command. This see had been void by the death of John Capon, his immediate predecessor, who died in 1557, near three years before. And here divine providence again gave him the advantage in point of seniority over his tutor Mr. John Parkhurst, who was not consecrated bishop of Norwich till July 14, after; but then his tutor had the advantage of him in point of revenue, for Mr. Jewel's bishopric had been miserably impoverished by his predecessor; so that he complained afterwards, that there was never a good living left him that would maintain a learned man; for, said he, the Capon has devoured all: because he hath either given away or sold all the ecclesiastical dignities and livings.

The Sunday before Easter of this year, bishop Jewel preached at Paul's Cross, his famous sermon upon 1 Cor. xi. 23. "For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus, the same night in which he was betrayed, took bread," &c. This sermon gave a fatal blow to the popish religion in England, which was become odious to all men, by reason of the cruelty used by people of that persuasion in the reign of queen Mary; but the challenge which he then made, and afterwards several times and in several places repeated, was the most stinging part of this sermon. This challenge, being thus published in so great an auditory, startled the English Papists both at home and abroad, but none more than such of our fugitives as had retired to Louvain, Doway, or St. Omers. The business was first agitated by the exchange of friendly letters betwixt the said reverend prelate and Dr. Henry Cole, late dean of St. Paul's; more violently followed in a book of Rastal's, who first appeared in the lists against the challenger, followed herein by Dorman and Marshal, who severally took up the cudgels to as little purpose; the first being well beaten by Newel, and the last by Calfhill,, in their Discourses against them; but they were only pre paratory skirmishes in reference to the inain encounter, which was reserved for the reverend challenger himself, and Dr. John Harding, one of the divines of Louvain, and the most learned of the college*. Bishop Jewel's learned an

The combatants were born in the same county, bred up in the same grammar school, and studied in the same university: both zealous Protestants in the time of king Edward, and both relapsed to Popery in the time of queen Mary; Jewel for fear, and larding upon hope of favour and preferment.

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swers, as well in maintenance of his challenge, as in defence of his apology, contain in them such a magazine of all sorts of learning, that all our controversialists since that time have furnished themselves with arguments and au thority from it..

When queen Mary died, Paul IV. was pope, to whom queen Elizabeth sent an account of her coming to the crown, which was delivered by sir Edward Karn, her sister's resident at Rome; to which the angry gentleman replied, That England was held in fee of the apostolic see, that she could not succeed being illegitimate; nor could he contradict the declarations made in that matter by his predecessors Clement VII. and Paul III. He said it was a great boldness in her, to assume the crown without his consent; for which, in reason, she deserved no favour at his hands; yet if she would renounce her pretensions, and refer herself wholly to him, he would shew a fatherly af fection to her, and do every thing for her that could consist with the dignity of the apostolic see. Which answer being hastily and passionately made, was as little regarded by the queen.

In 1562, bishop Jewel set forth the Apology of the Church of England, in Latin; which though written by him, was published by the queen's authority, and with the advice of some of the bishops, as the public confession of the Catholic and Christian faith of the Church of England, &c. and as an answer to those calumnies that were then raised against the English church and nation. So that it is not to be esteemed as the private work of a single bishop, but as a public declaration of that church whose name it bears, This apology being published during the time of the last meeting of the council of Trent, was read there, and seriously considered, and great threats made that it should be answered; and accordingly two learned bishops, one a Spaniard and the other an Italian, undertook that task, but neither of them performed it. In the mean time the book spread into all Europe, and was much applauded in France, Flanders, Germany, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, and Scotland; and found at last a passage into Italy, Naples, and Rome itself; and was soon after translated into the German, Italian, French, Spanish, Dutch, and even into the Greek tongue; in so great esteem was this book abroad; and at home it was VOL. III.-No. 53. translated

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translated into English by the lady Bacon, wife to sin Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper of the great seal".

In 1564, Mr. Harding published a pretended answer to bishop Jewel's famous challenge at Paul's Cross, to which, in the year following, the bishop made a learned reply, the epistle before which bears date at London, Oct. 27. The same year the university of Oxford gave him (though absent) the degree of doctor of divinity. He had no sooner brought this to a conclusion, but Harding was again upon him, and put out an "Antapology, or answer to his Apology for the Church of England. A defence of which the bishop forthwith began, which he finished, as appears by his epistle to Mr. Harding at the end of it, Oct. 27, 1567. The next year after, Mr. Harding put out another piece, which he entitled "A Detection of sundry foul Errors," &c. which was a cavilling reply to some passages in his defence of the Apology; which not seeming to deserve an answer by itself, he answered rather by a preface to a new impression of his former defence, which he finished Dec. 14, 1569, and dedicated his works to the queen; Harding having told the world, that she was offended with bishop Jewel for thus troubling the world.

The same year pope Pius IV. having published a bull of excommunication and deprivation against the queen ; bishop Jewel undertook the defence of his sovereign, and wrote a learned examination and confutation of that bull; which was published by John Garbrand, an intimate acquaintance of his, together with a short treatise of the Holy Scriptures; both which, as he informs us, were delivered by the bishop in his cathedral church, in 1570.

Besides these he wrote several other large pieces; as, 1. "A Paraphrastical Interpretation of the Epistles and Gospels throughout the whole Year." 2." Diverse Treatises of the Sacraments, and Exhortations to the Readers." 3. "Expositions of the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, and Ten Commandments." And also, 4. "An Exposition upon the Epistle to the Galatians; the first of St. Peter, and

The good bishop was encouraged to publish this apology by Peter Martyr, (as appears by Martyr's letter of August 24,) with whom he had spent the greatest part of his time in exile. But Martyr only lived to see the book which he so much longed for, dying at Zurich, Nov. 12 following, after he had paid his thanks for, and expressed his value of this piece in an excellent letter to bishop Jewel.

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both the Epistles to the Thessalonians;" which, we suppose, were his sermons: for he was of opinion that it was a better way of teaching, to go through with a book, than to take here and there a text; and that it gave the people a more clear and lasting knowledge.

April 5, 1571, was a parliament, and consequently a convocation, when some who aimed at the reformation of the church upon the model of Geneva, to the exclusion of episcopacy in the government of it, having alarmed the church by their oppositions to the established religion, it was thought fit to obviate their attempts; and thereupon command was given by the archbishop, That all such of the lower house of convocation, who had not formerly subscribed unto the articles of religion agreed upon in the year 1562, should subscribe them now; or on their absolute refusal, or delay, be expelled the house: this occasioned a general and personal subscription of those articles. And it was also farther ordered, that the book of articles so approved, should be put into print, by the appointment of the right reverend doctor John Jewel, then bishop of Sarum; which shews he was there, and in great esteem.

It was in some part of this year also, that he had his conference, and preached his last sermon at Paul's Cross, about the ceremonies and state of the church. But I cannot fix the precise time of either of them, or give any further account with whom that conference was.

Being naturally of a spare and thin body, and thus restlessly wearing it out with reading, writing, preaching, and travelling, he hastened his death, which took place before he was fifty years of age; of which he had a strong presentiment a considerable time before it happened, and wrote of it to several of his friends, but would by no means be persuaded to abate any thing of his former excessive labours, saying, "A bishop should die preaching;" having these words impressed upon his mind," Happy art thou, my servant, if, when I come, I find thee so doing."

Though he ever governed his diocese with diligence, yet perceiving his death approaching, he began a new and more severe visitation of it; correcting the vices of the clergy and laity more sharply; enjoining thein in some places tasks of holy tracts to be learned by heart, confering orders more carefully, and preaching oftener. D Having promised to preach at Lacock in Wiltshire, a gentleman

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gentleman who met him on the way, observing him to be unwell by his looks, advised him to return, assuring him it were better the people should want one sermon, than to be altogether deprived of such a preacher. But he would not be persuaded, but went thither and preached his last sermon from Gal. ch. v. "Walk in the Spirit," &c. which he did not finish without labour and difficulty.

In the beginning of his sickness he made his will, and gave most of his estate to his servants, to scholars, and to the poor of Sarum. The Saturday following, having called all his household about him, he expounded the Lord's prayer, and then desired them to sing the seventy-first Psalm, which he sung with them as well as he could; sometimes interposing some words of particular application to himself; and in the end said, "Lord, now let thy servant depart in peace. Break off all delays. Lord, receive my spirit," &c. Then one standing by prayed with tears, that if the Lord pleased, he would restore him to his former health: Jewel hearing him, seemed to be offended, and said, "I have not lived so, that I am ashamed to live longer; neither do I fear to die, because we have a merciful Lord. A crown of righteousness is laid up for me. Christ is my righteousness. Father, let thy will be done: thy will I say, and not mine, which is imperfect and depraved. This day, quickly, let me see the Lord Jesus."

He died on Saturday, Sept. 21, 1571, aged fifty, at Monketonfarly, when he had been a bishop almost twelve years; and was buried almost in the middle of the choir of his cathedral church. Egidius Lawrence preached his funeral sermon. He was extremely bewailed by all men; and a great number of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew verses were made on this occasion by learned men, which were collected and printed by Mr. Lawrence Humfrey, regius professor of divinity at Oxford, at the end of his life written in Latin by the order of that university; nor has his name been since mentioned by any man, without such eulogies and commendations as befitted so great, so good, so learned, so laborious a prelate.

Bishop Jewel had naturally a strong memory, which he had greatly improved by art, so that he could exactly repeat whatever he wrote after once reading. While the bell was ringing, he committed to his memory a repetition sermon, and pronounced it without hesitation. He was a

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