zeal tempered with humility, and the diffidence that lay hidden under his high aims. His death seemed like a tragedy. It illustrated the truth, that infinite riches belong to God, and therefore he can dispense with any earthly ornaments of his earthly temple. The record of our young missionary's last labors and death, as it is given in the present volume (pp. 367-385), swells the heart with grief. The entire memoir is written in a style unusually natural and honest. It is truly a wholesome book. It forms a fitting monument alike of departed worth and of brotherly faithfulness. The Biography will be hailed with gratitude by those who have perused the essays of the young missionary in the Bibliotheca Sacra, Vol. XVII. pp. 709-755, and Vol. XVIII. pp. 535 - 595, and 673-724. He had formed plans for communicating various elaborate essays to this periodical. That so many of his projects for earthly labor have been baffled by his sudden death is a deep mystery.

NEW MISSIONARY ATLAS.

Rev. R. Grundemann, Ph. D., has commenced the preparation of a Missionary Atlas, giving, in accurate special maps, the position of all missionary stations, and adding historical statements which will explain the present relations and prospects of the missions. Dr. Grundemann has a high reputation among the evangelical divines of Germany; and his competency for the important work which he has undertaken is fully attested by Dr. Hoffmann, Dr. Tholuck, and men of like reputation. He is to be addressed at Frankfurt on the Oder, Prussia.

He has prepared the following questions, to which he desires an answer from all the foreign missionary stations under English and American patronage. We trust that the friends of missions who read the Bibliotheca Sacra, will exert themselves to secure for Dr. Grundemann full reports of our own missionary stations.

A. Geographical Questions. 1. What is the name of the station, and of the country, province, and district in which it is situated? 2. Name of the capital of that country, province, and district, and its distance and direction from the station, as well as from some fixed and known points on the coast. 3. What other towns of religious, political, or commercial importance in the vicinity of the station?---- Name; distance from station; direction; remarks. 4. What mountains near the station? Direction of the range? Names of their chief summits? Distance of each from the station? 5. What rivers near the station? Where do they rise? In what direction do they flow? Where do they empty? 6. What chief roads near the station? Where leading to?

B. Ethnographical Questions. -7. Name of the native tribe at the station (in singular and plural)? 8. To what other tribes is it related? 9. Population of the tribe, and boundary of its territory? 10. Form of government, and name of the present ruler, or rulers? 11. What was the original religion of the tribe? 12. Remarks on the past history of the tribe, and its present political and social condition.

C. Philological Questions.-13. What is the native language of the tribe? 14. Is it already a written language, and, if so, what alphabet is employed? 15. If the alphabet is not yet known through the medium of a good grammar, please write it out, and give the force of each letter by a corresponding letter of the "Standard Alphabet." If the alphabet has never hitherto been reduced to writing at all, please represent the sounds in use, as far as possible, by means of the letters of the "Standard Alphabet." 16. If the literature of the language is modern and limited, an account of the various works, including titles, authors, and dates of publication, would be very acceptable. If, however, it is ancient and extensive, it will be sufficient to denote to what extent it is used at the station. 17. What grammar or grammars and lexicon exist of the language? If you know of any philologian who has made the language a special study, please give his address. 18. Should no grammar or dictionary of the language exist, please give the numerals, the possessive pronouns, and the words for father, mother, and such like.

a.

D. Missionary Questions.—19. When, and by whom was the station founded? 20. Number, names, and functions of the laborers employed, both foreign and native? 21. How many people belong to the congregation Adults: baptized - males, females; Communicants-males, females; b. Children? 22. What place or places of worship at the station? Do the missionaries preach in the native language, or employ an interpreter? 23. What schools for moral, intellectual, or industrial improvement at the station, and what is the language employed? 24. Number of scholars: Males, females; Names of the schools (a) (b) (c)? 25. Sums raised by the congregation for church and missionary purposes during the last year. 26. What outstations have been established:- Name; distance; direction; number of laborers; number of converts - baptized, communicants; schools and number of scholars; remarks on the situation of the place? 27. Are there any regular preaching places near the station? 28. What missionary efforts are made by other societies in the vicinity of the station? Any information relating to such stations will be acceptable.

DWIGHT'S MODERN PHILOLOGY.1

We noticed favorably the First Series of Dr. Dwight's Modern Philology in Vol. XVI. p. 887. The present volume treats of comparative phonol ogy, and of comparative English etymology, or English etymology in its comparative elements and aspects, especially on its classical side.

The principles of phonology here presented have special reference to the Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin. This part of the work gives the more important results of the investigations into the changes in words of the same radical forms in these languages. The subject is one of great difficulty,

1 Standard Alphabet for reducing unwritten Languages and Foreign Graphic Systems to a uniform Orthography in European Letters. By Prof. C. R. Lepsius. 2 Modern Philology: its Discoveries, History, and Influences. By Benjamin W. Dwight. 2d Series. 8vo. pp. 554. New York: Charles Scribner.

1864.

requiring the most critical study of the great variety of causes, many of them extremely subtile, which have occasioned these changes. It starts the questions why one people use the lips, tongue, nose, teeth, or throat in speech more than another; why vowel sounds preponderate in languages spoken in milder climates, and consonants in colder; why one nation prefers nasal sounds and another guttural; why one language, as the Latin, avoids aspirates, and another, as the Greek, shows a fondness for them. Some of the causes of the changes in the forms of words radically the same will be found to arise from substituting one movement of the organs of speech for another nearly related to it; others from the influences of climate, occupations, habits, and culture; and a very large part from mere laziness an indolent people not being willing to make the effort neccessary to

sound certain letters.

Every student will find new interest in classical study by making himself familiar with the general laws of change in the forms of words, which are here so fully illustrated.

The study of English etymology, too, as here treated, is full of interest and profit; it will give a freshness and fulness to the meaning of many words, which before were comparatively tame. A large number of words were originally pictures of what they expressed; this pictorial power they will regain by proper etymological study.

In another edition Dr. Dwight will probably modify the treatment of some of these subjects; but generally they indicate extensive, thorough, and independent investigation. He has done a valuable service to philology in the preparation of these attractive volumes; and our countrymen are greatly indebted to him for presenting in so accessible a form the results of his long and faithful study.

We are glad to announce that Professor Thayer, of the Theological Seminary, Andover, is to prepare a New Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. It is to be translated from the Lexicon Graeco-Latinum of Dr. L. W. Grimm, the first part of which appeared in 1862.

Dr. Grimm aims not only to exhibit the recent improvements in lexicography, as they are embodied in the Paris edition of Stephens's Thesaurus, and Rost's edition of Passow's Dictionary, but also to produce a Lexicon which shall correspond to the present condition of textual criticism, of exegesis, and of biblical theology. He notices all the readings found in the Elzevir edition of the Greek Testament, in Griesbach, Lachmam, and Tischendorf (ed. 7, minor, 1859). In his definitions he studies brevity, perspicuity, and strict observance of logical and historical arrangement. He takes proper notice of the use of terms in the Septuagint, and in the Apocrypha of the Old Testament; and, when referring to the usage of profane authors, he gives the age, or the class of writers, in which the word under consideration is found. In the opinion of eminent judges this work, when completed, will be by far the best Lexicon of the New Testament. Professor Thayer will introduce such changes and additions as will adapt it to the wants of American and English students.

ARTICLE X.

RECENT GERMAN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE.

BY CHARLES M. MEAD, M.A., BERLIN, GERMANY.

Die Synoptischen Evangelien ihr Ursprung und geschichtlicher Charakter. By Prof. H. J. Holtzmann, of Heidelberg. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. This is an octavo volume of 514 pages, devoted to the discussion of the vexing question: When and by whom were the synoptical Gospels written? The author gives first a history of the various theories on the subject, especially of the German investigations since Koppe, Storr and Michaelis first gave currency to the proposition that Mark's gospel was the original; from which sketch it appears that almost every possible hypothesis respecting the source, the mutual relation, and historical character of these three Gospels has found advocates. Undismayed however, Prof. Holtzmann attempts to solve the knotty problem. Rejecting, as hardly worth noticing, the view that the books in question were the original products of the alleged authors, writing independently of one another, on account of the minute resemblances, particularly in grammatical construction and forms; rejecting, however, quite as decidedly, on account of the striking discrepancies in the different narratives of the same events, the view that either of the three books was the original Gospel, on which alone the others were based, he advocates the hypothesis that, besides tradition, there were two primitive Gospels, from which the existing ones were compiled. One of these (designated by him A, or Urmarcus) is found, little changed, in Mark; the other (designated A, or Urmatthäus), together with the first was the source from which Matthew and Luke derived their information. Matthew used A more than Luke; Luke used A, especially the collection of Christ's discourses contained in it, more than Matthew. Matthew wrote just before the destruction of Jerusalem; Luke shortly after; so also probably Mark. As to the credibility of the Gospels, pre-eminence is to be assigned to Mark; next to him stands Matthew, who, however, arranged his material artificially, thus sacrificing chronological to logical order. Luke is still less reliable as regards the historical sequence of events, but his Gospel is especially valuable as containing so many of Christ's sayings not to be found in the others.

The work before us has evidently been prepared with great labor and care, and is undoubtedly a valuable contribution to the criticism of the synoptical Gospels. That his peculiar theory, however, can be considered as proved, is not conceded. It can hardly escape notice that he sometimes magnifies the force of considerations which are in themselves trivial, e.g. that the satanology of Luke xiii. 11-16 is widely different from that of the Gospels in general; that Matthew's account of the healing of the leper, (ch. viii. 1-4) is less accurate than that in Mark i. 40-15, for the reason that Christ's prohibition to make the case known would have been aimless if,

as is stated Matt. viii. 1, great multitudes were present. Moreover, the general point of view of Prof. Holtzmann is altogether too independent of a belief in inspiration to inspire confidence in the conclusions to which he arrives. Though decidedly condemning Strauss' theory of the mythical origin of the Gospels in general, he pronounces various passages in Matthew to be nothing but unreliable legends, without the shadow of a demonstration. In this way he disposes of Matt. iii. 14, 15; xiv. 28–32; xvii. 24— 27; xxi. 14-16; xxvi. 52-54; xxvii. 3-10, 19, 24, 51-54, 62-66; xxviii 2–4, 11-15. The miracles of Christ he divides into those which plainly had a benevolent end, and those "which have more or less of an aesthetic character." Of the former he says: "They deserve at least a very careful consideration, and, as we shall see, a certain degree of historical evidence in respect to them is attainable." As to the latter, although not indiscriminately rejecting them, he considers them credible only in so far as their symbolic character is clear. Among them he classes the resurrection of Christ, and holds that from the synoptical Gospels no certainty can be attained respecting its reality. The temptation of Christ he calls, in plain terms, a myth. On the whole, the book before us may be considered as important, not only as a contribution to biblical science, but as representing the tone of a very large, perhaps an increasing, party of German theologians.

Die Lehre von den Sakramenten in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung innerhalb der abendländischen Kirche bis zum Concil von Trient. By Dr. G. L. Hahn, Prof. in Breslau. Breslau: C. Morgenstern. 1864. A learned and valuable work, presenting a purely historical treatment of the subject under consideration. The author discusses the meaning of the term “sacrament," as originally and subsequently used; the ecclesiastical dogmas and views concerning the necessity and appropriateness of sacraments; the difference in sacraments of different periods; what are the strictly Christian sacraments; the constituents, the institution, and the administrators of the sacraments; the conditions necessary to their fulfilment; their efficacy; the origin and conditions of their efficacy. Copious references are made to the various authorities consulted.

Kirchliche Glaubenslehre. By Prof. F. A. Philippi of Rostock. Stuttgart: Samuel G. Liesching. The fourth volume of this work is before us. It contains a discussion of the work of Christ, divided, according to the method which since Schleiermacher has became the favorite one in Germany, into Christ's work as Prophet, as Priest, and as King. The larger part of the volume is occupied with the treatment of the second of these topics. Philippi represents the extreme Old Lutheran orthodoxy. As to the dogma here discussed, he holds to the strict view of a literal transfer of the punishment, and even of the guilt, of man to Christ (p. 167). He recognizes indeed the force of the objection that guilt is essentially untransferable from one person to another, but answers it by pointing to actual cases of vicarious suffering, eg., Louis XVI., the sacrificial lamb, who bore and expiated the sins of his ancestors"; and, in answer to the question under what conditions such a substitution can really be considered valid, he