lished by individuals, which educate sixteen young men, by giving them lodgings and from fifty to sixty dollars per annum.

Holberg, the poet, left a legacy to the university. He also bequeathed the income of a certain fund, to be given in dowries to the daughters of the professors!

The government of the university is administered by a Senatus Academicus, composed of sixteen ordinary professors; viz., three from the Faculty of Theology, three from that of Law, three from that of Medicine, and seven from that of Philosophy. The youngest of the sixteen performs the functions of Secretary. And all the mem

bers of the Senatus Academicus enter that body by seniority. The Rector is chosen annually, from the ordinary professors of the four Faculties in rotation, so that each Faculty furnishes a Rector once in four years.

There are, in the university of Copenhagen, in the Faculty of Theology, three Ordinary and two Extraordinary Professors; in the Faculty of Law, four Ordinary Professors and one Extraordinary; in the Faculty of Medicine, three Ordinary and two Extraordinary Professors; and in the Faculty of Philosophy nine Ordinary and twelve Extraordinary Professors ;-in all thirty-six Professors. Besides these there are three Docentes, or private teachers, and three teachers of modern languages, viz., French, English and German.

Besides the course of public lectures which he is requir ed to give, each professor gives private courses, after the manner which we described in speaking of the university of Kiel. The professors of Copenhagen, however, receive much more for their private lectures than do those of Kiel; some of them receiving as much as two or three, and even four dollars from each person who attends, for a series of lectures of one hour per week, during the term of six months.

The administration of the funds of the university is by a Questor and two members of the Senatus Academicus, called Inspectors. The general administration of the universities, as well as that of the schools of the kingdom, is entrusted to a Direction, composed of three members, who transmit their reports directly to the King.

Attached to the university there is a Polytechnic Institute, in which there are six professors, and a superintendent of a work-shop. These professors give courses of lectures on all the branches of mathematics; on Practical Chemistry; on Physics; on Mechanics; on Natural History, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology; and on Drawing, both geometrical and mechanical. The course lasts two years. This Institute dates from 1829. It owes its existance to the zealous and enlightened exertions of Professor Oersted, its director. It has already done much good.

The university library contains about 80,000 volumes and is one of the best selected libraries in Europe. It contains a large collection of manuscripts in the Icelandic and other northern languages. This library dates from 1728. The former library was totally lost in the great fire of that year. The munificence of the Crown, united with that of individuals, among whom the name of Arne Magnussen is conspicuous, soon more than repaired the

loss.

The university of Copenhagen has had many distinguished men among its professors, in former times. Tycho Brahé here delivered a course of lectures on Astronomy, Holberg on Literature, Bertolin on Medicine, Among the present professors are several of eminent merit in respect to talent; such for example are Clausen, Oersted, Madvig, Molbeck, Ehlenschlæger, and several others.

It is a misfortune that whilst some countries have too few learned men in proportion to the extent of their population, Denmark has too many. The posts which literary

men can fill are all occupied, and those that pass through the university, have often to wait several years before they can obtain a place suited to their attainments.

We close this chapter by remarking that the young men of Denmark who spend well their six years in the gymnasium, and four in the university, come forth very mature scholars.

CHAPTER XIII.

LITERATURE OF DENMARK.

The literature of Denmark is modern-Its commencement during the reign of the Valdemars-Saxo Grammaticus-The revival of letters in the reign of Christian I.-Printing introduced into Denmark in the reign of John-Learning and education encouraged by Frederick I., as well as by Christian III. and Frederick II.-Christian IV. did much for learning-Frederick III. encouraged learning, but his son and successor, Christian V., neglected it-Little encouragement of literature in the reigns of Frederick IV. and Christian VI.-Reigns of Christian VII. and Frederick VI.-Literature flourishes-Its present stateMany distinguished scholars in Denmark.

THERE are many literary men residing in Copenhagen. Indeed we do not know where a city, of the same population, could be found where there are so many authors of distinction. It was our privilege to make the acquaintance of some of them; and we must say of them, that more agreeable men we have never seen. It may be asserted with truth, that in all countries the commonwealth of letters is a very pleasant one. With but few exceptions, the distinguished scholars in Europe, who are an ornament to their respective countries, are not only easy of access, but most urbane in their manners. We have found it so every where. And it should be so. Learning should ever be associated with true magnanimity, and an efficient generosity.

The literature of Denmark, like that of all the rest of Europe, excepting Italy and Greece, is modern. In the latter part of the twelfth century, and the first part of the thirteenth, during the reigns of the Valdemars-there was a very considerable amount of learning in Denmark.

Saxo Grammaticus and many others endeavored to promote knowledge among their countrymen, and by their writings contributed much to that effect. A long interval of ignorance and barbarism succeeded. But in the fifteenth century letters began to revive, under the reign of Christian I., the first king of the present dynasty-that of the house of Oldenburg, by whom the University of Copenhagen was established in 1478. In the reign of his son, John, the art of printing was introduced into the kingdom. Christian II. reformed the schools, and did much to prepare the way for the Reformation, which was accomplished in the reign of his son and successor, Frederick I., when the doctrines of Luther became established throughout the country.

Christian III. and Frederick II. did much to promote the education of their subjects. But it is to the son of the latter, Christian IV., that Denmark is indebted for the foundation of much of her literary establishments. It was he who led the country to depend on its own resources, instead of receiving everything from Germany. He was himself a literary man, fond of Mathematics, and well skilled in German, Latin, and Italian, besides his native tongue. His example had much influence on the nobles of the kingdom. Many of them learned the Latin language well. Dr. Niels Hemmingsen lived in that period, and was celebrated as a fine Latinist. During the reign of Christian IV., the University was renovated and re-established on better principles. But this monarch, who at all times displayed the most generous zeal for the diffusion of knowledge, was often thwarted by the cabals of the aristocracy, and the bigotry of the clergy. He was not able to recall Tycho Brahé, who had been compelled to leave his native land, during the regency which governed in his minority. He succeeded, however, in exciting a most commendable spirit for writing in Danish, among the literary