toms of the primeval people in all na tions, even before the exilience of the pyramids in Egypt (to the formation. of which fuch kinds of rude fepulchres probably gave the first idea), that it would, moft furely, have been a total want of due attention to the firft caufes of the invention of architecture not to have confidered them maturely." (p. 322.) Thefe remarks are followed by very appofite and affecting reflections on the parties depofited under thefe various repofitories, and a proper regret at the disturbing them for purpofes of curiofity. Chap. VII. treats of logan or rocking-tones, tolmen, and bafon-fiones. Though their ufe is not afcertained, they are fuppofed to be monuments of British art, and many of them, like Agglefton in Purbeck and fome others, left unfinished. Mr. K. concludes properly enough, that the British coins were not borrowed from the Roman, which feldom had fuch reveries, but from the Phoenicians and Eattern nations; and that fome of the coins of Pæfium, the moft antient Greek, were, in like manner, convex on one fide, and concave on the other. (p. 341, n.) To the Britons likewife Mr. K. refers the immenfe ditelies in various parts, boundaries of different kingdoms. (p. 342.) Mr. K. apologizes for having borrowed from many other plates what it was impoflible for him to have feen with his own eyes, in comparing together fo many correfponding remains of antient works for the elucidation of truth. In the fubfequent pages, how-ever, when we come to confider the more refined works and infprovements of art, the case will be otherwife, and we thall not fand in need of any fuch affifiance. (p. 333. n.) We proceed to follow our induftrious invelligator through the fecond part of his elaborate refearch. In book II. which contains obfervations on the works of the ROMANS in this-ifland, and particularly on thofe of a military kind. The firit of thefe is Richborough, in Kent; of which not only the remaining walls but the original foundations have been examined and accurately traced by the indefatigable pains of the truly ingenious, inquifitive, and refpectable occupier of the land, Mr. Boys, of Sandwich; by whofe exact plans, joined to the examination and obfervation of Mr. K. himself on the fpot, he has been enabled to refer most decidedly to thefe remains as illuftrating The Roman walls Mr. K. conceives to be laid in alternate courfes (for fo he very properly renders 90, Rev. xxi. 19) of rough ftones and bricks, formed in caiffons, which were raised up as the firucture rofe; and he con jectures the holes ftill remaining were made to fix the caiffons: but it appears to us doubtful whether the ftonework of all thefe works was not faced with hewn fione, and only now appears rough by the removal of that facing in later time. The building in the centre of the prætorium, being in form of a crofs, is fuppofed to have been the facellum where the eagles were lodged. and to have been fucceeded in Chriftian times by a chapel by the direction of Auguftus himfeli. Among the ruins of thele foundations was found a finall bronze figure, fuppofed an ornament of horle-furniture, reprefenting a Rom-a bagpiper; whence Mr. K. deduces the Scotch bagpipe from the Romans; but his print of it makes it uncertain, to us at least, whether it was a, ma fical inftrument or a leather bottle. Mr. K. has not noticed a Roman wharf here, deferibed by Mr. Pennant in his Journey to the Ifle of Wight. The next Roman ftation is Porchefter cafile, the head-quarters of Veipafian; on whofe and his fon's fuccefles against the Jews Mr. K. has introduced fome very appofite and interesting reflections. (p. 23-25.) The parith church is built on the foundation of the facellum within this caftle alfo, to which large Norman additions have been made, and been uted as a regal Saxon tower of refidence. Caftor in Norfolk, and Burgh cattle in Suffolk, are next more briefly defcribed. Va rious ftations referred to where the fituation of the Prætorium fill remains vifible, and fome of which were nere carth-works; at Heppington, Kent; Saddleworth, Saddleworth, Yorkshire; Bolton, South Wales; Melandra catile, Derbyshire; Little and Great Chefters, Cumberland; Chefter; one near Caernarvon. Some of the most confiderable earth-works in Scotland, Dealgin Rofs, Ardoch, Burens, Chegreen, and Kirkboddo. Accounts of the feveral orders and diftinctions of the troops of which the Roman armies confifted, and the precife manner of their encamping, and a computation of the number of troops that might be arranged in feveral wellknown ftations, and in others, as at Pickering, Linekirk, Hierna, Caftledykes, Kerms cafile. Stations on the Koman wall called Grimefdyke. Sadbury, co. Gloucefter, adapted to the Polybian mode. Some Roman camps of irregular form, as Verolum, Silchefter, Bath, Raedykes, Redykes, and Brugh caftle in Scotland. Dover, and the particular conftruction of the Pharos. Polybius's account of the irregular method of encamping fed by the Greeks may be compared with that of the Turks given by Mr. Morier in his account of the late war in Egypt. Mr. K. has compared the encampment of the Ifraelites under Mofes with the Roman mode. (p. 97, 1.) Mr. K. Speaking of Lord Bacon's monument at St. Alban's, fays, "it reprefents him refting his head upon his arm in fad compofed fleep, the too juft and almoft prophetic emblem of that deadly fleep into which mankind in general have been too ready to forget and to neglect the beft intimations in his writings." (p. 152, n.) From the words Sic fedebut, in the epitaph, it feems rather to reprefent him in his ufual attitude of meditation, loft in deep thought on the most interesting fubjects. On mentioning the veftiges of this and other antient towns among us, Mr. K. notices the narrowness of fireets in the cities of antiquity, thofe of Athens not exceeding 12 feet, and thofe of Rome not in the leaft degree of width more commodious. (p. 155, n.) Mr. King laments, and we muli join our lamentations to his if he is rightly informed, that the Roman pharos at Dover has very lately been pulled down. He is of opinion it was built by Agricola, of hard fialactical incrustations, which he brought from the Northern coafts on the Eaft fide of the island, and of tiles of fingular fhape, dimenLous, and material. (pp. 159, 160.) Mr. K. doubts whether the private buildings of the Romans in this coun try were more than of timber, or flightly built, and but one story high, even over teffelated pavements; few remains or records are to be found of their having ever enjoyed the ele gaut conveniences of life in their domeftic fituations, notwithstanding the pomp and magnificence of their public works." (p. 163.) "And when the contemplative mind confiders that it is only in a very few inflances where any folid remains befpeak the exitience of any extraordinary ftructures, even near the very fragile teffelated pavements that have nevertheless been fo well preferved, it will be led, unavoidably, to conclude, that really magnificent private manfions did not in this country commonly exit; and that, in moft inftances, a Roman quætior or tribune fitting here in his toga, on his moveable fella, or wallowing in his triclinium (with ideas well illuftrated by the telelated pavement described by Pliny in his Aore-Ta manfion, Nat. Hitt. XXXVI. 25), on Tor, unswept one of thefe dull, dark, and at bett illlooking works of Mofaic did not, after all, appear with much more real the refinements of civilized life, than fplendor, as to any advantages from fitting in his plaid on a joint-tool, or an old Scotch laird in the Highlands 'on a chair of not much better confiruction, in the corner of his rough, rude caftle-tower. Thefe obfervations may, perhaps, appear a little too harth, but they are really fomewhat needful to counterbalance the unreasonable prejudices that have been too often formed, and for elucidating the truth, as founded on facts that are unquestionable." (p 164 167.) The feverity of thefe ftrictures certainly need all the apology of the writer, who has made a very few paffages from Pliny, Juvenal, and Homer, a text to a difcourfe againft antient luxury, as if country at a much later period. We no parallel could be found in our own Dunfiaflage as reprefenting a king on always confidered the ivory figure at his throne. That fome teilelated pavements were within fubftantial buildings Mr. K. might have learned from Mr. Lyfons's account of thofe at Woodchefter, and other inftances adduced by Mr. K. himfelf, pp. 170 and 174. Ás to the execution or color of thefe works, we must not expect the earlier times in the capital, between fae perfection as in thofe in the dies of brick and of marble; and we muft allow for the fuperior advantage of painting over the finett Mofaics in St. Peter's. Pliny defcribes Mofaics as he does pictures or ftatues, the more extraordinary examples in their refpec tive line. (p. 177-) We cannot find the fire-pan, or its fituation in the middle of the room, in Jer. xxxvi. 22, 23, though the hearth was in the midst of the high priest's hall, Luke xxii. 55, John xvii. 18. If by pont Mr. K. (p. 179, n.) means a floping roof, fingle or double, the Roman would be like the modern roofs. He prefers the idea, that the Aues or hypocaufts' were not to warm baths only, but fitting-rooms. (p. 183.) But we do not fee why the building t Woodchetter should have been the only one of jach extent, and therefore a refiderice of a governor, proprætor, or the Emperor himself. (p. 185.) Mr. K. has (p. 187) given a regular table of the dinienfions of all the apartments of this edifice, by which it appears that the breadth of one or two rooms bore no proportion to their length; e. g. 114 feet by 10. 62 by 9: but this is by no means true of the majority; for, out of 65 rooms, only 19 can be deemed of any tolerable proportions, and of thofe 19 three feem to have been fiables, and four others rather public apartments; fo that only twelve could be deemed handome private apartments in this fuppofed magnificent palace. The labyrinth fret border to the pavements Mr. K. (p. 190) pronounced one of the moft antient ornaments in the world, fo univerfal that it would be traced up at least to the days of Noah; "and I could almoft be inclined to call it Eve's pattern." We have, in our gardens, Adam's needle, a plant provided with points and threads; but no hiftorical evidence has yet reached us that Eve was a femptress, or handled either fo well as her daughters are faid to do in fome parts of the globe. It is fair, however, to prefume that Mr. K. has evidence fufficient to make this the ftanding pattern of ornament in his furniture and drapery of every kind, and that he will encourage it in the manufactory of Woodchefter floor-cloths. It may be doubted, whether the fingle inftance of Lucullus having a room called Apollo would justify a conjecture, that not Orpheus but Apollo was reprefented in the Woodchelier, Winterion, and other pavements among us. (p.190.) GENT. MAG. February, 1802. Seneca (Ep. 51) compares the villas of the Roman fenators to a camp, from the pofition more than from the lownefs of the building; nor does the anecdote of Lucullus changing his refideuce prove that one villa might not be warmer than another, from natural fituation rather than from fightness of material; for, every difcovery rather proves that the walls were of tone or brick than of wood, whatever the roofs might be. P. 200. The circumftance of Craffus buying up fo many burnt houfes in Rome, is an argument that Roman houfes were built of combuftible materials, or of flight ones, as reprefented pp. 107, 172. "The Royal Exchange of London (only that it is upon a much greater fcale and more lofty) may, perhaps, help to convey fomewhat of the idea of an Eafiern houfe. It was rebuilt after the fire of London, and finished in 1699, and, as is apprehended, was rebuilt fomewhat after the original plan of the old one, which had been reared by Sir Thomas Grefham, 1567. As, therefore, Sir Thomas was greatly connected with foreign countries, it is more than probable the original hint of the whole was taken from the idea of Faftern Bazurs and houfes conjointly, for the walks above, with the fhops, were almott true Bazars, whilft the court below almoft refembles that of fome great houfe at Smyrna or Aleppo." (p. 202, n.) The four fides of the Royal Exchange are nothing more than was frequent in the great mantions of Queen Elizabeth's time, a quadrangle on cloitters, exactly like the front of Hatfield houfe, dated 1611. The Roman plan was alfo to build round a quare court. Mr. K. gives, in plate XXVIII. a plan of Pliny's Laurentine villa, compared with that, at Woodchefter. Against the paucity of arches, in Roman werks let the triumphal ones of varions aras be fet, and let it be remembered that wooden bridges are generally flat, or very nearly fo. Mr. K. fuggefts, p. 221, that Uk, viewed from the rock where the cafile ftands, retains the regular form of a little Roman town without a fingle Roman veftige. P. 223-268, Mr. K. introduces a curious difquifition on the first introduction of the ARCH, which does not occur in the Egyptian buildings before the time of the Ptolemics, nor in the Eaft, Eaft, at Perfepolis, which Mr. K. afcribes to Darius Hyftafpes, about the time of the building of the fecond temple of Jerufalem; and he very ably detects the mis-tranflations of palages, implying the contrary, in Herodotus, Diodorus, and Strabo. Nor do they occur in the early buildings at Athenst or in Alia Minor. "I may now then," fays he, p. 268, "venture to add, that, after the beft refearch which can well be made with respect to various parts of the world, and after all the means of inveftigation that are in our power have been tried, there does not appear, as far as my enquiries enabled me to apprehend, in any country (no, not even in Italy or Rome itfelf), one arch to have exified much prior to the time of Auguftus." Perhaps the first appeared in Sicily, and Archimedes was the inventor of it, and all arches are deemed in the Augufian age novel and uncommon. If this be the real fact (that the arch was invented no very long time before the reign of Auguítus) it is a very remarkable concurrence of circumflances and aras that the very firft notice taken of the form of an arch, and the very first mention of it upon record, fhould have been when the glorious rainbow in heaven was made the everlasting fign and token of reconciliation and mercy; and that the first realizing of the arch, and the first infiánces of bringing it into actual ufe as a part of architecture, should have been precifely in the ara in which the promifed deliverer, the Lord of Peace, defcended upon earth, and took upon himself to be born as a man, to feal the first and original everJafting promife and covenant of falva tion." (p. 278, n.) In p. 223 Mr. K. obferves, that the Greeks had not a word in their language to exprefs an arch. A, ufed by Dion Caffius, is acknowledged by II. Stephens not neceffarily to convey fuch an idea; and the LXX ufe rotor, a bow for fhooting, to exprefs the rainbow. Is not this a proof that the LXX, tranflating under the Ptolemies, knew what was meant by the celestial arch or bow? Mr. K. excepts to the arches in the great Chinele wall, that they could not be, as pretended, 2000 years old; and we know Antiquity is carried to an extravagant pitch in China. The Babylonian bricks, of which fee our Review, p. 41, have not escaped Mr. K's notice, with inferiptions remaining impreffed upon them in characters greatly refembling thofe on the remains of Perfepolis, and that fome have alfo the figure of a lion imprefied. He thinks it molt probable that the very reafon why the fame characters appear in the ruins of Perfepolis that are found on the bricks brought from the ruins of Babylon is because the characters ufed by the molt antient Babylonians continued actually in ufe till the time of Darius Hyftafpes, who, there is every reafon to believe, built Pertèpolis. Thefe characters have a ftrange affinity to the Chinefe, inafmuch as each one feems to fignify an whole word. They were probably fuch as form the moft original kind of wri ting in the world, and, confiftently with the idea of each character denominating a word, we may perhaps venture even to conclude that hieroglyphicks, inftead of being prior to this kind of writing, antient as they are, were only a more refined improve ment of it, for the ufe of the learned, and for the purpose of declaiming, in a more folemn manner, the more recondite myfteries." (p. 249, n.) We cannot fubfcribe to Mr. K's opinion, p. 267, n. that the filver shrines of Demetrius, va afuge, were filver medals, with reprefentations of the thrine. The term Na is as diftinct, fimple, and explicit, as language can be; and we do not recollect medals being diftributed or fold for commemora tion in antient as in modern times. * friepolts was fira defcribed by Geofrey Ducket, a fervant of the Ruban Com, pany, about 1574, in Harris and Hakluyt's Collections; 2. Sir Thomas Herbert, about 1627; 3 by Man eflo, about 1638; 4. by Suys, 1672; 5. Sir John Chardin, 1674; 6. Le B uyn. A very imperfect account of thefe ruins is given by Thevent and Tavernier. Mr. K. (p. 261) imagines he fees, in the figures on the rock at Nchs Ruttern, of two great perfonages on horfeback, holding firmly together by a great ring in their hands, the circumitance of the two competitors for the crown warting to discover whose borje should neigh first after the rifing of the fun (by means of which event in his favour Darius obtained the throne), rather than any combat, or fuppofed conteft merely of ftrength." + Mr. K. forbears to anticipate Mr. Reveley's correct drawings of the antient buildings there, expecting they would be published some time or other. Our readers will recollect the account (LXXI. 419) of the total difperfion of this collection by public auction. The The volume concludes with fhort accounts of the Roman walls, and of the appearance and drefs of Roman foldiers; and the general reflections on the whole are fummed up with a pions, grateful, and patriotic apoftrophe. "How much lefs in reality than an American governor of colonies does the Roman vicar of Britain appear iu comparison of a King of Great Britain, in thefe later ages of civilization, ruling over a great, rich, and powerful people, fending fleets and armies to all the regions of the world, and enjoying, by the unmerited blefling of Almighty God, together with the light of the Gospel, more fubftantial conveniences, comforts, and advantages of life, and more fruits of feience, than the whole either of Conftamine's or Jalian's empire poffefled! And how ought this reflection to fill each British heart with unfeigned thankfuluefs towards that Almighty Being, who, having caufed this ifland fo carly to receive the light of the Gospel, and alfo fo foon to reCover from the corruptions with which that light had becoine for a time obfeured, has allo permitted it fo long and fo late to enjoy all its concomitant bleffings! How careful, and how diligent alfo, ought every confiderate mind to be fill to preferve them !" (p. 282.) Here we clofe this long review of the two first parts of this elaborate and inftructive work with all due refpect for the learning and inveftigation of their author, however we may prefume to demur to the corrufcations of his lively and fervid imagination; and we leave him to compare the heaven-defended- trories of the Benares bramins with thofe of the Italian monks (p. 267), and with our beft bow to him for his frequent reference to fuch information as our old friend Urban's Mizellany afforded. Figures of Mofic Pavements difcovered at Horkstow, in Lincolnshire. "THE plates of Mofaic pavements difcovered at Horkflow, here offered to the publick, are the beginning of a work in which it is propofed to exhibit figures of the meft remarkable Roman antiquities difcovered in Great Britain, under the title of Reliquiae Romance, to be published in feparate parts, four of which will make a volume. With the fourth part will be given a general title-page and table of contents. The fecond part, which is in a fiate of great forwardness, will confift of 14 plates, reprefenting the remains of temples, inferiptions, and other Roman an'iquities difcovered at Bath. The third part will contain 10 plates refpecting feveral Mofaic pavements difcovered near Frampton, in Dorfetfhire, coloured after the originals. Of a work of this kind it is impoffible to afcertain the extent, as it niuft, in a great meafure, depend on future difcoveries. The antiquities which have not hitherto been engraved will be given firft, but is alfo' intended to introduce the moft curious of thofe which have been published before. SAMUEL LYSONS." Mr. L's firft attempt on this magnificent fcale, “An Account of fome Roman Antiquities difcovered at Woodeltefter, in the County of Gloucelier,” was noticed in our vol. LXVII. p. 1033; and the expectation of the publick has been awakened for the prefent continuation of his defign. Horkflow hall, the feat of Admiral Shirley, is on the South fide of the Humber, within, 4 miles of the great Roman road, called High-fireet, or Old-fireet, leading from Lincoln to the Humber. Several Mofaic pavements and other Roman anti-' quities have been found at Winterton and Roxby, each about 4 miles from this houfe; confiderable Roman remains at Broughton, 8 miles from it, and at Hibaldfiow, 4 miles farther. One of thefe laft-mentioned places is fuppofed by Horley to have been the Roman fiation PRATORIUM in Anto ine's firft itinerary. The pavements here given were found, 1796, in a clofe adjoining the admiral's garden, at the depth of 3 feet below the furface; and Roman coins had been found, feveral years before, near the pot. The larger pavement coufifted of three compartments, reprefented in plates III. IV. and V. In the Weltern a fmall central circle exhibits Orpheus with his lyre, furrounded by beafis; and in eight compartments, difpofed as rays from it, birds and beafts: thefe compofed a greater circle, inferted in a fquare, in the four fpsndrils or angles of which were a large buft between two red craffes. The central compartment confified of another circle in fquare (the centre deliroyed), fupported a * May not the refidence of the commander in chief have given name to that ftation? and may not this pavement have decorated his villa? EDIT, by |