MOSS-ANIMALS-MOTH

ties and was president of the American Baptist Historical Society in 1895-1900. He has published: Annals of United States Christian Commission' (1866); A Day with Paul'; etc.

Moss-animals, or Bryozoa. See POLYZOA. Moss-bunker, a common name about New York for the menhaden (q.v.). It is one of many forms of the Dutch name "marsbanker" for the scad, ignorantly applied by the early Hollanders, and has been misspelled and mispronounced in a great variety of ways. A detailed account of this matter will be found in Goode's 'Fishery Industries of the United States, Sec. I (1884) as a part of the history of the menhaden.

Moss-pink. See PINKS.

Mosses from an Old Manse, title of Nathaniel Hawthorne's second collection of tales and sketches (1854). The Old Manse, Hawthorne's Concord home, is described in the opening chapter of the book. The remaining contents include many of Hawthorne's most famous short sketches, such as The BirthMark,' 'Roger Malvin's Burial,' and 'The Artist of the Beautiful.' These bear witness to his love of the mysterious and the unusual; and their action passes in a world of unreality, which the genius of the author makes more visible than the world of sense.

Most, most, Johann Joseph, GermanAmerican anarchist: b. Augsburg, Bavaria, 5 Feb. 1846. He learned bookbinding and traveled about the continent in pursuit of his trade. Later he was editor of the Freie Presse at Berlin, and in 1874-8 member for Chemnitz in the Reichstag. Expelled from the Socialist ranks in Germany, he went to London, where he founded Die Freiheit, an anarchistic shect, in 1879. In 1881 he was arrested and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment; and upon his release came to the United States. He continued Die Freiheit in New York. In 1901 he was arrested for a seditious editorial in his journal, and sentenced to a year's imprisonment, commencing June 1902. He published several anarchistical writings, such as Why I Am a Communist) (1890), and 'Down With the Anarchists' (1901).

Mosses (Musci), a class of cryptogamous plants, forming with the liverworts (Hepatica) the group Muscinca or Bryophyta. The only plants likely to be wrongly called mosses are the foliose liverworts, and these are readily distinguished by their two-ranked nerveless leaves, their four-valved capsule, and certain other characters. A germinating moss spore gives rise to a filamentous body called a protonema, from which buds arise and develop into the leafy shoots which constitute the true moss-plants. After a time the reproductive bodies are formed at the tips of certain shoots. The antheridia, or male reproductive organs, are club-shaped, and contain cells which afterward develop into Mosul, mo'sool, Asiatic Turkey, capital of the antherozoids. These antherozoids, when liba vilayet and sanjak of the same name, on the erated from the antheridium, move about until right bank of the Tigris, 220 miles northwest they come in contact with an archegonium, or feof Bagdad. A stone bridge continued by a male reproductive body. The fertilized arche- bridge of boats crosses the river to the site of gonium is then carried upward on a slender ancient Nineveh. The town is surrounded by filament or seta, and now forms the fruit or decayed walls, and has houses of stone and capsule, usually closed by a lid or operculum, brick, mosques, shrines, Christian churches, conand often covered by a sort of hood called a calyptra. When ripe the capsule opens and lib-mercial importance, it has greatly declined, but vents, etc. Formerly a place of much comerates the spores, which by germination begin the it still carries on some trade, especially in galllife-history again. Mosses may also reproduce nuts. Muslin is named from this town. Popthemselves asexually by the formation of buds ulation about 61,000, mostly Mohammedans, but or gemmæ. There are no true roots in mosses, including many Christians and Jews. and the leaves are of very simple structure. New ones are continually springing from old shoots, so that in bogs the top remains growing while the underlayers die and the deeper ones slowly change into peat. Some five thousand species of mosses are known, of which about nine tenths belong to the order Bryacea. This order comprises the two sub-orders, Cleistocarpe, with an indehiscent capsule, including the genera Phascum, Ephemerum, etc.; and Stegocarpa, in which the capsule opens by a lid. The stegocarpous mosses, again, may have the capsule either terminal (Acrocarpa) or lateral (Pleurocarpa), the former group including, among others, the genera Grimmia, Fissidens, Polytrichum, Orthotrichum, Dicranum, Mnium, Bryum, and Funaria, and the latter, Hypnum, Leskea, and Climacium. There are three other orders of mosses, namely, Sphagnacea, or Bogmosses, with only one genus, Sphagnum; Andre@acea, with the single genus Andreaca; and Archidiacea, with the genus Archidium. Mosses are of little or no economic value, but they form an important part of the natural covering of rocks, and serve to prepare the way for higher forms of plants. Consult Strasburger, 'Textbook of Botany) (1903).

Moszkowski, mosh-kōf'skē, Moritz, Polish At 19 he began to appear in public after studycomposer and pianist: b. Breslau 23 Aug. 1854 ing at Dresden and Berlin. His success was immediate and striking and he made frequent concert tours. He is a talented composer; his opera 'Boabdil' was presented at Berlin in 1892; his other works include a ballet, 'Laurin'; a symphonic poem, 'Jeanne d' Arc'; some 'Danses espagnoles' for the piano or violin; and the two orchestral series called 'Les Nations.'

la, Mexican historian: b. Guadalajara, MexMota-Padilla, mō'tä pä-dēl'yä, Matias de ico, 6 Oct. 1688; d. 1766. He was a lawyer, and during the latter part of his life a priest. He wrote among other works, History of the Conquest of New Galicia) (1870-1).

Motet', or Motett, a vocal composition in harmony, set to words generally selected from sacred writings. Like the madrigal, the motet was a first set to words of a profane character, and there are ecclesiastical decrees extant forbidding its use in church.

Moth, any insect of the order Lepidoptera not included among the butterflies (q.v.). Moths

1. Gypsy Moth (Porthetria dispar), female; a, male; b, feeding caterpillar; c, pupa. 2. European Processionary Moth; a, feeding caterpillar. 3. Lackey Moth. 4. Tiger Moth and its "woolly bear" caterpillar. 5. Tussock Moth; a, caterpillar and cocoon with pupa. 6. Psilura Moth (Psilura monacha), female; a, male; b, eggs, young caterpillars and pupa, on the under side of a piece of bark; c, feeding caterpillar. 7. Pine Moth (Gastropacha), female; a, feeding caterpillar and cocoon; b, eggs.