times two, and fometimes three Accents; as for Inftance, in A'r-bi-tra-tor, Be"-ne-fa'c-tor, Co'm-men-ta'tor, Mu'l-ti-pli-ca'-ti-on, Tra'n-fub.ftánti-a'-tion. Note, Likewife the double Accent, marked thus (”) is used to denote, that a certain Letter, in many Syllables, tho' wrote but once, is founded, as if it were double, or wrote twice; as in the Words, a"-ni-mal, e"le-ment, i"mitate, o"-ra cle, &c. And unless a Reader or Speaker be very careful in this Particular, his Expreffion or Delivery, will prove, not only vicious, but harth and disagreeable, to those who liften to his Discourse. And as the Bufinefs of accenting aright is thus requifite in Profe; it is much more fo in Poetry. It is in this, indeed, that their specific Difference principally confifts in the English ongue: for an English Verfe, for the moft Part, is nothing more then a Line of ten feet, each confifting of a fhort and a long Syllable alternately throughout, as in the following Diflich; Immideft Words admit of no Defence; For Want of Déc ncy is Want of Senfe. This Difti &tion, indeed, of fhort and long Syllables in Latin Poetry, is called Quantity; but in English Poetry it is nothing more than what we call Accent in Profe. Here, however, it is to be observed, that there is a Kind of Harmony of Notes and Sounds in Profe as well as Verfe, which depends on the Quantity of Expreffion, as to long and short, loud and low, grave and acute; in much the fame Manner as there is in Mufic itself, which is nothing but a juft Modulation of Sounds, abstracted from verbal. And it must be allowed, that a Notion of the Ground of Harmony, and a Musical Ear, are, in a great Measure, necefiary to enable him that either reads or speaks, to deliver himself with Propriery and a good Grace In the Art of Reading and Speaking juftly, there is another Article of great Importance to be well obferved; namely, that, which Grammarians ufually call EMPHASIS; that is to fay, the Pronunciation of some particular Words with a peculiar Energy, and Strength of Expreffion; for according as this Emphasis is placed on the feveral Words which compofe it, the Senie may be capable of quite different Significations. And from what we have here advanced, we may observe, how highly requifite it is to avoid, with the utmoft Precaution, that vicious Manner of Delivery or Utterance, commonly called a MONOTONY; that is to fay, fuch an even and invariable Tone of the Voice, which neither rifes, nor falls; and confequently wherein no fuch Thing as Accent, Quantity, or Emphafis can poffibly be; by which difagreeable Manner of Pronunciation, fcarce any Senfe can be made of what fuch a miserable Orator either Reads or Speaks. In a Word, without a proper Accent and Emphafis, the Diction is lifeless, unaffecting, and infipid: and nothing can poffibly be more irkfome to a judicious Ear. Moreover, there is no Poflibility of any Perfon's Reading juftly, or Speaking with Propriety, unless he be a perfect Master of the Subject on which he prefumes to harangue; for if the full Force and true Sense of each Word and Sentence, be not thoroughly understood; it cannot of Course be expreffed with a roperEmphasis and Accent. And, in a Word, to defcant upon any Topic, without having a competent Knowledge of it, is Presumption to the laft Degree, if not Folly in the Abftract. 扶 A COMPLETE ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Note, To diftinguish the quality, or part of Speech, to which each word belongs, the reader is dem fred to obferve the marks following, namely, [A.] denotes adjective; [S.] fuftantive; [V.] verb; [P.particle; [P.N.] proper names of men, women, kingdoms, countries, provinces, cities, or market-towns. The mark ['] fignifies the ftress of the pronunciation. A, A A IS the first letter of the alphabet of the English, and almost all other known languages in the world. In the English it has three different sounds; 1. broad, as in all, tall, wall; 2. open, as in father, rather, gat; 3. flender, or close, as in chace, face, race. A, is fometimes a noun; as in this, the first letter of the alphabet is great A. A, when fet before nouns of the fingular number, is an article, as a man, a horfe. A is fometimes redundant, as arife, awake, for rife, wake. In Abbreviations A ftands for artium, as A. M. mafter of arts, alfo for anno mund, the year of the world; A. D. for anno domini, the year of our Lord. A, among the old Romans, was a numeral, and food for soo, and with a dash over it thas Afor 5000. Among Phyficians, 4 or a a denote asa, or an equal weight or quantity of feveral ingredients. AARON [P. N.] the fon of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe of Levi, the first highpriest of the Jews; in whofe line the highpriesthood continued through all fubfequent generations. He was born in the year of the world 2430, a year before the edit of Phatash for drowning all their male children as foon as born; he was therefore three years older than his brother Mofes. The word, in the original Hebrew, fignifies fometimes a mountain, allo a teacher or inftructor, likewife In ark, ot køly repofitary, A B AB [S.] the eleventh month of the Jewith civil year, and the fifth of their ecciefiaftical; anfwering to the moon of July, and has 30 days. On the first day of this month the Jews faft in memory of Aaron's death; and on the minth, because on that day the temple wan burnt by the Chaideans, and long afterwards by the Romans. They believe, that on this day, the perfons fent by Mofes to view the land of Canaan returned, and by their feditious fpeeches excited the people to rebellion. On this day they likewife faft in memory of the emperor Adrian's edict, which enjoi ed them, to leave Judea, and forbid them to look back on Jerufalem, with an intent to lament its ruin. They faft alfo on the 18th, because in the time of Ahaz the lamp in the temple was that night extinguished. A'BACOT [S.] a coronet, or cap of state, made in form of a double crown, worn an ciently by the English kings. ABA'CTOR [S.] in the Civil Law, one who fteals or drives away cattle in droves. This crime was punished by condemnation to the mines, banishment, or even death itself. ABA'CTUS [S.] a term ufed by Phyfi cians, for a mifcariage effected by art. A'BACUS [S] in Architecture, the uppermost member of the capital or a column. Amongst the ancient Mathematicians, it was a tab e, ftrewed over with duft or fand, on which they drew their figures or fchemes. It alfo fignifies the Pythagoric, or multiplication. table, invented by Pythagoras, for the more eafy learning the principles of arithmetic. Among Muficians, it denotes the arrangement of the keys in a mutical inftrument; alfo a cupboard, or beaufet. next heir, who thereupon brings his writ of Intrufion. ABB [S.] antong Clothiers, is the yarn on a weavers warp. ABBA [S.] a Syrian word, literally figni A'BADIR [S.] the ftone which Saturn isfying father. fabled to have fwallowed, believing it to be his infant for Jupiter. ABAFT [P.] is that part of the ship which is towards the fern; the fame as aft. ABALIENATION [S.] in the Roman Law, a giving up one's right, or making over an eftate, &c. See Alienation. ABBACY [S.] the rights or privileges of an abbot. A'BBESS [S.] the fuperior of a nunnery. She enjoys the fame privileges, and has the fame authority over the nuns, that the abbots have over their monks, their spiritual functions only excepted. ABANDON [V.] to for fake, cáft off, di- ABBEY, or A'BBY [S.] a monaftery of vorce, difinherit; alfo to give one's felf whol-religious perfons, male or female. At the ly up to fome darling paffion, or vicious diffolution of the abbeys in England, under K. courfe of life. Henry VIII, no lefs than 190 were diffolved, of between 200l. and 35,000l.yearly revenue, which, at a medium, amounted to 2,838,000l. per annum; an immenfe fum in those days! A'BBEY-LU'BBER [S.] one, who under a pretence of retirement, is a flothful loiterer in a religious house. ABAPTISTON, or ANABAPTISTON [S.] a name given by ancient phyficians, to the inftrument now called a Trepan. ABARIM [P. N.] mountains beyond Jordan, reaching a great way into the tribe of Reuben, and the country of the Moabites, on both fides the river Arnon. ABARTICULA'TION [S.] in Anatomy, is that natural and curious articulation of the bones, by joints, whereby they readily and eafily perform their feveral functions, by a due motion of the whole fyftem, or its particular parts; as in the hand, or any other limb. ABA'SE [V.] to humble, cringe, or fubject one's felf to another. At Sea, it fignifies to lower, take in, or haul down the flag, in token of fubmilion to an enemy. ABA'SED [A.] in Heraldry, a term used of the vol or wings of eagles, c. when the tip or angle of the wing looks downwards; or when the wings are fhut; the natural way of bearing them being spread, with the top pointing to the chief of the angle. A chevron, pale, bend, Sc. are alfo faid to be abafel, when their points terminate in or below the center of the shield. Laftly, an abafed ordinary is one placed below the due fituation. ABA'SH [V.] to make ashamed. ABATE [V.] to leffen or diminish, deje& or deprefs; to lower the price in felling. In Common Law, to abate a writ, is, by fome exception, to defeat or overthrow it. ABATEMENT [S.] in general, fignifies the leffening or diminishing fomething. In Heraldry, it is fomething added to a coat of arms, in order to leffen its true dignity, and point out fome defect or ftain in the character of the perfon who bears it. In Law, it is the rejecting a fuit, for fome fault difcovered, either in the matter or procefs, upon which a plea in abatement is grounded, and if the exception to the writ or declaration is proved, the plaint abates or ccafes and the procefs muit begin anew. Among Traders, it is the fame as rebate, or difcount. ABATOR [S.] one who intrudes into Toufes or lands-that are vid by the death of shlate poffeffor, not yet eutered upon by his ABBOT [S.] the governor or fuperior of a monaftery of Monks; diftinguished into Abbots mitred, and not mitred, crofiered, and not cr fiered, oecumenical, and cardinal. Mitred A'BBOTS, were thofe who were privileg'd to wear a mitre, and among us were called Abbots Sovereign, and were lords of parliament; they were twenty-feven in number, befides two mitred priors. The not mitred ones continued fubject to their diocesan bishops. Crefiered A'BBOTS, were thofe intitled to carry a crofier, or paftoral staff. O Ecumenical A'BBOTS, are the fame as univerfal ones, a title affumed among the Greeks, in imitation of the patriarch of Conftantinople; and followed by the Latias, fome of whom have ftiled themfelves Abbas Abbatum, or the Abbot of Abbots; and others affumed the title of Cardinal Abbots. ABBOT (GEORGE) [P. N.] archbishop of Canterbury. He was born October 29, 1562, at Guildford in Surry. His mother, when pregnant with him, in a dream fanfied fhe was told, that if he could eat a jack, or pike, the child fhe went with would prove a fon, and rife to great preferment. Shortly after, as fhe was taking a pail of water out of the river Wey, which ran by their house, the accidentally caught a jack, which gave her an odd opportunity of fulfilling her dream. When George was grown up, he was fent to a grammar-fchool, and from thence removed to Baliol-College in Oxford,where he made a very fwift progrefs through the feveral degrees of the Univerfity, and in 1597 was made master of Baliol-College; and the next year was inftailed dean of Windfor. In 16c0, he was vicechancellor of the University of Oxford, and twice afterwards. Dr. Abbet was the fccondof eight learned divines in the university, to whom K. James committed the care of trans he continued the exercise of, notwithstanding bishop Laud did all in his power to leffen him with the king, till his death, which hap pen'd the 4th of Auguft, 1633, at the age of 71. A'BBOTS BROMLEY, [P. N.] a town in Staffordshire; the fairs held there are on Thursday before Midlent Sunday, May 22, and Auguft 24, for horfes and horned cattle. Diftance from London 128 miles. A'BBOTSBURY [P. N.] a fmall market town in Dorfetthire, 129 miles from London: its fair is July 10, for fheep and toys, and the market on Thursday. A'BBY-HOLM, [P. N.] in Cumberland; the fair is Oct. 29, for horfes and horned cattle; the market on Saturday. Distance from London 295 miles. lating the whole new teftamant, except the epistles, in that verfion we now have of the bible. He was afterwards chaplain to the earl of Dunbar,one of king James's greateft favourites, and with him went into Scotland, with a defign to establish an union between the churches of the two kingdoms, wherein he behaved with fo much prudence and moderation as gained him a very high character, and was the firft ftep to his future preferment. The king alwaysconfulted him in cafes of the greateft difficulty, and had him in fo high eteem, that on the death of Dr. Overton, bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, in 1609, he appointed dean Abbot for his fucceffor; and before he had been in that fee a month, he was tranflated to London; and in 1610 was promoted to the archiepifcopal fee of Canterbury, vacant by the death of Dr Bancroft. In this high ftation he behaved with great prudence, fteadiness, and moderation, and in the the year 1618, when the king's declaration for fports and paftimes of a funday was pubfifhed, and ordered to be read in every church, the archbishop, who was then at Croydon, had the courage to forbid its being read, which however the king winked at. The archbifhop declining in his health, to recreate himfelf, ufed in the fummer-time, to make a tour into Hampshire, and being invited by the lord Zouch to hunt in his park, he let Ay a barbed arrow, from a cross-bow, at a deer, which unfortunately ftruck Peter Haw-ing; likewife a compendium, or abridgment. A'BBY-MILTON [P. N.] a town in Dorfetfhire; has a fair on Tuesday after July 25; from London 92 computed, or 124 measured miles. ABBREVIATE [V.] to abftra&t from, fhorten, or reduce to a lefs compafs. ABBREVIATION [S.] a contraction or abridgment of a word or passa e, by omitting fome of the letters, and by fubftituting other marks or characters in their room, as C for centum, 100; M for mille, 1000; wt. for weight; 1. s. d. for pounds, fhillings, and pence. ABBREVIATURE [S.] the fame with Abbreviation; alfo, a mark made for fhorten ABBREUVOIR [S.] in French, a watering-place; in Mafonry, it is that space between ftones, called the joint, ufually filled up with mortar. ABCEDA'RIAN, or ABECEDARIAN [S.] a teacher or learner of the firft rudiments of Reading, commonly called the A, B,C, or al ABCE/DARY [S.] poetical compofitions, whofe parts are difpofed in the order of the letters of the alphabet; of this kind is the cxviii. Pfalm, the Lamentations of Jeremiah, c. A'BDEST [S.] among Mahometans, fignifies a washing, pra&tifed both by Turks and Perfians, before prayer, entering the mofque, or reading the Alcoran. kins, the keeper, in the arm, and piercing ABDICATE [V.] to give up a right; re fign. ABDICATION [S.] the aft of a magiftrare, who voluntarily quits,or divets himfelf of an office, a d differs f om refignation, which is done in favour of fome other perfon. Among Civilians, it is used for a father's difcarding his fon. Among the Romans it fignified a citizen's renouncing his liberty, and voluntarily becoming a flave. ABDOMEN [S.] the lower venter, or belly. It contains the ftomach, guts, liver, fpleen, bladder; and is lined, on the infide, with a strong, but foft membrane, called the B 2 Feri peritonium, which furrounds and contains all the bowels. A'BDON [P. N.] the fon of Hillel, the tenth judge of Ifrael,' whom he judged eight years; he left 40 fons, and 30 grandfons, who rode on 70 affes. It was likewife the name of feveral others mentioned in the Bible; as alfo of a city belonging to the tribe of Afhur, and given to the Levites of Gershon's family. ABDUCTION [S.] in Logic, is a certain form of argumentation, wherein, from a certain and uncontefted propofition, is deduced the truth of fomething fuppofed to be contained in that propofition, as in this fyllogifm: Whatever God has revealed is certain.y true: Now God has revealed the myfteries of the Incarnation and Trinity: Therefore thefe myfteries are certainly true. Here it is neceffary to prove the minor, or laft propofition, obecontained in the first, or ma jor, otherwife the argument is not maintainable. ABDUCENT,or ABDUCTOR [S]the name of certain muscles that ferye to withdraw, open, or pull back the parts to which they are fixed. AB'EDNEGO [P. N.] the Chaldee name given by Nebuchadnezzar's Officer to Azariah, Daniel's Companion. This name imports the fervant of Nago, or Nego, which fignifies the fun,o mo ring ftar,so called from its brightness. He was one of the three who were thrown into a fiery furnace, for retufing to adore the image fet up by that king; but were miraculously preferved unhurt in the midst of the fire. A'BEL [P. N.] the fecond fon of Adam, was bor in the fecond year of the world. The account given of him by Mofes is very fhort, by which we only learn, that he was a religious perfon, and that his facrifice was more acceptable to God than that of his brother Cain, who was fo enraged thereat, that, in a fit of envy and revenge, he flew him. Tho' Mofes makes no mention o Abel's pofterity, there are fome who explain what is faid of Abel's blood crying unto God from the ground, as meant of the pofterity of this righteous perfon: But others are of opinion,that he always continued in a ftate of cel bacy. This conjecture gave rife to a fet of heretics, in Africa, called A'BFLITES, or ABE'LONITES [PN] who condemned marriages, not that they thought this ftate of life in itself blameable, for they themselves were married, but they condemned the ufe of wedlock, and abita.ned from that converfation with their wives which nature demands. They faid, they would not be the inftruments of bringing unhappy creatures into the world, to be polluted with original fin. However, that this fe&t might not perifh, they adopted the fons and daughters of their neighbours, and made them heirs to their fortunes, on condition that they would belong to their fociety, and marry upon the fame terms they did themfelves. This feat arofe in the reign of the emperor Arcadius, and ended in that of Theodofius the younger. A'BEL [P. N.] a town of Syria, fituated to the north of Damafcus. Sheba,after Abfalom's defeat, fled thither, with a defign to continue the revolt; but being befieged by Joab, a wife woman, to preferve the place, caufed his head to be thrown over the wall. ABEL THE GREAT [S.] a large ftone in the field of one Joshua, a Beth.ehemite, on which the ark was placed when it was fent back by the Philiftines. It took its name from its fignification, which is Greas Mourning, on account of the vast number of Bethlehemites deftroyed on this occafion. See 1 Sam. vi. 18, Sc. ABEL SHITTIM [P. N.] a City fituated in the plains of Moab, beyond Jordan, oppofite o Jericho. Here the lfraelites fell into idolatry, and worshipped Baal-Peor; for which they were feverely punished by the hands of the Levites. A'BER [S.] an old British word, fignifying the fall of a jeffer water into a great, as of a brook into a river, and a river into the sea; alfo the mouth of a river, from whence feveral rivers, and towns built at or near their mouth, derive their names, as Aberconway, Aberdeen, Abergavenny, &c. ABERA'VON [P. N.] an ancient borough town in Gamo ganfhire; 150 computed, and 193 measured miles from London. ABERCO'NWAY [P.N.] a town in Carnarvonshire; its fairs are April 6, Sept. 4, Oa. 28. Nov. 8, for cattle; a market on Friday: diftant rom Lindon 229 miles. ABERFORD, or ABERFO'RTH [P.N.] a fmall town in the Weft Riding of Yorkshire, noted for pin-making; its fairs are the laft Wednesday in April, ditto in May, ditto in October, Wednesday after St. Luke, and October 18, for horfes, horned cattle, and theep; its market every Wednesday; 139 computed, and 210 measured miles from London. ABERGAVE'NNY [P.N.] a large, papuicus town in Merionethshire, noted for flannels. Its fairs are May 14, for lean cattle and fheep; firft Tuesday after Trinity for linen and wcolien cloth; Sept. 14, for hogs, horfes, and fannels; diftant from London 111 computed, and 142 measured miles. A'BERIST [P.N.] a town in Cardiganfhire, has a great market weekly on Monday: distant from London 199 miles. ABERWI'NGREGIN [P.N.] a town in Carnarvonshire; its fairs are Aug. 18, O&. 25, and Nov. 21, for cattle, dift. 250. ABERRATION [S.]the a& of deviating from the common track. In Optics, a deviation of the rays of light,when reflected, whereby they are prevented from meeting in the fame point. ABE'STA[S.Jamong the ancient Perfians, one |