chia, and to obtain possession of the chief navigable mouth of the Danube-a result of the treaty of Adrianople, of which Austria never ceases every day to feel the deep grievance and annoyance.

The French Revolution of 1830 restored the three courts of eastern Europe to their original common intimacy and interests. But Louis Philippe soon made known to the Austrian minister that, while constitutional rights should be respected in France, all necessary measures would be adopted to keep down democratic tendencies; and Prince Metternich felt once more at ease. He was enabled in conjunction with Prussia to crush every symptom of popular excitement in Germany; he occupied northern Italy with troops, Austrian Poland was oppressed more than ever, and he expended vast sums in enabling Don Carlos to carry on a contest in Spain in the name of legitimacy.

quired by such concessions. In the mean-
time, the King of Prussia, as the champion
of the liberal monarchical party, and the
candidate for imperial rule, has pledged
himself to obtain from the confederate
sovereigns all the great conditions of na-.
tional unity. Germany, it is said, is to be-
come a federal and not a leagued state.
Her affairs are to be governed by the delibe-
rations of a senate, chosen in part from the
constitutional bodies which will exist in all
the separate states of Germany. A supreme
court of judicature is to be attached to this
national power. All restrictions are to be
removed from the communications of intel-
ligence, of trade, and of locomotion, amongst
the whole German people.
The press
throughout Germany is to be free.
universal Zollverein is to extend its laws
from the shores of the Baltic to those of
the Adriatic; an uniform system of money,
weights, post-office, &c., is to be establish-
ed, and a common flag is to be adopted for
the nation, by sea and by land.

One

But while Prussia thus marches in front of the popular movement, the Emperor Ferdinand has been no less received in the densely-crowded streets of Vienna with deafening shouts and acclamations. The people took the horses from the carriage of the Archduke Stephen, on his return from Hungary, and drew it themselves into the palace. Even at Prague the timely concessions of the emperor are said to have produced the happiest effect.

But in the meantime, the progress of a material civilization had been doing more, probably, than any thing else, to underinine the old order of things. The opening of the Danube to the Anglo-Hungarian steamboats, the connexion of Trieste with Vienna, and of the capital with Prague and Northern Germany, by railroads. have had a great influence on the social conditions of the empire. The vast natural resources and the industry of the people have marched on in advance of an inert government. The strength and unity which Prince Metternich had given to the motley and hetero- It will remain to be seen, then, which of geneous states, has been gradually under- the rival claims, of the house of Hapsburg, mined. But, above all, the movement ta- and that of Brandenburg, will be most ken by Prussia, to give a more liberal cha- readily entertained at the general congress racter to German institutions, and the ac- of sovereigns to be held at Dresden. The cession of Pius IX. to the papal throne, right of seniority and of precedence undoubthave largely contributed to hasten the edly lies with Ferdinand; the liberal tendownfall of the Metternich policy. The dencies of Frederick William IV. have, howexample of the Revolution of France, com- ever, as well as his popular concessions at pleted the overthrow of the illustrious states- a moment of great emergency, placed him man-the last almost of his class and order at the head of a purely national movement; -sprung from a family which preserved the and, perhaps, when we consider the superior strict traditions of the German aristocracy, education and civilization united to, or trained in the ideas which have always been rather resulting from, the Protestant tenmost effective against the encroachments of dencies of Northern Germany, we must be democracy, and fortified by forty years' prepared to yield to the course of events power and experience. which will re-establish the ancient Germanic sovereignty under the representative of the electors of Brandenburg, and the successor of the Teutonic knights, to the long-time stationary sway of the descendants of the great Rudolph.

The progress of liberal opinions in Austria will, it has been stated, insure peace, by anticipating any opposition that might have arisen under the old system to the progress of democracy elsewhere, but there is no depending for a moment on peace ac

From Lowe's Magazine.

LIFE IN INDIA.

In this article we shall not transport the | posed of large sheets of canvas, whitewash-
reader to Pooree-the city of cities-on the
famous plain of Juggernaut, to explore the
mysterious and guilty recesses of the tem-
ple of the ninth incarnation of the Hindoo
god, Vishnoo. The character and habits
of the four thousand priests that daily min-
ister there shall be passed in silence, and
so also shall those of the thousands of de-
votees that annually make their pilgrimage
thither. Neither shall we enter the pre-
cincts of caste, which though now manifest-
ing some signs of feebleness, is still, as it
has been for ages, the curse of India. The
field we essay to cultivate is a narrower
one; the sphere of our orbit is more circum-
scribed. Our theme is chiefly the manners
and customs of the British in India.

ed. As on all possible occasions the doors
of an Indian house are kept open, there is
placed between the different rooms a frame
work, covered with crimson or green silk,
which admits of the circulation of air. At
six in the morning, when the weather is
very hot, the glass doors are shut to exclude
the heated air, but when there is any wind,
one of them is opened, and in its place is
suspended a mat, made of the sweet-scent-
ed cuscus grass. It is the exact size of the
doorway, and is kept continually wetted
outside, so that the interior may be cooled
by evaporation. The doors are generally
opened over night, and the Venetian blinds
shut. In the centre of every room there
is suspended from the ceiling an enormous
fan, called a punkah, which is swung back-
wards and forwards by means of a rope, by
a bearer, sitting in the verandah. This in-
strument is frequently eighteen feet long and
about three wide. It is made of canvas,
stretched upon a wood frame, and whitewash-
ed. Sometimes there is a full flounce of
white calico attached to the lower extremity,
which gives to it a more light and graceful
appearance. The fan-puller is a curious
sort of person. Such is the power of habit,
that he continues to discharge his duty
well, although fast asleep; and, if required,
would continue to ply his vocation all night.
In the bed-rooms there is no furniture, save
the large bed with four low posts. It is
generally about ten feet wide, and is placed
in the middle of the room.
Over the posts
is suspended a large gauze curtain, or sack,
to exclude the mosquito, an insect dread-
fully annoying in India. There are no
feather beds, but the mattresses are general-
ly stuffed with the fine fibre from the rind
of the cocoa nut. The only covering is a
sheet, and calico drawers, with feet to them,
are frequently used by gentlemen to keep
off the musquitoes, should they find their
way, which they often do, notwithstanding
all the precaution used, inside the curtains.
The feet of the bed are placed in pans, con-
The interior of the dwelling is so arrang-taining water, to prevent the white ants and
ed as to produce the greatest amount of
coolness, and to catch as much of the gen-
tle breezes that occasionally start up during
the day, as possible. The ceiling is com-

No sooner has the stranger set foot on Indian soil, than he is struck with the aspect and construction of the residences of the English. Calcutta is a city of palaces. The houses are large, and the rooms capacious. Attached to every story there is a verandah, supported by stone columns, which gives to the building an elegant and light appearance. In the smaller towns, where there are fewer foreigners, the residences are generally of a different construction, but still associate comfort with pleasure in a high degree. That in most extensive use is called a bungalow. This sort of building is only one story in height, with a verandah in front, and a roof of thick thatch. It is pleasantly situated in a large enclosure, called a compound. Sometimes twenty acres are thrown into one enclosure, and great pains are taken to lay it out to advantage. A part is devoted to gardens and orchards, while the remainder is diversified with clumps of trees, which, by the richness of their foliage and brilliancy of their flowers, minister gratification to the owner, or by the depth of their shade give forth a delicious coolness, which invites him to the open air, when otherwise he would be compelled to shelter himself in the bungalow.

other insects from disturbing the slumbers of
their occupants, and also from destroying the
furniture. For the latter reason the floors of
the houses are not constructed of wood, but

son.

a kind of cement, which is at once imper-southern India, time passes very pleasantly, vious to the white ant, and considerably though, we fear, not very profitably. The cooler than wood. In the course of a day great languor that prevails precludes everyor two, this creature frequently destroys thing like protracted and well-sustained whole libraries, contents of chests, &c., and study; and unless the early morning is besides, is extremely annoying to the per- devoted to this purpose, it is not likely that it shall be attended to during the day. The native servants attached to a family | About five in the morning coffee is served are not fewer than ten or twelve; whilst in and then those who feel disposed take a many of the more wealthy they amount to ramble. This is the only hour in the day forty or fifty. The bungalow is always in which it is possible to walk. It is freswarming, and yet there is no confusion. quently spent in the compound; and where Each abides by his own post, and attends this is large, there is scope enough for an only to his own work. So far is this prin- hour's healthy exercise. Sometimes the ciple of the division of labor carried, that time is spent in rambling into the jungle; the kitmajar, or waiter at table, will not but, when practicable, more frequently on wipe a stain from the furniture. That, he the sea-shore, or by the margin of rivers, asserts, is the work of the sirdar, or furni- where you luxuriate in the refreshing breeze ture-cleaner. The sirdar, again, would that comes softly over the bosom of the rather lose his situation, than sweep the waters. At seven comes the cold bath, and rooms,―a menial office filled by the motee. copious effusions of water on the head. Whilst the motee would consider himself This is a perfect luxury in this climate. insulted where he desired to assist the It is not, by any means, a rare thing for a beastee, or water-carrier. Besides these person to spend an hour in the bath readthere are bearers, who work the punkah, ing; after which one servant shampooes &c.; dirgees, or tailors; maistrees, or car-him, cracking all the joints in his body, penters; mollees, or gardeners, and many whilst another serves a delicious cup of cofothers. The whole is crowned by a consummar, or head-man. Their pay varies from three to ten rupees a month; and they provide themselves in food and clothing. But this is no difficult matter, as the former consists almost exclusively of rice; and the latter, of little else than a stripe of cloth wound round the waist, and a turban. The bearer, or Punkah-puller, sleeps on a mat in the verandah, but all the others find a lodgement in houses erected in the compound.

Such is the prejudice that exists, that the natives will touch nothing that has come from the table of a European. They are, however, a thievish set, and cannot be trusted with articles that could readily be removed. It has often been asserted, that they are altogether destitute of the finer feelings of our nature;-that, treat them how you may, they are not susceptible of gratitude. We give no credit to this statement, coming as it does from parties whose mode of treatment may steel the heart, but cannot soften it. Were their condition better, and their treatment more humane, not even their religion, which exerts its baneful influence over every relationship, could prevent them, we are well assured, from cherishing and expressing, too, the feelings of gratitude.

Notwithstanding the extreme heat of

fec, or a glass of sherbet. The interval till nine is spent in reading or writing. Breakfast is served at nine. At two, tiffin, or lunch, is taken, at which there is plenty of meat. There is out-door exercise again at five, but not on foot; it is taken in vehicles of construction and costliness according to the position which the occupant holds in society. Dinner is at half-past seven, tea at nine, and bed at ten.

Sometimes, indeed, gardening is attended to in the morning and evening. This is an agreeable exercise, and amply repays all the care bestowed upon it. The scene presented on such occasions is often striking. A dozen of men may be seen at work, their only dress a cloth wound round the loins, and their long black hair brought into a knot at the back of the head. Their implements are of the rudest construction, consisting of a sort of pickaxe and short sickle. In the flower garden are the beautiful balsams of many colors; the splendid coxcombs, eight or ten feet high, whose flowers measure twelve or fourteen inches, by six or eight; the varieties of the hybiscas, with many others, and a few of the more interesting European flowers. borders are generally of the sweet-scented grass, which is always covered with a beautiful small white flower. In the vegetable garden, besides a large stock of common

vegetables, are the pine-apple, the plantain, the guava, the lime, the orange, the custard-apple, and many other trees.

enclosures, but come in the houses. If one of these Ishmaels be tamed and kept in the bungalow, it will clear it of every venomous creature. Indian mothers have them trained to keep house, and protect their children in their absence; and a mere infant, thus protected, is perfectly safe. Its instinct, in some respects, resembles that of the dog; for all that the mother has to do is, to bid it watch till her return, which it does with the utmost faithfulness. In such a case, who can help admiring the wisdom and goodness of the God of providence?

But delightful as the occupation is, it has its drawbacks. You are exposed to continued annoyance from the numerous insects that float or crawl about. Some are loathsome; others come in clouds about the face and head, while not a few of them bite or sting. The sensation produced by their puncture is by no means agreeable, and the effects continue for days. But in all this there is nothing serious; the most that is experienced is a trifling annoyance. When a stranger arrives at a settlement It is otherwise with the reptiles. As you or town, the first day is spent in putting his pass through the compound, or stroll round affairs to rights. This done, he calls his the garden, your attention is frequently ar- carriage, and pays a visit to the chief person rested by the ugly head of the deadly cobra in the place. Should he have a letter of de capello, raised above the grass, only a introduction to any one, he next makes for few feet in advance. On such occasions, his abode. His new acquaintance, in all its hood is expanded, its mouth open, and it probability, will accompany him in his fumanifests every sign of anger. Another ture calls, till he has exhausted the list of step, and you are within its reach. Allow that class with which he seeks to associate. it to spring; let the smallest globule of its There is little said on the first visit, which poison find its way to your body, and in is made by the gentleman alone; consehalf an hour you shall have ceased to quently, the stay is short. It will be obbreathe. There are numerous other snakes, served that this custom is the opposite of some venomous, and some not. It is not, that which prevails at home. In the course however, difficult to destroy them. A well- of a few days, the resident families pay aimed blow from a bamboo staff will do the back the visit, when the lady accompanies business. But unless great expertness is her lord; and now, for the first time, a used, they will glide into their holes, again proper and free introduction is obtained. to come forth and scatter death in your This is followed by a long list of invitations path on some future day. In the neighbor- to dinner, when it is considered that the hood of rivers, monstrous crocodiles are new-comer is thoroughly initiated, and occasionally observed waddling along to the fairly launched upon society. Calls are water-tank within the compound, for the made only between the hours of half-past purpose, we suppose, of depositing their ten and one, at which time the lady of the eggs there. But a more revolting sight is house is understood to prepare for tiffin, or often witnessed in those localities through lunch. Between this and dinner, she is unwhich pilgrims pass. Wearied with travel, wasted with hunger and disease, these deluded creatures lay themselves down, in great numbers, in the most exhausted condition, and, of course, many never rise again. Moving round the outskirts of the compound, of a morning, it is no rare thing to meet with the skeleton of one or more of these unfortunate creatures, stripped of its flesh by the jackals that are always prowling about, and ready to fix on the body as soon as life is extinct.

derstood to devote some time to sleep, and to visit during this part of the day would be deemed an insult.

Let us accompany a stranger to his first dinner party. The hour is half-past seven. In due time the carriage is in readiness; perhaps a phaeton, drawn by two beautiful ponies, managed by a tawny coachman seated on the box, who wears large black mustachios, white calico tunic and trousers, with turban trimmed with some sort of livery, and band of the same color round In speaking of poisonous snakes, we may the waist. A syce, or gom, runs by the introduce a singular little creature, in color side of the ponies. No sooner does the green and yellow, and in size between a carriage enter the compound, than a serferret and a squirrel. It is called a mun- vant runs in to his master, and, pressing goose, and has the strongest aversion to his hands together, says, a carriage those creatures most dangerous to man, and comes." There are no bells in Indian which abound, not only in the gardens and houses; the doors stand generally open.

แ

On the receipt of this information, out is- | bacon; and little tiny potatoes not larger than a sues the sahib (the gentleman of the house) cherry, with stewed cucumbers, and some sticky into the verandah. By this time we have Indian vegetables, are handed round. But for the drawn up under the large portico, where second course a great treat is reserved. Six or the horses are protected from the glare of are brought in, and with much ceremony placed at seven mutton-chops, each equal to one mouthful, the sun. The lady is handed out; the sa- the top of the table; at the other end are slices of hib offers his arm, and walks off. The gen-potatoes, fried. Your hostess tells you how glad tlemen are left to follow as they best may. she was that Mr, So-and-So had sent her the loin The first room we enter is the dining- of a Patna sheep; she hoped we should like it. room. A long table, laid for dinner, stretch- Then comes curried fowl and rice; then pine-apes to its further extremity. The drawing-ple pie, custard, jelly, plantain, oranges, pine-aproom is beyond, to which we make our way. there appear also, behind the chairs of many of the ples, &c., &c. But, directly these sweets appear, Arrived there, we find one side of the room gentlemen, servants carrying a little bag, with a occupied by the ladies, and the other by neat fringe to it. These they place at the back of the gentlemen. The scene is stiff and for- their masters's chairs, on the floor, and then each mal; nor is it much relieved by the conver-servant brings in a large hookah, places it on the sation that ensues. A short time after the little carpet, and, whilst the ladies and others are guests have arrived, an aged Indian, with eating the custards, pies, and fruits, you hear all long, silvery beard, dressed in white, enters and smell the filthy smoke from an abominable around you the incessant bubble from the hookah, and announces dinner. Then the master compound of tobacco and various noxious drugs,”* of the house gives his arm to the most important lady present. The other gentlemen do the same, according to the rank of the ladies, beginning with the lady of the house. The strictest attention is paid to this form. The latter does not occupy the head of the table, but assigns it to the gentleman who has led her in. She occupies the seat on his right.

A curious custom prevails in India relative to dinner parties. Every guest is attended by his own kitmajar, or waiter. The assemblage has a very fine appearance. The ladies are all in white dresses and short sleeves, and the gentlemen in white jackets

presence

As

and trowsers. Behind each chair stands a
native servant, with long black beard and
mustachios, dressed in a white tunic and
turban, with a colored sash wound several
times round his waist. He appears there
without his shoes, as it would be deemed
most disrespectful to come into the
of his master with his feet covered.
you sit down, he unfolds and hands
you the
napkin that was on your plate, and, retiring
a step, stands with his arms crossed over
his chest. Grace is now said; and those
who like it are helped to a rich sort of
chicken-broth. After that, you hear on
every side" Mrs. So-and-So, may I have
the pleasure of taking wine with you?" "I
shall b very happy." "Which do
take, beer or wine" 'Thank
you; I will
take a little beer," &c., &c. In the mean-
time the dishes are being uncovered; and

you

"At the top is a pair of fine roast fowls, at the bottom a pair of boiled ditto. At the sides fowl cutlets, fowl patties, fowl rissoles, stewed fowls, grilled fowl, chicken pie, &c., &c. No ham, no

The ladies rarely sit for more than one glass of wine, when they retire, and leave the smokers to themselves. Cigars are now introduced for the use of the gentlemen. The scene that follows baffles description. There is smoking, and talking, and taking of wine. Restraint is removed, but perfect good humor prevails. Odoriferous vapors ascend in graceful curls, till, intercepted by the ceiling, they fall back in heavy masses, and float in the higher regions of the room. As the smokers ply their vocation, heavier grows the atmosphere, and lower descends the cloudy wreaths, till they become enveloped in a deep haziness, and objects cease to be viewed with distinctness. By this time the cup has been often, though unconsciously, drained, which has at once given a certain elevation to the spirits, and volubility to the tongue. They then join the ladies, when a little general talk ensues, for which the gentlemen are now admirably fitted. Music follows, and then cards. Leave-taking comes at length, and so home to bed, but not to pleasant slumbers. There is nightmare during one's sleep, and a headache in the morning.

A young lady is a phenomenon seldom to be met with in visiting parties, or at the dinner table. The absence of this class, with all their natural buoyancy of spirits, and innocent gaiety, gives a stiffness and frigidness to society, which has already been the subject of remark. At an early age a father sends his daughters home to England to receive their education. When this is finished, the young ladies return to India,

*Acland's India.