or any other type connected with its ancient mythology, it is not easy to conjecture. The second is a carnelian scarabæus, bought in the bazar of Nicotia, representing, in front, a sepulchral stele. One of the letters is evidently a compound; and four others agree with characters in the Etruscan alphabet. There is, moreover, the following inscription upon the back of this stone, which is evidently Phoenician; but this also exhi bits Etruscan letters. Hence it seems manifest that the Etrus caps and Phoenicians were originally the same people.* It is a curious circumstance, that Leonhart Rauwolf, in his itenary into the eastern countries, as published by Ray in 1693. part 2. c. 13.) calls the Druses of Mount L banus by the name of TRUSCI. This people now use the Arabic language but very mistaken notions prevail concerning their origin. CHAPTER XI. CYPRUS. Ancient Geography of the Island-Situation of Citium-Phani cian Settlements-Illustrious Citians-Last Remains of the City-Reports concerning Baffa-Minerals of Cyprus→ Journey to Nicotia-Women of Cyprus-Gardens of Larneca -Desolate Appearance of the Country-Village of AttienPrimaval Mills-Curious Mode of keeping Bees-Carob Tree-Appearance of Nicotia-Banishment of Prostitutes Palace of the English Dragoman-Visit to the Turkish Governor-His reception of the Author-Oriental Mode of Entertaining Guests-Gûyûmjee, or Goldsmiths of TurkeyAntiquities obtained in the Bazar-Polished Stones of Cyprus-Ancient Gems found in Nicotia-Camels-Rivers of the Island-Ancient Phænician Medal-Tetradrachm of Tyre-Return to the fleet-Loss of the Iphigenia. Ir will now perhaps be interesting to ascertain from what Phoenician city the antiquities discovered at Larneca derived their origin; and if the reader will give an author credit for the difficulties he has encountered, in order to ascertain this point, he may perhaps spare himself some trouble, and render unnecessary any ostentatious detail of the volumes it was necessary to consult. The ancient geography of Cyprus is invol ved in greater uncertainty than seems consistent with its former celebrity among enlightened nations. Neither Greeks nor Romans have afforded any clue by which we can fix the lo cality of its eastern cities. Certain of them, it is true, had dis appeared in a very early period. Long prior to the time of Pliny, the towns of Cinyria, Malium, and Idalium, so necessary in ascertaining the relative position of other places, no longer existed.* Both the nature and situation of important landmarks, alluded to by ancient geographers, are also uncertain. According to Strabo, the Cleides were two islands upon the north *After enumerating fifteen cities belonging to Cyprus, Pliny adds, “fuere et ibi Cinyria, Malium, Idalium." (Plin. lib. v. c. 31. L. Bat. 1635.) Idalium signifies, literally, the place of the goddess;" whence Idalia Venus. In Hebrew it was called Idala, and under this appellation it is mentioned in the scriptures, (Jos. xix. 15.) as the name of a town belonging to the tribe of Zabulon. See Gale's "Court of the Gentiles,” also Bochart. Can. lib. i. e. 3. ces. east coast; Pliny makes their number four: and Herodotus mentions a promontory that had the name given to these islands. If we consult the text of Strabo, his description of Cyprus* appears to be expressed with more than usual precision and perspicuity. Yet of two renowned cities, Salamis and Citium, the first distinguished for the birth of the historian Aristus, and the last conspicuous by the death of Cymon, neither the situation of the one nor the other has been satisfactorily determined. D'Anville assigns a different position for these cities, and for the present towns of Famagosta and Larneca; although Drummond,†“ Vir haud contemnendus," as he is styled by a late commentator upon Strabo,‡ and also Pococke, whose proverbial veracity is beyond all praise, from their own ocular testimony reconcile the locality of the ancient and modern pla"At Larneca," observes the former of these writers. are undeniable proofs of its having been the ancient Citium. Perhaps the antiquities now described may hereafter serve to confirm an opinion of Drummond's, founded upon very diligent inquiry, and repeated examination of the country. During the time he was consul at Aleppo, he thrice visited Cyprus, and upon every occasion industriously surveyed the existing documents of its ancient history. The sepulchral remains occupying so considerable a portion of the territory where the modern town is situated, appear to have been those of the Necropolis of Citium; and this city probably extended from the port all the way to Larneca, called also Larnec, and Larnic ;** implying, in its etymology, independently of its tombs, " a place of burial." Descending to later authors, we find this position of Citium strongly confirmed by the Abbé Mariti,ff who discovered very curious testimony concerning it, in a manuscript preserved at Venice. From his very interesting account of Cyprus, we learn that the erroneous notions entertained with regard to the locality of the city, originated with Stephen de * Strabon Geogr. lib. xiv. p. 970. ed. Oxon. Travels, &c. in a series of letters, by Alexander Drummond, Lond. 1754. It should be observed, however, that Drummond, although he seems to agree with Pococke in the situation of Citium, criticises very severely the freedom used by that author, in presuming to trace the walls of the city from imaginary remains; and also for his erroneous map of the coast. See Drummond's Travels, lett. xii. p. 248. Drummond's Travels, lett. xiii. p. 251. **Larneca is the name in most common acceptation among foreign nations; but the inhabitants call it Larnec, and the Abbé Mariti writes it Larnic. The bay of Salines is also sometimes called Larneca Bay. tt Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine, by the Abbé Mariti. Eng, edition London, 1791. MS. description of Cyprus, by As cagne-savornien, in the library of Dominies. Manni : Lusignan who was deceived by the name of a neighbouring village, called Citi, from a promontory at present bearing that appellation. Mariti places Citium between Salines and Larneca, upon the authority of the manuscript before mentioned, and the ruins he there observed.* It is, as he remarks,t of some importance to determine the true situation of a city once so renowned, on account of the celebrated men it produced, and the splendid actions of which it was the theatre. Yet it is sin gular, that this writer makes no mention of its Phoenician origin. Concerning this fact, so well ascertained, a few observations may therefore suffice. Citium, from whose ruins we shall now consider both the modern towns of Salines and Larneca to have arisen, was founded, together with the city of Lapethas, by a Phoenician king, of the name of Belus. Its inhabitants, according to Cicero, were originally Phoenicians. Cyprus, from its vicinity to their country, aud its commercial advantages, was the first island of the Mediterranean that came under this dominion. Eusebius observes, that Paphos, a Phoenician city in Cyprus, was built when Cadmus reigned at Thebes. It is moreover affirmed by the learned Bochart,** that before the time of the Trojan war, Cinyras, king of Phoenicia, possessed this island of Cyprus, having derived it from his ancestors. To this monarch, Agamemnon, according to Homer, was indebted for his breast plate. The cities of Urania and Idalium were also founded by the same people; the former received its name from Urania Venus, whose worship, as related by Herodotus, was transferred to Cyprus by the Phoenicians from Ascalon.‡‡ Citium derived its name from the Hebrew appellation for the island CHETIM; the Chittim, or Cittim, of the Holy Scriptures. It was famous *This is also the position assigned to it by Pococke. There is reason to believe it Occupied a greater extent of territory, and reached from the port as far as Larneca. Mariti's Travels, vol. i. p. 53. There were many kings of Phoenecia who had this name; so called from Baal, signifying Lord. Hence all the Phoenician Baalim had their denomination. See Gale's Court of the Gentiles," b. i. c. 8. p. 47. See also Gale, p. 48; Cic. lib. iv. de Finibus; Laertes and Suidas on the life of Zeno; Grotius; and Vossius de Philos. Sectis, lib ii. c. 1. Euseb. Chronicon. in Num. 1089. **Bochart. Præf. ad. Canaan. tt Hom. Iliad, A. Boch. Can. lib. i. c. 3. There were four cities in Cyprus famous for the worship of Venus: "Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphos, atque Cythera, Idaliaque domus", This word, having a plural termination, is said to imply the descendants of Ceth the son of Javan. Josephus places their establishment in the isle of Cyprus; and the seventy interpreters render the word by KHTIOI, that is to say, the Ketu or Celi The valuable compilation of Dapper. (Description des Isles de l'Archipel.) written ori ginally in the Flemish language, of which a French translation was published in folios at Amsterdam, in 170, concentrates much valuable information upon the subject of was as the birth place of Apollonius, a disciple of Hippocrates ; and of Zeno, who, being shipwrecked upon the coast of Attica, from aPhoenician merchant became founder of the Stoics, and had for his illustrious followers, Epictetus and Seneca. According to Plutarch, it was with the sword presented by a king of Citi um that Alexander triumphed over Darius.* This weapon held by him in such estimation, that he always wore it upon his person. The same author also informs us, that at the siege of Citium, Cimon, son of Miltiades, received the wound whereof he died. It is quite uncertain when this city was destroyed. Mariti believes that event did not take place later than the beginning of the third century.f In 1767, an excavation being made to procure from its ruins materials for building, the workmen discovered a marble bust of Caracalla, some medals of Septimius Severus, Antoninus Caracalla, and Julia Domna, with Greek inscriptions. Upon their obverse sides were exhibited the temple of Paphos,‡ with the legend KOINONKYПPION. Some of them had the image of Caracalla on one side, Cyprus. The author believes he shall contribute to the reader's gratification, by inserting from that work, which is now rare, the observatious concerning the name of the island "This island, which all the Greek and Latin authors have called Kumpos, or Cyprus, and which is designated under that name in the New Testament, had been known under that of Chetima, or of Chetim, among the Hebrews; as Josephus relates in the first book, chap. 7. of his Jewish antiquities; deriving it from Chetimos, or Chetim, son of Javan, son of Japhet, son of Noah, who, in the division of territories, had the first possession of this isle. Thence it followed, that all islands, and mari. time places, were called Chetim by the Hebrews. He supports this opinion, by showing that CITIUM is a name corrupted from that of one of the cities of the island, which is derived from the appellation Chelim, borne by the whole island; for,' says he, it was called CITIUM by those who wished to render, by a Grecism, the name of Chetimos, of Chill em, or of Chetim, which seems couched under that of CITIUM. St. Jerom relates [Comment. in Esgi. in Traduct. Hebr. in Genes.] that some authors have translated the word Chetim, in the prophet Isaiah, by that of Cyprus; and that the Chetims are the Cyprians, whence a city of the island still bore, in his time, the name of CITIUM. Theodoret, [In Heremi, c. 2.] shows that it is called Chelim in the Prophet Jeremiah, and Zonoras (2. c. 2. v. 9° Annal.] affirms that Chetima is the island which the Greeks call Korpos, whereof Chetim, great grandson of Noah, had been the original possessor." Les Isles de l'Archipel. par Dapper, Amst. 1702. p. 21. The reverend and learned Dr. Henly, writing to the author upon the circumstance here noticed, makes the following remarks: You mention," says he, "the sword presented to Alexander by the king of Citium. It is to be observed, that the prophecy of Balaam closes with the following prediction: Ships shall come from the coast of CHITTIM, [i. e Citium,] and shall afflict Assur, and shall aflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever. This prediction I propose hereafter more fully to illustrate; but at present shall only observe, that the naval armament, by which Alexander was alone enabled to overcome Tyre and the whole power of the Persian empire by sea, was chiefly furnished to him from Cyprus, or Chittim. [See 1 Maccab. i. 1.] And it happened, after that Alexander, the son of Philip the Macedonian, who came ou! of the land of Chetteim, had smitten Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, that he reigned in his stead, the first over Greece.' From not adverting to this historical fact, geographers have made a strange mistake, in supposing that Macedonia had been called Chittim; for Arrian, who has given a distinct account of Alexander's maritime equipment, expressly mentions, that the reinforcement from Cuprus, consisted of one hundred and twenty ships, whilst from Macedonia he had but a single vessel. See ARRIAN. de Expeditione Alexandri, lib. ii. c. 20. Mariti's Travels, vol. i. p. 61. I have never seen any medals corresponding with this description; but they are |