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any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

SECT. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SECT. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disability.

SECT. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

SECT. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

The following amendment was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the fortieth Congress, on the 27th of February, 1869, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States.

ARTICLE THE FIFTEENTH.

SECT. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

SECT. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE THE SIXTEENTH.

The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

ARTICLE THE SEVENTEENTH.

SECT. I. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislatures.

SECT. 2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies; Provided, That the Legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct.

SECT. 3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

ARTICLE THE EIGHTEENTH.

SECT. I. After one year from the ratification* of this article, the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes, is hereby prohibited.

SECT. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE THE NINETEENTH.

SECT. I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of

sex.

SECT. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

* Jan. 16, 1919.

INDEX TO THE FEDERALIST.*

Achæan League, 92, 105, 223, 287.
Achæans: They abandoned the ex-
periment of plural prætors, 438.
Agriculture: Its interests interwoven
with those of commerce, 67.
Amendments: Obligation under the

Constitution, concerning them, 274.
American System: Idea of one, 67.
Amphictyonic Council, 102, 271.
Annapolis, extract from the recom-
mendation of the meeting at, in
September, 1786, 240.

Anne, Queen: Extracts from her

letter to the Scotch Parliament, 22.
Appeals to the People: dangers and
inconveniences attending them, 314;
objections to their being periodi-
cally made, 317.

Articles of Confederation: (appendix)
555-560.
Aspasia, 27.

Assemblies, objections to numerous,
345, 348, 350. (see "House of
Representatives.") After a number
of Representatives sufficient for the
purposes of safety, of local infor-
mation, and of diffusive sympathy
with the whole society, is secured,
any addition to them is injurious,
367.

Athens, Archons of, 396.

Attainder, Bills of: Provision of the
Constitution concerning them, 279.

Bankruptcy (see "Constitution"):

Provision of the Constitution con-
cerning it, 266.

Bills of Credit: Provision of the Con-
stitution concerning them, 278.
Bills of Rights: In their origin, stipu-
lations between kings and subjects,
533.

Cambray, League of, 30.

Carthage, Senate of, 394.

Cato: An opponent of the Constitu-
tion, cited, 420.

Coalition: The word used in a good
sense, 363.
Commerce (see

"Confederation,"
"Union,"): Examination of the
opinion that its tendency is pacific,
29; a source of contention between
the separate States, and would be
among separate Confederacies of
them, 35; policy of prohibitory
regulations in regard to it, on the
part of the United States, 60; inti-
macy between its interests and those
of agriculture, 67; power under the
Constitution of regulating it, 262.
Confederacies: Inexpediency of di-
viding the Union into three or four
separate confederacies, 20, 26, 32,
39; probable number of separate
confederacies, in the event of dis-
union, 74; tendency of confedera-
cies rather to anarchy among the
members than to tyranny in the
head, 97, 118.

Confederacy of the States: Alleged
characteristic distinction between it
and consolidation, 50.

99 64

Confederate Republic: Defined, 50;
tendency of the federal principle
to moderation in government, 106
(see "Montesquieu,' "Constitu-
tion," Republic").
Confederation, The: Its insufficiency
to the preservation of the Union,
83; picture of the public distress
under it, 84; its great and radical
vice, legislation for communities
instead of persons, 86 (see 137);
difference between a league and a
government, 87; want of a sanc-
tion to its laws, 120; State contri-
butions by quotas, a fundamental
error in it, 122; want of a power
to regulate commerce, another de-

*This index is the one made for the edition published in Washington in 1831 by Philip
R. Fendall, Esq. It has also been used by Mr. J. C. Hamilton in his edition (1864), and is
there attributed to P. H. Kendall.

fect in it, 125; the nugatory power of raising armies, another, 127; the right of equal suffrage among the States, another, 128; anti-republican character of the requisition, in certain cases, of a vote exceeding a majority, 129; want of a judiciary power, a crowning defect of the Confederation, 132; the organization of Congress, another; perilous tendency of a single legislative house, 134; want of popular consent to it, another defect in it, 135; it acknowledges the necessity of strength in the federal power, 135; impracticable character of certain provisions under it, 230; necessary usurpations of Congress under it, 230; answer to the question, on what principle is it to be superseded, without the unanimous consent of the parties to it, 275; articles of (appendix) 555-560. Congress (see "Constitution,' "States," "Public Debt""): Extracts from the recommendatory act of Congress, in February, 1787, 24C; power of, under the federal Constitution, over a district of territory not exceeding ten miles square, 267; its power concerning territory, etc., belonging to the United States, 270.

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al government, 135; wisdom of the provision in the Constitution concerning the military force, 138, 141, 150, 155, 196, 250; answer to the objection, that it cannot operate without the aid of a military force to execute its laws, 159, 168; reason why the execution of it will probably be popular, 163; laws under it, as to the enumerated and legitimate objects of its jurisdiction, will be the supreme law of the land, 164-192; number and inconsistency of the objections to it, 226; most of the capital objections to it lie with tenfold weight against the Confederation, 229; its conformity to republican principles, 232; analogy between the mode of appointments under it, and under the State governments, 233; neither a national nor a federal constitution, but a composition of both, 236, 239; general view of the powers which it proposes to vest in the Union, 249; the power of declaring war, 250; the power of providing a navy, 254; the power of making treaties, etc., 259; the power of defining and punishing offences on the high seas, 260; prohibition of the importation of slaves after 1808, 261; power of regulating commerce, 262; powers to coin money, to punish counterfeiters, and to regulate weights and measures, 264; power to establish a uniform mode of naturalization, 264; power to establish uniform laws of bankruptcy, 266; power concerning public acts, records, etc., 266; power of establishing postroads, 266; power of granting copyrights, 267; power to exercise exclusive legislation over a district not exceeding ten miles square, if ceded to the United States, 267; power concerning treason, 269; power of admitting new States, 269; power concerning territory, etc., belonging to the United States, 270; obligation to guarantee a republican form of government to every State of the Union, 270; obligation concerning public debts prior to the adoption of the Constitution, 274; provision concerning amendments, 274; provision con

cerning the ratification by nine States, 275; question, what relation is to exist between the nine or more ratifying States, and the non-ratifying States? 275; disabilities of the States created by the Constitution, 277; power given by it to Congress, to make all laws necessary and proper for executing its enumerated powers, 280; four other possible alternatives, which the Constitution might have adopted, 281 ; provision that the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land, 283; oath, etc., of officers, etc., to support the Constitution, 284; consists much less in the addition of new powers to the Union, than in the invigoration of its original powers, 291; its provisions concerning the proper degree of separation between the legislative, executive, and judiciary powers, 299; peculiar division under it, of the power surrendered by the people, 308, 314, 322; its mode of protecting the minority from usurpations by the majority, 325; three characteristics of the federal legislature, 332; answer to the objection that it contains no bill of rights, 533 et seq.; in the sense, and to the extent contended for, bills of rights are unnecessary and would be dangerous to the Constitution, 537; omission of a provision concerning the liberty of the press defended, 537; the Constitution itself is a bill of rights, 538; answer to an objection to the Constitution, founded on the remoteness of the seat of government from many of the States, 539, 540; answer to the objection that it wants a provision concerning debts due to the United States, 541; answer to the objection as to expense, 541; Federal Constitution as agreed upon by the Convention (appendix), 561570; signers, 569; amendments, 572-575.

Construction, two rules of, 241. Contracts: Laws in violation of private contracts a source of collision between the separate States or Confederacies, 38; provision of the Constitution concerning them, 279.

Convention at Philadelphia in 1787, 10 et seq.; the difficulties it must have experienced in the formation of a proper plan, 216 et seq.; one difficulty, that of combining the requisite degree of stability and energy in government with the inviolable attention due to liberty and the republican form, 217; another, making the partition between the authority of the general government and that of the State governments, 218; its authority to propose a mixed Constitution, 239; its duties under existing circumstances, 245; its plan only recommendatory, 247; one particular in which it has departed from the tenor of its commission, 244; members of (appendix), 571. Conventions for correcting breaches of a Constitution, 318; dangers and inconveniences of frequent appeals to the people, 321. Copyrights: Power of the Constitution concerning them, 267. Crete, Cosmi of, 396.

Delaware (see "States"): Provision in her constitution concerning the separation of the legislative, executive, and judiciary powers, 305; number of representatives in the more numerous branch of her legislature, 345.

Democracy: A pure one defined, 56; its disadvantages, 56. Departments of Power (see "States," under their several titles): Meaning of the maxim which requires a separation of them, 279, 307; principles of the British Constitution on this subject, 300, 301; provisions of the State constitutions concerning it, 302, 307; the partition among them to be maintained, not by exterior provisions, but by the interior structure of the government, 322. District: Exclusive legislation of Congress over one not exceeding ten miles square, 267.

Economy: "The money saved from one object may be usefully applied to another," 73.

Elections: Frequency of them in the choice of the Senate would be in

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