heidnischen Völker des Orients, Berlin 1836. 2. die Religionssysteme der Hellenen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung bis auf die makedonische Zeit, Berlin 1838. J. Grimm, deutsche Mythologie, Göttingen 1835, 2 Aufl. 1844-8. Görres, Mythengeschichte der Asiatischen Völker. Richter, Phantasien des Orients. Dr. K. Eckermann, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte und Mythologie der vorzüglichsten Völker des Alterthums, nach der Anordnung von Gottfr. Müller, Halle 1845, 2 Bde. A. Wuttke, Gesch. des Heidenthums, 8vo, Breslau 1852–3, 2 Bde. Hegel, Phil. der Religion (Werke). Sepp, Das Heidenthum, 3 Bde. 1853. A. von Cölln, Lehrbuch der vorchristlichen Religionsgeschichte, Lemgo 1853. L. Preller, Griech. Mythologie, 2 Bde. 1854. Baltzer, allgemeine Religionsgeschichte, Nordhausen 1854. Lutterbeck, das Zeitalter der Religionswende, Mainz 1832. †J. J. I. v. Döllinger, Heidenthum und Judenthum, Vorhalle zur Geschichte des Christenthums, Regensburg 1857. [C. C. J. Bunsen, Gott in d. Geschichte, 3 Bde., and in English, 1857-8. Schelling, Phil. der Mythologie, 2 Bde. 1857. C. O. Müller, Mythology, transl. by Leitch, Lond. 1844. Ch. Hardwick, Christ and

other Masters, four parts, Cambridge 1855-9.]

§ 7.

Relation to the History of Philosophy, the History of Christian Ethics, and the History of Dogmatic Theology.

Although the History of Doctrines has elements in common. with the history of philosophy (1), yet they are no more to be confounded with each other than dogmatic theology and philosophy (2). The History of Doctrines is also to be separated from the history of Christian ethics, so far as systematic theology itself is able to make a relative distinction between dogmatics and morals (3). And even to the history of dogmatic theology, it has the relation, at most, of the whole to the part, since the former may indeed have its place in the History of Doctrines (in the general portion), but can by no means be supplanted by it (4).

(1) This is the case, e.g., with the Alexandrian school, the Gnostics, the Scholastics, and modern philosophical schools. Still the object of the History of Philosophy is distinct from that of the History of Doctrines. Comp. Baumgarten-Crusius, i. s. 8. Works of reference: J. Brucker, Historia Critica Philosophiae, Lips. 1742-4, 5 vols. 4to; 2d ed. 1766-7, 6 vols. 4to. [The History of Philosophy drawn up from Brucker's Hist. Crit. Philos., by William Enfield, Lond. 1819, 2 vols.] W. G. Tennemann, Geschichte der Philosophie, Leipzig 1798-1819, 11 Bde. [The "Grundriss" of the same author is published in English under the title: "A Manual of the History of Philosophy," translated from the German by the Rev. Arthur Johnson, Oxf. 1832; revised edition by Morell, in Bohn's Library.] E. Reinhold, Geschichte der Philosophie, Jena 1845, 3d ed. 2 vols. H. Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, Hamburg 1829-53, 12 Bde. [The Ancient Phil. translated into English by Alex. J. W. Morrison, Oxf. 1838-9, 4 vols. 8vo.] Fries, Geschichte der Philosophie, i., Halle 1837.-(The two latter only for the old history.) Schleiermacher, Geschichte der Philosophie, edit. by H. Ritter (complete works, iv. 1), Berlin 1839. T. A. Rixner, Handbuch d. Gesch. d. Phil., 3 Bde. 1829; Gumposch, Supplement, 1850. E. Zeller, Die Philos. d. Griechen, 3 Bde. 1875-7. J. E. Erdmann, Gesch. d. neueren Phil., 3 Bde. (6 Theile) 1834-53. K. Fischer, Neuere Phil., 6 Bde. 1865-72. Albert Schwegler, Hist. of Phil., transl. by J. H. Seelye, New York 1856. J. D. Morell, Phil. of the Nineteenth Century. H. M. Chalybäus, Hist. Entwickelung Kant bis Hegel. Trans. (Edinb.) 1856. H. Ritter, Die christl. Philosophie .. in ihrer Geschichte, 2 Bde., Göttingen 1858-9.] Ueberweg, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie; 3 Theil, die Christliche Zeit (Patristik und Scholastik), 5th ed. 1877. A. Stöckl, Geschichte der Phil. des Mittelalters, 3 Bde., Mainz 1864-7. Further on the literature of the subject, in Hagenbach, Encykl. s. 248 ff.

von

(2) "The obliteration of the distinction between the History of Philosophy and the History of Doctrines results from a fundamental confusion of the essential nature of Christianity." Dorner, Person Christi, i s. 108; comp. Neander, Dog

mengesch. s. 9:-["Philosophy developes conscious reason. of and by itself; theology is employed upon data historically given the truths that repose in the divine word, and have passed over into Christian consciousness."] On the other

side, Baur, l.c. s. 78 ff.

(3) Comp. Baumgarten-Crusius, s. 9.

(4) Comp. § 11: Neander, Dogmengesch. s. 6; Gieseler, Dg. s. 16; Baur, s. 25 ff..

§ 8.

Auxiliary Sciences.

Although the branches of theological science above enumerated are strictly distinct from the History of Doctrines, they are, nevertheless, in a measure connected with it as auxiliary sciences (1). Archæology (2), and, in the second line, the sciences auxiliary to Church History (3), may be added to their number.

(1) Ecclesiastical History itself may be viewed in the light of an auxiliary science, since the history of forms of Church government, of worship, of the private life of Christians, etc., are connected with the History of Doctrine. In like manner Patristics, the History of Heresies, the General History of Religion, the History of Philosophy, and the History of Christian (and general) Ethics are to be numbered among the auxiliary sciences.

(2) From the connection between the doctrines and the liturgy of the Church, it is obvious that Archæology must be considered as an auxiliary science, if we understand by it the complete history of Christian worship. This may easily be seen from the use of certain doctrinal expressions (e.g. OεOTÓKOS, etc.) in the liturgies of the Church, the institution of doctrinal festivals (the feast of Corpus Christi, that of the conception of the Virgin Mary), the reflex influence of the existence or absence of certain liturgical usages on the doctrinal definitions of the Church (e.g. the influence of the withholding of the cup on the doctrine of concomitance, comp. § 195), etc. Works of reference:

J. Bingham, Origg. s. Antiqu. Ecclesiasticæ, Halæ 1751-61. [J. Bingham, Antiquities of the Christian Church, and other works, Lond. 1834 ff., 8 vols.; a new edition by Richard Bingham.] J. Ch. W. Augusti, Denkwürdigkeiten aus der christlichen Archäologie, Leipz. 1817-31, 12 vols. [Christian Antiquities, translated and compiled from the works of Augusti, by the Rev. Lyman Coleman, Andover 1844; also by Riddle, London 1839.] F. H. Rheinwald, kirchliche Archäologie, Berl. 1830. [K. Schöne, Geschichtforschungen über die kirchlichen Gebräuche und Einrichtungen der Kirche, Berl. 1819-22, 3 vols.] W. Böhmer, christlich-kirchliche Alterthumswissenschaft, Bresl. 1836-9, 2 vols. [Siegel, Handbuch d. christl. kirchl. Alterthümer, 4 Bde., Leipz. 1835-8. Guericke, Archäologie, 2d ed. 1860. William Bates, Lect. on Christ. Antiquities, 1854-7.] H. Otto, Handbuch der christlichen Kunstarchäologie, 4th ed. 1868. Piper, Mythologie der christlichen Kunst, Weimar 1847, 1 Bd. s. 10 ff.: "The daily contemplation of the works of religious art, especially when they are executed in the spirit of the age, has always had a great influence on the faith of the multitude, an influence which has certainly been greater on the side of unbelief than of faith." Very instructive on this point are several treatises of Piper, in the evangelisches Kalender edited by him. Comp. also das christliche Kunstblatt of Grüneisen.

(3) These are, besides those already mentioned, Universal History, Ecclesiastical Philology, Ecclesiastical Chronology, Diplomatics, etc. [Comp. the introductions to works on Ecclesiastical History. Gieseler, Text-Book of Church Hist., published by Clark, Edinburgh, also edited by H. B. Smith, New York, vol. i. pp. 19, 20, 560-2.]

§ 9.

Scientific and Ethical Importance of the History of Doctrines.

Ernesti, Prolusiones de Theologiæ Historicæ et Dogmaticæ conjungendæ Necessitate, Lips. 1759, in his Opusc. Theol., Lips. 1773-92. Ch. F. Illgen, über den Werth der christlichen Dogmengeschichte, Leipz. 1817. Augusti, Werth der Dogmengeschichte, in his Theologische Blätter, II. 2, s. 11 ff. Hagenbach, Encyklop. § 69. Niedner, Das Recht der Dogmen, in his

Zeitschrift f. d. hist. Theol. 1851. Baur, 1.c. [Comp. Kling in the Studien und Kritiken, 1840. Niedner, Zur neuesten Dogmengesch. in the Allg. Monatsschrift, 1851. Engelhardt in the Zeitschrift f. d. historische Theologie, 1853.]

The scientific value of the History of Doctrines follows in part from what has already been said. 1. It helps to complete the study of Church History in one of its most important aspects. 2. It is an introduction to the study of systematic theology (1). Its moral and religious influence, its practical benefits, are the result of this purely scientific significance. In general, it exerts a shaping influence, by bringing into view the efforts and struggles of the human spirit in relation to its most important concerns. But it is of special use to the theologian and to the religious man, by preserving him both from a one-sided and rigid adherence to the letter (false orthodoxy), and from the superficial love of novelty which is characteristic of a dogmatic and superficial spirit (heterodoxy and neology) (2).

(1) Comp. § 2. (2) Comp. § 10. The importance of the History of Doctrines in both these respects has frequently been overrated. Every theological tendency has appealed to it in support of its peculiar views, or dreaded its results, both equally unworthy of the scientific temper. Comp. BaumgartenCrusius, i. s. 16-20.

§ 10.

Treatment of the History of Doctrines."

Daub, die Form der christlichen Dogmen. und Kirchenhistorie in Betracht gezogen, in Baur's Zeitschrift für speculative Theologie, Berlin 1836. Parts 1 and 2. Th. Kliefoth, Einleitung in die Dogmengeschichte, Parchim 1839. Baur, 1. c. s. 29 ff.

These beneficial results, however, can flow only from that treatment of the History of Doctrines which brings to distinct consciousness not only what is changeable in the doctrinal

HAGENB. HIST. DOCT. I.

B