communicated to us, of an individual | Society's method of teaching, however, who imported from this country two bulls of the Hereford and Teeswater breeds, each of which was sold for the sum of two thousand dollars. In the vicinity of Philadelphia the Alderney breed is in pefection. is advancing steadily. A model school has been established at New York, where the plan of tuition has for some time been attempted under the direction of a master sent from England by that society. And the arrival of Mr. Joseph Lancaster in America, is there considered as forming a new era in its history. In the winter of 1817, the State of Pensylvania set a noble example to the rest of the Union, by passing a law to establish schools upon his system throughout that State; and at this time, Mr. L. is actually engaged by the directors of the public schools for the city and county of Philadelphia, personally to superintend a large model ample will be given to the Union of his plan of procedure. Ample funds are provided by the State, in order to defray the expenses. For the conveyance of the produce of the various States, excellent turnpikeroads are forming in every direction; our readers need not be told, that, though the invention of the steam engine is not of American origin, yet its application to the propulsion of vessels was first made by an American, (Mr. Fulton); and that most, if not all their great rivers are navigated with facility and dispatch by means of steam-boats. In order to complete the line of inter-school now building, in which an exnal navigation, various schemes have been proposed for connecting the lakes and rivers of the United States by means of canals. The spirit of internal improvement in this respect is uni- Correspondent with the progress of vrsal. The State of New York, in par- education is the taste for reading, estiecular, is engaged in one grand opera-pecially in the great towns of the nortion; the construction of a canal to form thern and middle States. In America a junction of Lake Erie with the waters all are politicians, and almost every man of Hudson River. Eighty miles of it is either a federalist or a democrat. The (we believe the whole length is between eagerness of the people for news far two and three hundred miles) were to surpasses even that of our own country; be completed by the end of last year; and we believe we are not incorrect in and five thousand men, with fifteen stating that nearly four hundred pahundred horses are at work upon this pers minister to this voracious appenoble undertaking. And the canal be- tite for novelty, which is gratified by tween the rivers Chesapeak and Dela- the great cheapness of these vehicles ware is expected to be finished in the of intelligence. Independently of recourse of the present year. prints of several English Journals of the highest character, nearly thirty periodical publications announce, for the most part every month, the progress of science and general literature. Education, though in many places still defective, is fast spreading throughout the Union. Its theory is British, though without the solidity of enquiry and variety of assistance, which are The reading of the Americans is, offered in this country by professors, with few exceptions, English; the and authors who have treated on the high price of paper, labour, and taxes various branches of science. Colleges in this country has been very favourable and schools however, are multiplying in to the reprinting of English works in every direction. The system of tuition America. Every English production of invented by Pestalozzi, at Berne, in celebrity whatever its size may be, is Switzerland, was transplanted to Phila- there immediately re-printed, and sold delphia, some years since, by Joseph for one-fourth of its original price Neef, formerly a co-adjutor of Pesta- British Novels and Poetry are the falozzi's. At first, it promised the hap- vorite objects of perusal; and while we piest success; but, from some cause or now write, a Philadelphia bookseller's other, it fell to the ground, and the es- prospectus lies before us, announcing tablishment was destroyed. The Lan-are-print of Lady Morgan's "France" casterian, or British and Foreign School in one volume 8vo, for two dollars and published an "HistoricalSketch of Opinions on the Atonement from the Incarnationof Christ to the present time," inone volume, 8vo. which contains a detailed 66 a half, with a notice that "the above edition contains the French words and phrases as in the London, with an English translation of each in the page where it occurs." The same book-exposition of the doctrine of the Coveseller has announced, "the first Ame- nanters, among whom he is a minister. rican edition of Dr. Johnson's Diction- The Rev. Dr. Wharton, of Burlington, ary, in two volumes, 4to, or four vo- (New Jersey) has published a "View of lumes 8vo. with the addition of the the Controversy between the ProtesStandard of Pronunciation in Walker's tant and Roman Catholic Churches," Critical Pronouncing Dictionary." We 8vo. This gentleman, we believe was forcannot but wish that this, or some other merly a Catholic priest, and chaplain to work had been undertaken earlier, as a Roman Catholic congregation at Worit would, perhaps, have prevented the cester in Worcester in this country. He intrusion of those Americanisms, which is said to be both an able controversialat first render it difficult to an English- ist, and an elegant writer. The system man to converse with a native-born of divinity composed by the late Dr. American. Each of the large Cyclo- Dwight, it will be sufficient here barely pædias of this country is reprinting, to mention, as it is on the eve of reeither at New York or Philadelphia, at publication in this city. In short, so the expense of one or two opulent book-numerous, are the theological producsellers of those cities. And the esta- tions of the United States, that they blishment for several years past of give full employment to a Quarerly book fairs, similar to those of Frank- Theological Review," edited at Philaford and Leipsic, (which are alternately delphia, by the Rev. Ezra Stiles Ely. held at New York and Philadelphia) In connexion with theological literature, has greatly tended to facilitate the circu- we may add that Professor Griesbach's lation of books. We are not ac- critical edition of the New Testament quainted with the actual number of (Leipsic, 1805) has been reprinted at volumes annually published in those Cambridge, in New England, in two cities; but we know that, four years handsome volumes 8vo. at the press of ago, the pooks, printed annually at Phi- Messrs. Wells and Hilliard. The typodelphia alone, amounted to 500,000. graphy of the large paper copies is The original productions of the Ame- truly beautiful, and is not unworthy of ricans, however, are comparatively few, any European printer. Medicine, Law, the Geology and To- In the benevolent work of circulating pography of the United States, and es- the scriptures" through every nation, pecially Divinity, form the principal kindred, and language," the American subjects of transatlantic literature. Much Bible Society has shewn itself to be an controversial discussion, indeed, has able and active associate of the parent been carried on in the United States dur- British and Foreign Bible Society. ing the last 2 or 3 years. In the state of "The formation of this society (to use Massachussetts, Unitarianism is the pre- the language of its committee) 66 was valent doctrine, which has been attacked bailed as a great and glorious era in with great warmth. In Philadelphia Dr. the history of the country: and its White, Bishop of the Protestant Epis- means of accomplishing the important copal church in the commonwealth of end of its formation, have been inPennsylvania, has published" Compa-creased with more than ordinary rarative Views of the Controversy between pidity." In justification of this statethe Calvanists and Arminians." which ment, it may be observed, that at the are written with great vigour and ability. close of its first year, (May 1817) it The reverend author opposes the for-numbered more than eighty auxillia. mer denomination of Christians, but New societies are consequently formwith singular candour and mildness; buting, and the number now in existence, his work is not entirely free from Ame- we believe, considerably exceeds two ricanisms. The Rev. J. R. Wilson has hundred. It may be proper to add, that "The the treasurer of the American National tise on the Belles Lettres has made its 66 Various neat editions of the Roman Classics, which of course follow the most correct text of European editors, sufficiently attest the growing attention of the Americans to classical literature; and their late reprint of Ernesti's edition of Cicero's Works, in 20 volumes, 12mo. is highly creditable for its accuracy and neatness. But amid the multifarious productions of the Americau press, it is not a little singular that no authentic statistical work relative to the Specimens of the British Poets." Union has hitherto issued from it. Mr. The only recent productions of the AmeBristed, an Englishman by birth, (who rican Muse, which we have seen, are since his residence at New York, has Mr. Pierpoint's "Airs of Palestine," become a barrister there) has pub- which contain some exquisite passages. lished a book, which he calls "the and the "Backwoodsman," of Mr. Resourses of the United States," and Paulsen who holds a high rank among which has been reprinted in this city. the native bards of America. Of these, Some good ideas as it unquestionably as well as of some other works noticed does contain; but it is replete with in the course of this article, we shall mistakes, and in every page there is endeavour to procure copies, and hope abundant evidence of the greatest neg-at no great distance of time to present ligence in the collection of facts. We analyses of them to our readers. had intended to have given our readers an analysis of the London edition; but it is so little worth it, that this brief notice will be abundantly sufficient. We will only add, that Mr. Bristed's blunders have been severely exposed in several American Journals, and particularly in the Analectic Magazine published at Philadelphia, and the North American Review edited at Boston, to which the most distinguished literary characters of the Union contribute their assistance. In the belles lettres, the Americans have given but few specimens of native talent; nor is this at all to be wondered at. The United States are even yet but an infant independent power; and with the exception of the oldest settled parts which we believe are usually termed Old America, the inhabitants of the more recently settled districts are too fully occupied in the necessary arts of life, to be able to spare time for lighter pursuits; politics, however, always excepted. Hence it is only within the last year that an original trea We cannot close this article without noticing the efforts making in America for civilizing the original inbabitants, or native Indians, as they are usually termed, and also for the benefit of the African negroes. The benevolent work of civilizing the former originated with the Philanthropic Society of Friends, but of late years it has been taken up by the American Government, and is now proceeding steadily and successfully under agents appointed by it. With respect to the African Negroes, the import traffic in whom the American Government followed the example of Great Britain in prohibiting, several societies have been formed in their behalf in various States of the Union. The object of these benevolent institutions is, to educate African youth in a knowledge of the scriptures in their original languages and in general science; and, thus instructed, to send them forth, as missionaries, to carry the word of life to not fewer than fifty millions of Africans, of whom twenty millions are computed to be of the pro per Negro race. The institutions, which we are now noticing, are yet but in their infancy; but from the wisdom with which they appear to be conducted, and from the sober piety of the distinguished individuals who have projected them, we are warranted to augur, in progress of time, the happiest results to that long enslaved and much injured part of mankind. proceeding to complete, when his lamented death also consigned it to Mr. Walsh, when scarely half the work was finished. By the latter Gentleman therefore it has been completed, who has honourably stated the proportions executed by his predecessors. Besides a sketch of the exemplary life and public labours of the Rev. James Whitelaw, who fell a victim to the unwearied discharge of his ministerial duties, the first volume (to which we shall at present invite our readers' attention), contains a brief introductory account of the reduction of Ireland in the reign of King Henry II., together with a Chronological List of the Lords-Lieutenants and other Chief Governors, from that period to the present time. To this succeeds the antient history of the City of Dublin and its Castle, franchises, &c. &c. interspersed with extracts from numerous do History of the City of Dublin, from the earliest accounts to the present time: containing its Annals, Antiquities, Ecclesiastical History and Charters, &c. &c. &c. By the late J. Warburton, Deputy Keeper of the Records in Birmingham Tower: the late Rev. J. Whitelaw, M. R. I. A. and the Rev. Robert Walsh, M. R. I. A. with numerous plates, plans, and maps, 4to. two vols. 51. 5s. Large Paper, 81. 8s. Cadell and Davies, Lou-history of the Archiepiscopal See and its don. 1813. This work supplies an important chasm in the topography of the British Empire. From a variety of causes, Ireland, until within these few years, was almost a terra incognita to the generality of readers; and though the recent works of Mr. Wakefield, Mr. Curwen, (of whose valuable labours we gave an occount in our last volume), and a few other Writers, have contributed to make known its political state and resources, yet the paucity of the native historians and topographers has been such, that we are now, for the first time since the commencement of our labours, called to give an analysis of a history of the City of Dublin, executed with the skill and ability which its importance requires. cuments and charters: next follows a Bishops, and of the religious houses which existed previously to the Reformation. The modern history of Dublin is then presented to us, comprising a copious and interesting account of the city, its bay, and harbour; its situation, extent, and population; its public edifices, both civil and ecclesiastical; its seminaries; and various benevolent institutions. In a volume presenting so great a variety of important and interesting topics it is difficult to select. We apprehend, however, that we shall gratify our readers most by giving them some idea of the modern state of the Metropolis of the Sister Island. DUBLIN, the capital of Ireland, in population and extent the second city of the British empire, and probably the seventh in Europe, is situate on the river Anna Liffey, and at a small distance from its mouth, to which it will probably, at no very distant period, extend: it stands nearly in the south-eastern extremity of an immense plain, stretching considerably above one hundred English miles across the island from sea to sea, in some parts diversified with gentle eminences, but no where interrupted by mountains: bounded on the east by the Irish sea, where it rises into the elevated peninsula of Howth, The work now under our consideration was originally undertaken by Mr. Warburton, Deputy Keeper of the Records of Birmingham Tower, in the Castle of Dublin, and the Rev. James Whitelaw, Vicar of St. Catherine's in that City. For its antient history Mr. Warburton furnished such documents, as, from his employment, he had access to; and it was proposed to Mr. Whitelaw, to methodize and arrange them, and to add an account of modern Dublin. The death of Mr. Warburton consigned to Mr. White-extent and population, are London, Paris, Con *The European cities that exceed Dublin inlaw an unfinished account, which he was stantinople, Vienna, Moscow, and Naples. Kippure, one of the eminences of the southern mass, which, though nothing more than a mountain torrent, is, of great importance to the capital. The other streams which pay their tribute to the Liffey are inconsiderable; that which watering the vicinity of Finglas, visits Glasnevin and Ballybough, seems at present to have no distinctive appellation, though formerly called the Tulkan or Tolekan; and the stream passing by Kilmainham, was for. merly called the Cammock, a name at present equally forgotten. this plain terminates westward at the bay | of Galway, and the lofty mountains that tower over the great lakes of Mask and Corrib; and its greatest breadth, may be considered as extending nearly fifty miles from that mass of mountains occupying the confines of the counties of Dublin and Wicklow, about four miles south of this city, to the mountains of Carlingford and the Fewes on the confines of Lowth and Armagh, which with Sliew and Donard, the loftiest summit of the mountains of Mourne in Downe, though distant about sixty English miles, are frequently visible from the vicinity of Dublin; a circum-residence, and nearly the central point stance, however, which is almest an unerring indication of approaching rain. Over that mass of mountains south of Dublin, and which is not distinguished by any general appellation, in clear weather, others still more elevated are visible, of which the most remarkable is the conical mountain, called from its form the Great Sugar-loaf. From the south side of this mass issues the river Liffey, which, encreased by the King's river, of nearly equal magnitude, and running with a rapid stream through a region of mountains and bogs, enters this plain, through which it flows with a course so circuitous that though it runs nearly 71 English miles, including its numerous windings, yet the distance from its source to its mouth in the bay of Dublin does not exceed ten miles: in the upper part of its course it forms a beautiful cascade, where the torrent is precipitated into a gloomy abyss called Pul-a-fooka, or the Devil's hole. In Kildare its innumerable sinuosities are richly wooded; and entering the county of Dublin, it approaches the capital through a deep glen, whose lofty, and in some parts precipitous banks, present the most interesting scenery to the eye of the traveller: the tide, which carries vessels of burden up to the city, just reaches its western edge, where a fall prevents further ascent, which circumstance, with its frequent shallows and rapids, renders it, though in many parts deep and gentle, totally useless in extending inland navigation from the capital: it is subject to foods, which sometimes rise to a dangerous height, overflow its banks to a considerable distance, frequently carry away the bridges that cross it, and meeting the ascending tide, sometimes lay the city quays under water: in summer, however, it is reduced to an inconsiderable stream, which on the recess of the tide presents to the spectator a channel nearly empty, and at once disgusting to the sight and smell: at its mouth it receives the Dodder from The Castle of Dublin, the viceregal of Dublin, is in 53° 20′ 38′′ north latitude, and in 6° 17′ 29" west longitude, from the meridian of Greenwich. Dublin covers an area of about 1264 English acres, on which stood in the year 1798, 14,854 inhabited, with 1202 waste houses, containing a population of 170,805 souls, or 11.5 nearly to an inhabited house. equal parts; the southern division, conThe Liffey divides the city into two untaining nearly 785 acres and 112,497 souls, and the northern only 478 acres and 58,308 souls. Of the above area, nearly 146 acres were waste ground, and 36 covered by the Liffey, so that the total area of Dublin, and the average population of each acre occupied by buildings, was 1,117 acres, 153 souls. To the above total, viz. For the Garrison, about Total population of Dublin 1798. 170,805 1,286 7,000 400 558 155 1,687 529 182,370 varies exceedingly, not only in Dublin, The density of population, however, but in all cities that can boast of any considerable degree of antiquity. Our ancestors, in times of turbulence and confusion, more anxious for security than studious of convenience and elegance, crowded their habitations together, so as not to occupy a space too large for the purposes of defence. As domestic tranquillity became better secured, they gradually extended their quarters; persons of wealth and condition abandoned their former residence to the poorer class of citizens, |