was efficient, conciliating, and useful, as an officer and negotiator.

In 1840 he was presented as the Whig candidate for the presidency, but declined in favor of General Harrison. In 1841, upon the death of General Macomb, General Scott was placed at the head of the army as general-in-chief, with full rank as major-general. Upon the outbreak of the war with Mexico, he was ordered thither. The battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey, having been fought, he took the field in time for the projected capture of Vera Cruz, which he invested, with twelve thousand men, March 12, 1847, commencing the bombardment on the 22d. On the 26th overtures of surrender were made, and ten days later the army, eight thousand strong, moved on to Mexico; defeated the Mexican army of fifteen thousand, under General Santa Anna, at Cerro Gordo, April 18th; entered Jalapa the day after; occupied the strong castle and town of La Perote on the 22d, and the city of Puebla, May 15th, having taken ten thousand prisoners of war, ten thousand stand of arms, seven hundred cannon, and thirty thousand shells and shot. Here he was detained for some time, and his army, reduced to four thousand five hundred, was reinforced to the number of ten thousand, and moved forward for Mexico. Contreras, San Antonio, and Churubusco, strong fortifications, were each taken, in turn, at the point of the bayonet. But the castle of Chapultepec, the seat of the military college, still lay before them, and must fall ere the City of Mexico could be taken. Molino del Rey and Casa de Mata, dependencies of Chapultepec, were carried by assault on September 8th, and, after a determined siege of several days, a breach was finally effected in the strong walls of the military college, and the following night Santa Anna marched out with the small remnant of his army, and the city was at the mercy of Scott. Early on the morning of the 14th he entered the City of Mexico, at the head of six thousand men. This virtually ended the war. A contribution was levied on the city of $150,000 for the army, two-thirds of which the general remitted to the United States to found military asylums, and the order which followed the establishment of peace rendered the presence of the American army a blessing to the country. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed March 2, 1848, and Mexico was soon after evacuated by the conquering army. Upon his return to this country, General Scott submitted to a trial before a court of inquiry on technical charges. This trial came to nothing, and the honors bestowed upon the successful commander by his country were numerous and enthusiastic, and included a vote of thanks by Congress. In 1848 General Scott was again a candidate for the Whig nomination, and in 1852 was nominated, and defeated by General Franklin Pierce. In February, 1855, he was brevetted lieutenant-general, to take rank from March 29, 1847, in commemoration of his bravery in

Mexico. In 1859 serious differences arose in regard to the boundary line between the United States and British America, involving a disputed military possession, and which he happily adjusted. The late war found him still in command of the army, and every inducement was offered him by the South to join their cause; but his loyalty was proof against them, and he threw the weight of his well-earned reputation on the side of the Government. In reply to an offer of a command, through a commissioner from Virginia, he said: "I have served my country under the flag of the Union for more than fifty years, and, so long as God permits me to live, I will defend that flag with my sword, even if my own native State assails it." During the early part of the civil war, General Scott was much in consultation with government, and did his best to perform his official duties as general-in-chief, but he was now too infirm for so colossal a charge, and on October 31, 1861, he retired from office, retaining, by special act of Congress, his pay and allowances. In the succeeding month he sailed for Europe on a tour for his health, but soon returned, in consequence of the danger of war consequent upon the Trent difficulty, intent to prevent it. His departure was not unexpected, as for some time previous the powers of his mind and body had been failing. He was the author of several valuable military works, among which are, "General Regulations for the Army" (1825), "Infantry Tactics," taken from the French (1835), and some other contributions in different departments of letters the most important of which was his biography," in two volumes, published in 1864. General Scott was a man of majestic, almost gigantic, and symmetrical physique, and great personal strength and endurance. Ilis manners were courteous and dignified, sometimes even to stiffness. He was a gentleman of the purest honor and most stainless character. As a general, he was at once prudent and enterprising, never sparing his own person in the field, careful of the health and comfort of his men, ready and eager for every duty, and equally thorough, faithful, and successful in field operations, and in those obscurer and less agreeable duties of organization, discipline, and drill, which make in the camp the only soldiers who can be trusted in the field. His career is a good illustration of the fallacy of the loose general notion that a great soldier seeks war and is ex officio a disturber of the public peace. He became, in manhood, like most other eminent commanders, strongly averse to bloodshed. His political career was unsuccessful; but it was rather to his credit than otherwise, that his simple, straightforward, soldierly mental habits rendered him an inconvenient instrument of party managers. An accomplished, faithful, brave, prompt, energetic, prudent, and successful soldier: an honorable gentleman; a good and patriotic citizen; a kindly, just, wise, and pacific negotiator, he lived most nobly and usefully,

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and so linked his long life and great reputation with his country's honor that the ample observances paid by the American people at his death, both testify to his personal qualities and unite his fame with all the older glories of our arms and our American national polity.

SEATON, WILLIAM WINSTON, an American journalist, born in King William County, Va., January 11, 1785; died in Washington, D. C., June 16, 1866. He was a descendant of the Scotch Seatons, one of whom, Henry, an adherent of the fortunes of the Stuarts, came to this country a political exile toward the latter part of the seventeenth century. His mother was a cousin of Patrick Henry. He was educated at a celebrated academy in Richmond, and at the age of 18 entered the field of journalism as the assistant editor of a Richmond newspaper. He next edited the Petersburg Republican, but soon purchased the North Carolina Journal, published at Halifax, then the capital of that State. From Halifax he went to Raleigh, on its being made the capital, connected himself with the Register, then an influential journal, edited by Joseph Gales, senior, whose daughter he subsequently married. In 1812 he removed to Washington, founded the National Intelligencer, in company with his brother-inlaw, Joseph Gales, junior, which partnership continued until the death of Mr. Gales in 1860. From 1812 to 1820 Messrs. Seaton and Gales were the exclusive Congressional reporters as well as editors of their journal, one taking charge of the Senate and the other of the House of Representatives, where prominent seats were officially assigned them. Their "Register of Debates" is now considered a standard authority, and the Intelligencer has ever been one of the leading papers of the day. Since the death of Mr. Gales, in 1860, Mr. Seaton had been the principal manager of the latter until its recent sale to its present proprietors. In 1840 he was chosen Mayor of Washington, holding that position for twelve successive years.

SPAIN, a kingdom in Europe. Queen, Isabella II., born October 10, 1830; succeeded her father on September 29, 1833. Heir-apparent, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, born November 28, 1857. The new ministry, formed in July, 1866, is composed as follows: President and Minister of War, Marshal Ramon Maria Narvaez y Campos, Duke of Valencia; Foreign Affairs, Eusebio Calonje; Grace and Justice, Lorenzo Arrazola; Finances, Garcia Barzanallona; Interior, Luis Gonzalez Bravo; Public Works, Commerce, and Instruction, Manuel Orobio: Navy, Counter-Admiral J. G. Rubalvada; Colonies, Alejandro Castro. The area of Spain, inclusive of the Balearic and Canary Islands, is 182,758 square miles. The population (inclusive of the above islands and of the Spanish population in Tetuan, on the coast of Africa) was estimated, in 1864, at 16,302,625. The Spanish dominions in America (Cuba, Porto Rico, Virgin Islands) contain 2,032,065 inhabitants; those in Asia and Oceanica (the

Philippines and adjacent islands), 2,679,500; those in Africa (Presidios and Guinea Islands), 17,017; total population of Spanish colonies, 4,528,633. In the budget of the financial year 1865, the expenditures were estimated at 2,747,332,370 reals (100 reals are equal to $4.93); the receipts at 2,749,360,290 reals. The public debt, on March 1, 1865, amounted to 16,392,747,190 reals. The army numbered, in 1866, 236,301 men; the navy, in the same year, consisted of 122 vessels, carrying 1,264 guns. The imports, in 1862, were valued at 1,679,312,703, and the exports at 1,120,532,270 reals. The merchant navy, in 1863, consisted of 4,859 vessels, carrying a burden of 395,270 tons. The movement of shipping, in 1862, was as follows:

On January 3d a military revolt broke out at Aranjuez and Ocana, and General Prim at once placed himself at the head of the insurgents. In several other places attempts were made to gain over the soldiers, but without effect. In Madrid, Barcelona, and other large cities, the greatest excitement prevailed, and thousands appeared to be desirous to join the insurrection, but the Government succeeded in preventing an outbreak. Martial law was at once proclaimed in Madrid and the whole province of New Castile, and General Zabala pursued the insurgent soldiers, not leaving them time to collect reënforcements. On January 20th General Prim, with 600 followers, crossed the Portuguese frontier, near Barrancos, and declared his readiness to deliver up his horses and accoutrements. He was ordered, by the Portuguese Government, to leave the country. Small bands of insurgents in Catalonia and Valencia were dispersed on January 22d. The martial law proclaimed in Madrid was abolished on March 17th. On June 22d two regiments revolted in Madrid, without their officers. The barracks they occupied were, however, retaken by the troops remaining faithful to the Government, and after an obstinate resistance the insurgents surrendered at discretion. General Narvaez was slightly wounded. The insurgents had 26 guns, and furnished arms to the populace, who threw up barricades. The troops succeeded, however, in quelling the movement, and order was soon completely restored. Six hundred insurgents were taken prisoners. Simultaneously with the revolt in Madrid, some companies of troops in the garrison at Gerona belonging to the regiment of Baylen revolted, under their subaltern officers, and proceeded toward the French frontier, closely pursued by Spanish troops. They succeeded in reaching France, when they laid down their arms. consequence of these disturbances, the minis

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try asked the Cortes to allow the guaranties afforded by the constitution to be suspended for a time, in view of the serious aspect of affairs. The demand was granted by the Cortes. A large number of the captured insurgents were shot, and the printing-offices of the progressist and democratic newspapers closed.

On July 10th the O'Donnell ministry resigned office, and were succeeded by an ultra Conservative ministry, under the presidency of Marshal Narvaez. On August 22d the Spanish frigate Gerona captured off Madeira the English screwsteamer Tornado, for carrying illicit aid to the Peruvians, and sent her to Cadiz. The captain and the crew were treated with great severity, both on their way to Cadiz and after their arrival in that city. The case led to negotiations between the English and Spanish Governments, and the law officers of the English Government expressed the opinion that the Spanish Government had no right to treat the crew as prisoners of war, much less to chain them up; that the case of the ship should be speedily settled; and, unless the suspicions of the Spanish Government could be made good, that that Govvernment should make an apology, and be called upon for indemnification.

In December the Revolutionary Junta at Madrid issued the following proclamation to the Spanish people:

THE REVOLUTIONARY JUNTA TO ITS FELLOW-CITIZENS: Six months have elapsed since the bloody day of June 22d. If at that time the Government had been accessible to a sentiment of dignity, to the instinct of its own preservation, it would have been frightened, and would have recoiled from the consequences of this gloomy day. But this generous and unfortunate demonstration has, on the contrary, kindled the desire of the Government to gratify an old spite, to favor the secret projects of Donna Isabella II. and her courtiers. Instead of solacing the popular grief, the Government has deprived the nation of its last guaranties.

Savage courts have led hundreds of victims to sacrifice, and a woman has contemplated passively, and even with complacency, the scaffold which had been erected.

The Cortes have abjectly sold to the Government the safety of the individual, the civil rights and the wellbeing of the commonwealth. The Government has overthrown the press and the rostrum, and has intrusted the administration of the provinces to rapacious mandarins and sanguinary generals; military tribunals have despoiled the rich and transported the poor to Fernando Po and to the Philippines.

The laws of the Cortes have been replaced by decrees squandering the resources of the country by means of obscure and ruinous loans, trampling under foot right and virtue, violating homes, property, and family; and during all this time Isabella II., at Zaranz and Madrid, meditated a plot against Italy, our sister, for the benefit of the Roman curia, participating, meanwhile, in the depredations and violence of the pachas in Cuba, who, tolerating the fraudulent introduction of slaves, are outraging public sentiment both in the Old and the New World, and causing an estrangement between Spain and the great and glorious Republic of the United States.

The captain-general of Madrid ordered the police to institute a vigorous search, in order to discover the authors of the proclamation, and a number of persons were arrested, and sentenced

to be transported to Fernando Po. On December 30th a royal decree was issued, dissolving the Cortes, ordering fresh elections to take place on March 10th, and convoking the new Cortes for the 30th of that month.. Several deputies having assembled in the Congress, and drawn up an address to the queen, Señors Rios Rosas, Salaverria, and a number of others, were arrested and sent out of the country.

In the war against Chili and Peru the Spanish Government seemed to be disposed to accept the mediation of France and England, but the conditions consented to by the Spanish Government were rejected by the South American republics.

On March 15th the Spanish Government signed a treaty of peace with the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, in which the independence of these republics was for the first time formally recognized by Spain.

The German-Italian war caused the Spanish and Portuguese Governments to make an agreement to act in common for the defence of their neutrality in the event of a European war.

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SPARKS, JARED, LL. D., an American Unitarian clergyman, historian, and former president of Harvard University, born in Willington, Conn., May 10, 1789; died at Cambridge, Mass., March 14, 1866. In early life he had to Contend with straitened circumstances, spending several years in the work of a farm and in mechanical pursuits, and it was not till he had passed the age of boyhood, that he determined upon obtaining a collegiate education. thirst for learning was encouraged by friends, through whom he was sent to Phillips' Academy, Exeter. Diligently improving his oppor tunities, he entered Harvard College in 1811, and graduated in the class of 1815, having during his course spent some time teaching, be sides a few months in the militia service. After studying theology in Cambridge, and holding the office of tutor of mathematics in the college for two years, he was ordained as minister of the Unitarian church in Baltimore in 1819. He entered upon the discharge of his new duties with dignity, zeal, and remarkable effect, being alone among the clergymen of that city as the advocate of Unitarian theology. Not long after, he was honored with the appointment of chaplain to Congress. He remained four years at Baltimore, performing, in addition to the common labors of his profession, a large amount of theological and literary labor, in the editorship of the Unitarian Miscellany, and in controversial publications, called forth by the necessity of maintaining and defending his religious views. In the year following his ordination, he published a volume entitled “Letters on the Ministry, Ritual, and Doctrine of the Protestant Episcopal Church;" and in 1823, "An Inquiry into the Comparative Moral Tendency of Trinitarian and Unitarian Doctrines." In 1822, he planned and commenced the publi cation of "A Collection of Essays and Tracts

in Theology," from various authors eminent for their talents, learning, and virtues, with biographical and critical notices, comprising six volumes, the last of which was published in 1826. In 1823 the impaired state of his health induced him to resign his pastoral charge and retire from the ministry. Returning to Massachusetts, he was for seven years proprietor and editor of the North American Review. In 1823 he published from original materials an interesting life of "John Ledyard, the American Traveller." Some years before this, in the course of inquiries undertaken for a friend connected with the university press, he had conceived the plan of preparing a full and authentie life of Washington, and of collecting from all sources, at home and abroad, the correspondence of that great man, and the official and private documents that might throw light on his public career and the history of his times. In preparation for this work, on which he spent ten years of his life, he made extensive researches in various parts of our own country, and then visited Europe and employed a year in examining the public offices in London and Paris, and taking copies of all important papers bearing on his subject. He was received with much courtesy and consideration, and through the kindness and friendship of the French minister, Guizot, as well as of the English officials, he found unexpected facilities for the accomplishment of his enterprise. The first fruits of his labors appeared in 1829-'30, in the "Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution," a work in twelve volumes octavo, followed, two years after, by the "Life of Gouverneur Morris, with Selections from his Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers," in three volumes octavo. "The American Almanac," a work of great value and various information, was also originated, and its first volume, for 1830, edited by him. He also became editor of the "Library of American Biography," of which two series were published, comprising twenty-five volumes in all, between the years 1834 and 1848, and for which several of the biographies were prepared by his own indefatigable pen. Thus, in the midst of the execution of his great and specially chosen work, he was carrying on with admirable diligence other literary labors of much interest and value. In 1834, and the three years following, he gave to the world his "Life and Writings of Washington," in twelve octavo volumes. In 1840, he completed the publication of "The Works of Benjamin Franklin, with Notes, and a Life of the Author," containing much before unpublished or uncollected matter, in ten octavo volumes. He soon after made a second journey to Europe, and, in his renewed researches among the French archives, discovered the map with the red line marked upon it, concerning which, and the use made of it in settling the question of the Northcastern boundary in 1842, there was so much debate, both in this country and in England. In 1854 appeared "Correspondence of the VOL. VI.-44

American Revolution, being Letters of eminent Men to George Washington, from the Time of his taking Command of the Army to the End of his Presidency, edited from the Original Manuscripts." In 1839, Mr. Sparks was chosen McLean Professor of History in Harvard College, which office he held with distinguished credit for ten years, when he was elected president of that college, administering the duties of his position with honor to himself for three years. As an instructor, he was lucid in his expositions, firm and dignified in his manner, bringing the fruits of extensive research and large experience to the illustration of his subject. As a scholar, he was remarkable for industry, perseverance, and patient research. No degree of labor could divert him from his task. His character was a union of simplicity and unassuming dignity, and his sweetness of temper made friends of all who knew him. An accident which for a time disabled his arm, and prevented the accustomed use of his pen, disappointed his execution of a long-cherished plan of writing the "Foreign Diplomatic History of our American Revolution "-a part of a more extended work on the "History of the Revolution," for which he had made large preparation, and a considerable portion of which he left in manuscript at his death, though he had laid it aside on learning that Mr. Bancroft would occupy that field in the later volumes of his history. The evening of his days was passed in the leisurely prosecution of the literary pursuits which had been the delight of his life.

SMITH, Rev. AUGUSTUS WILLIAM, LL. D., an American Methodist clergyman, author, and teacher, president for eight years of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.; born in Herkimer County, N. Y., May 12, 1802; died at Annapolis, Md., of pneumonia, March 26, 1866. His early years were passed on a farm, but, having a strong desire to acquire an education, he attended the academies of his native county and qualified himself to teach, and thus acquired the means to prosecute his studies. He graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, in 1825, and had been for a year previous one of the teachers in the Oneida Conference Seminary at Cazenovia, where he continued till 1831, being the principal of the seminary from 1828 to 1831. In the latter year he was chosen Professor of Mathematics in Wesleyan University, and continued in that chair till 1851twenty years-when he was chosen president of the university, and presided over it till 1859. His retiring disposition had made him very unwilling to assume or retain the presidency of the university, and, in 1859, being appointed by the Government Professor of Natural Philosophy in the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, he resigned the presidency to accept this position, and remained in it until his death. He was an excellent mathematician, and thoroughly familiar with all the applications of mathematics to science, and in his field of research had few superiors. His

administration of the affairs of the Wesleyan University was characterized by great discretion and sound judgment. He had published several valuable text-books. He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Hamilton College in 1850.

SMITH, JOSEPH MATHER, M. D., an American physician, professor, and medical writer, born at New Rochelle, Westchester County, N. Y., March 14, 1789; died in New York City, April 22, 1866. His father, Dr. Matson Smith, was an eminent physician of Westchester County, and his mother was a descendant of the Mathers so famous in the colonial history of Massachusetts. The subject of this sketch received a very thorough English education, together with some training in the classics in the academy at New Rochelle, and at the age of fifteen came to New York and entered a store as clerk, improving all his leisure time in study. Mercantile life was not, however, to his taste, and after four years' trial he returned home and commenced the study of medicine in his father's office, devoting a portion of his time to the study of the classics, modern languages and general literature, while, as he progressed in professional knowledge, he gave attention also to the allied sciences of botany, meteorology, and chemistry. He attended the medical lectures in Columbia College during the sessions of 1809 and 1810; was licensed to practise physic and surgery in May, 1811, by the Medical Society of Westchester County, reading before the censors, at his examination, a dissertation on respiration, and in the same year settled in New York City as a practitioner, in partnership with the late Dr. William Baldwin. In 1815 he graduated M. D. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. The subject of his thesis was " Phlegmasia Dolens." About the same time he united with several of his youthful contemporaries, Mott, De Puy, Bliss, and others, in forming the New York Medico-Physiological Society, and served on the committee of publication. Under his supervision the first volume of its Transactions was published in 1817, to which he contributed a paper on the "Efficacy of Emetics in Spasmodic Diseases, with an Inquiry into the Cause of Sympathetic Vomiting;" this paper, at the time, attracted much attention, and is still referred to as an original and ingenious essay. In the same volume he also published a case of "Poisoning by Opium, successfully treated by Flagellation." In June, 1820, he was appointed visiting physician to the New York State Prison, then situated in Greenwich Street, in association with Professor Hamersley. He retained this appointment till April, 1824. In 1821 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. In the year 1824 he published his "Elements of the Etiology and Philosophy of Epidemics," a work so learned and logical, and exhibiting such profound thought and extensive research, that it attracted everywhere among the profession the greatest atten

tion, and stamped its author at once as a man of consummate ability. The English medical journals, usually chary enough in their commendation of any thing from an American pen, were loud in their praise of this work, the Medico-Chirurgical Review, for July, 1825, pronouncing it "ingenious and philosophical, characterized not only by great talent and force of argument, but by candor and good faith," and as doing great honor to transatlantic medicine." Another eminent English writer declared that it was "fifty years in advance of the medical literature of the day on its subject." More than forty years have passed since its publication, and it is still the standard authority on the subject of epidemics, and its nomenclature is now universally adopted. The extensive and profound learning displayed by Dr. Smith in this work, not only on professional topics but in general literature, led to his unsolicited appointment by the board of regents to the chair of theory and practice of physic in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in the summer of 1826; and it is alike creditable to both parties, that when Dr. Smith, with a modest estimate of his own abilities, declined. in a letter to the committee of the board of regents, the appointment tendered him, mainly from the fear that the time (from July to November) would not be sufficient for him to prepare himself thoroughly for the duties of his professorship, the committee refused to accept his declinature, and insisted upon confirming his appointment. The chair he was called to fill was that which had been occupied by the lamented Dr. David Hosack, one of the greatest names in American medicine; but the college did not suffer from the change. For nearly thirty years he continued to perform the duties of this professorship with a zeal, ability, punetuality, and fidelity, which made all his students his personal friends. In 1855 he was, at his own request, transferred to the chair of materia medica, the duties of which he had, for two years previously, performed conjointly with his own, and in this last position he continued till his decease.

In 1829 Dr. Smith was appointed visiting physician of the New York Hospital, and he continued to perform his duties there, to the great advantage of the patients, as well as of the numerous students who resorted thither for clinical instruction, until his decease. He had, on accepting the professorship in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, relinquished general practice, and confined himself to consultation, in which he was deservedly eminent. He was an admirable writer, and took a lively interes in the medical periodical literature of the day, frequently contributing reviews, memoirs, reports of cases, etc., and in 1828 become one of the editors of the New York Medical and Phyr ical Journal. In 1831, before the appearance of cholera in this country, he delivered s learned and elaborate address on the “Epidemic Cholera of Asia and Europe," whic