called to have reconciled in one Whole so "The Blazers." are THE SPECTATOR, 1775 AND 1789. The St. James's Chronicle, 9-11 Feb., 1775, announced: "This Day was published in eight volumes duodecimo A new edition of The Spectator," and Nichols ('Literary Anecdotes,' ix., 56) entered as published in 1789 "A New Edition of 'The Spectator,' 12mo." These editions do not appear to be in our great public libraries. Can any reader of N. and Q.' direct me to a copy of either? I am particularly anxious to find the 1789 edition. Oxford. L. F. POWELL. CRANBOURNE RIVER. I have noticed some comments in the daily press lately, with regard to the buried London river, Cranbourne, which one correspondent stated, gave its name to Cranbourne Street, though I have not been able to discover any authority for this, or in fact for the existence of any such river. I should be glad to have some particulars from any reader of 'N. and Q.' as to the source and outfall of this river, if it exists, and its approximate course. C. TYNDALL WULCKO, Editor World Travel. SANADON, HORATIAN CRITIC.-Having acquired a copy of the Horace of Francis, 1763, with Latin on one side and English on the other, I was rather surprised to find the first stanza of Odes III, i., missing entirely. Other Odes are similarly mutilated and these fragments of the mangled poet are added to a version of the 'Carmen Seculare,' which is thus 140 lines long instead of the usual 76. These re-arrangements are due, the Preface explains, to Mr. broken Parts, that have so long perplexed the best Commentators." I am not aware that any English commentator from William Baxter, 1725, onwards has been perplexed at seeing the stanza which starts "Odi profanum" at the head of the poem which begins the Third Book of Odes. But Sanadon must have had a considerable reputation to make Francis follow his reconstruction. I can find word of him in the editions of Orelli and the Teubner text, but from Boswell's 'Life of Johnson, A.D. 1776, note on 'Ars Poetica,' 128, it appears that he was a Frenchman, or at any rate wrote in French. Where did no he flourish, and what did he write? Is he esteemed at all in France to-day? W. H. J. BOSWELL'S JOHNSON: CHAPTERS?A. S. Wilkins in his standard edition of 'The Epistles of Horace' annotates line 128 in the 'Ars Poetica' and adds at the end : There is a discussion of the passage in Boswell's Life of Johnson, c. xxx. The misfortune of Boswell's great book is that it has no chapters and the year has to be taken for reference. What edition of it did Wilkins use? No arrangement in chap ters has, so far as I know, any currency today. So the reference should be altered. W. H. J. |