Agriculture and the Environment: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural DevelopmentErnst Lutz World Bank Publications, 1 jan. 1998 - 383 sidor Agriculture in developing countries has been remarkably productive during the last few decades; however, the production levels were achieved at the cost of placing more stress on natural resources and the environment. This volume brings together state-of-the-art applied, practical research related to agriculture, development, and the environment in the developing world. It attempts to distill current knowledge and to summarize it in readable form for development practitioners. Where possible, authors use specific examples to indicate which approaches have worked and which have not, under which conditions, and why. |
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Vanliga ord och fraser
adoption Africa agencies agricultural development agricultural research agroforestry agroforestry systems approach areas beneficiaries benefits Binswanger biodiversity capital Central America chapter Colombia Costa Rica costs crops D.C. Processed decentralization deforestation developing countries economic effects efficiency environment environmental erosion example extension external farm fertilizer forest forestry gender groups growth hectares herbicides household impact implementation important improved incentives income increase Indonesia inputs insecticides Institute Integrated Pest Management International investment irrigation Kenya labor land reform livestock maize ment natural resources NGOS organizations participatory percent pest management pesticides Pingali plant population potential poverty problems profitable programs property regimes property rights rates reduce requires resource management rice risk role rural development sector small farmers social soil soil degradation species strategies structure subsidies Sustainable Agriculture technical technologies tion trees tropical village Washington watershed watershed management women World Bank yields
Populära avsnitt
Sida 9 - The purpose of income calculations in practical affairs is to give people an indication of the amount which they can consume without impoverishing themselves. Following out this idea, it would seem that we ought to define a man's income as the maximum value which he can consume during a week, and still expect to be as well off at the end of the week as he was at the beginning.
Sida 32 - This article has argued that rural poverty, inefficient resource allocation, and natural resource degradation are joint phenomena, often induced by a common nexus of policy failures that favor the modernization of large-scale farming at the expense of more efficient and employment-intensive family farms.
Sida 38 - We can go back to organic agriculture in this country if we must — we know how to do it. However, before we move in that direction, someone must decide which 50 million of our people will starve!
Sida 268 - Goodell, G. (1984) Challenges to international pest management research and extension in the third world: do we really want IPM to work?
Sida 37 - ... a minimization of the use of those external and non-renewable inputs with the potential to damage the environment or harm the health of farmers and consumers, and a targeted use of the remaining inputs used with a view to minimizing costs...
Sida 36 - In any discussion of sustainability, it is important to clarify what is being sustained, for how long, for whose benefit and at whose cost, over what area and measured by what criteria. Answering these questions is difficult, as it means assessing and trading off values and beliefs (Steer and Lutz, 1993; Viederman, 1994; Pretty, 1995a).
Sida 40 - Many productive and sustainable systems, needing few or no external inputs, have been developed. They stop erosion, produce food and wood, and can be cropped over long periods. But the problem is that very few, if any, farmers have adopted these alley cropping systems as designed. Despite millions of dollars of research expenditure over many years, many of the systems produced are suitable only for research stations (Carter 1995).
Sida 46 - Brown, Lester R., and Hal Kane. 1994. Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute. Collins, S., and B. Bosworth. 1996. "Economic Growth in East Asia: Accumulation versus Assimilation.
Sida 37 - It aims for an increased diversity of enterprises within farms combined with increased linkages and flows between them. By-products or wastes from one component or enterprise become inputs to another. As natural processes increasingly substitute for external inputs, so the impact on the environment is reduced.
Sida 37 - What were once-valued local resources have often now become waste products. The basic challenge for sustainable agriculture is to make better use of available physical and human resources. This can be done by minimizing the use of external inputs, by regenerating internal resources more effectively, or by combinations of both. This ensures the efficient use of what is available and ensures that any dependencies on external systems are kept to a reasonable minimum.
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Food and Nutrition: Australasia, Asia and the Pacific Mark L. Wahlqvist Ingen förhandsgranskning - 2002 |