CONTENTS. No. 20. MEMORABILIA:-343. NOTES: Letters from California by Vincent Neale, 345 The King's Ships, 348 - The Lion Passant, 351 Temple Church Panelling in Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle-Changing London, 352. QUERIES:-John Hill Burton, the Historian of Scotland-Fleur-de-lis-Rotch Family-Fortunes two hundred years ago, 352 - Iron Shoes for Oxen-Ash Sprays a Sign of Mourning-GuineaPig-The Serpentine, Hyde Park Victorian Writer at Stokenchurch" Tandem" Heiress Duke of Albermarle-Earl of Lincoln-MesnilHallam's (The Historian) Famous Riddle Source of Quotation Wanted, 353. REPLIES:-John Stuart, Third Earl of Bute Proverbs and Phrases of the Dairy, 354 Verandahs - Arquebusade Water - Anthony Askew-Edward Gattey of Exeter-Storks in Alsace- Surname America, 355-London Sewers -The Notorious Pirate Fall-Walking Sticks Slavery Under the Roman Empire, 356 Dog Whipper-" Lairstorm "-The Unknown Church -Fetter Lane: Origin of Name, 357-Boys' Eton Jackets River Water used for Drinking Thomas Lewin, Barrister-Charles Montague Pocock at Waterloo-A Noon-day Gun-Heraldic Stained Glass. 358-Hearth Tax: Window Tax— Wesley's "Famous Mr. F;" "Portman teau and Pseudo "Portmanteau" Words Heraldic Botany Budgeon, 359. THE LIBRARY:-360. NOTES & QUERIES. NOTES AND QUERIES is published Friday, at 20, High Street, High Wycombe, Bucks (Telephone: Wycombe 306). Subscriptions (£2 2s. a year, U.S.A. $10.23, including postage, two half-yearly indexes and two cloth binding cases, or £1 15s. 4d. a year, U.S.A. $8.61 without binding cases) should be sent to the Manager. The London Office is at 14, Burleigh Street, W.C.2 (Telephone: Temple Bar where the current issue is on sale. Orders for back numbers, indexes and bound volumes should be sent either to London or to Wycombe; letters for the Editor to the London Office. as a RATHER unexpectedly the Vatican seems to have declared against the proposal for a fixed Easter, which the League of Nations, supported by practically all its constituents, has been advocating matter of convenience. Changes in the Calendar are notoriously difficult to carry out, and the difficulty is shown once more by the reason given by the Vatican for its attitude. Certain "oriental countries " have recently adopted the Gregorian Calendar and would not easily change again, so that unity would not be achieved. Therefore it is suggested that the scheme should be postponed 1 indefinitely, or until these oriental countries decide to lead the way. of Kilgreany near Dungarvan IN the cave of Kilgreany near Dungarvan stalagmite was recently discovered by members of the British Spelaeological Society. The importance of this discovery, according to Prof. R. A. S. Macalister in The Antiquaries Journal for this quarter, opens a new chapter in Irish archaeology, as the skeleton is the first piece of evidence of palaeolithic man in Ireland which has yet come to light. Protestants in the Archbishoprick of Saltzburg with their reception in several Imperial Cities in Germany together with their Confession of Faith taken from authentic papers,' published 1732; and 'A Further Account of the Sufferings of Persecuted Protestants...,' published 1733. If any of our readers can help, they should write to the Secretary, S.P.C.K. House, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2. AT last there seems a probability that the Drennan letters, which throw light on a critical period of Irish history-1775-1819will see the light. The letters belong to Dr. Drennan's grand-daughter, who is willing to publish them. They are of great interest politically, and throw much light on the social life of the period, both in Dublin and Belfast. Among those with whom Drennan was familiar were Grattan, Castlereagh, Edward Fitzgerald, Robert Emmet and Napper Tandy. Publication has been undertaken by Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (Murray Street, Belfast) provided that sufficient number of subscribers come forward. In view of the obvious importance of the letters and the lowness of the price (7s. 3d. post free) the proviso should not be fatal. Those interested should write to the Deputy Keeper at the above address. IN St. Paul's Review for this quarter there Whittington and his Cat-a subject which has often appeared in these columns. is a very readable article on Richard The author, Mrs. Duncan-Jones, wife of the new Dean of Chichester, separates legend from fact in a scholarly way, and comes to the conclusion that there is plenty of evidence for a connexion between Whittington and a cat, but whether the cat was the foundation of his fortunes must be taken as not proven. The discovery in the Whittington house in Gloucester of a carved stone showing a boy carrying a cat is interesting but proves little A FEW months ago the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge published from their archives 'The Pitcairn ✓ Register Book,' which gave the first history from within of that almost mythical island. This was the first of a series, and the next is to relate to the archives of Georgia. No copy-outside the British Museum-is known to exist of two books published by the Society in the eighteenth century. They are 'An Account of the. Sufferings of the Persecuted | except that the tradition was early in origin. 1 A T the last scientific meeting of the solid blocks of oak, one or two of the original AT zogical Societajomstier Flower casement windows, iron-studded oak doors, exhibited the mounted skin of a little original roof timbers, and oak panelling. It mammal, not a native of this country, but which seems to have established itself in the last 20 years in the beech woods near Tring, from Aldbury to Wigginton, in Hertfordshire, to Drayton Beauchamp and Aston Clinton, in Buckinghamshire. The animal is a large ally of the common dormouse, its scientific name being Glis glis and its was recently sold to a firm of antique dealers who purposed removing it bodily to America, but Mr. Sumner has entered into a contract to purchase it. A sum of £1,500 will be required for this purpose and to effect some necessary repairs. popular name the "Seven Sleeper" or "Fat Two Hundred Years Ago. Dormouse." Both names are appropriate, because it gets excessively fat during the From the Weekly Journal: or, the Britishsummer, having been esteemed as a delicacy Gazetteer. Saturday, November 15, 1729. by the Romans, and its period of hibernation lasts from six to seven months. Its native locality is from France, Spain, and Germany eastwards to Asia Minor. How the animal came to England is not known. The specimen exhibited by Major Flower was captured in a building at Hastoe, near Tring, but died within 24 hours. It was then given to Mr. Hollis, curator of the Buckinghamshire County Museum, who recognized its interest and had it mounted. AT Leipzig last week £3,500 was paid for a Rembrandt engraving. Two prints of the 'Three Crosses' had reached the auctioneers, one a third state in which all details of the scene were clearly shown and a fourth state so dark that at one time it was thought that Rembrandt had used a new plate for it. The third state, after a dealer had bid with success against the Rembrandt collector M. de Bruyn, was knocked down to an unknown bidder. The fourth state went to the Fine Arts Society of London at £1,150. BOOKS of travel and early exploration seem to have a special attraction for the present generation, and publishers vie with one another in supplying the demand. Another sign is the big prices paid for first editions and rarities in this field. At Hodgson's in Chancery Lane last week, for example, Quaritch paid £235 for a set of the Hakluyt Society's publications. THE Rev. G. V. Sumner, rector of Combe Raleigh, Honiton, Devon, writes appealing to all lovers of Devon (Americans included) to save for the church and country the chantry at Combe Raleigh, founded in 1463. The building stands practically as it was built and contains an oak moulded and painted ceiling considered to be one of the finest in Devon; a curious spiral staircase of and so on--and I derive pleasure from seeing Literary and Historical the slips, piers and wharves at Hoboken, There must be something radically wrong in the German blood: I might think that the most recent violation of all laws of nations and of humanity were caused by a fit of Berserker rage, and were akin to the running amok of the Malays and other Orientals, were it not for the fact that they did just as outrageous acts last August and September when they were in full tide of success: now, however loud they may whistle to keep up the courage of their people, the leaders must know that they cannot ultimately prevail, and the world at large knows that it is a case of humanity and the world against Germany. Military Germany must be exterminated root and branch. Our President's note on the Lusitania was as strong as any of us could expect: we all wish that Roosevelt had been at the helm, the Lusitania and the other ships would not have been sunk nor would a deaf ear have been turned to the Belgian delegation last August. I fear there is only one Roosevelt. Lizzie will write you of our change of life, from San Rafael to the City. So far we have been to the Exhibition very little, but the weather has not been propitious: not once a week, but it is a delightful place. The chief advance made over former fairs is in the color scheme of the buildings, the wonderful masses of flowers and shrubs, the electric lighting, the moving pictures and the relief maps. I wonder if you know where Dalny is; I did not, but a large relief map shows its harbor, its roadstuff, its double town and the mountain range behind. I doubt if there are many residents of New York who know precisely the boundaries of the various boroughs that go to make up Greater New York; there it is all before you, the bays, arms of the sea, river and railroad lines, boundaries of Brooklyn, Manhattan, Neroash, Hoboken, Jersey City, Haslam, Bronx which I know are built and crowded by the German trans-Atlantic fleet that dares not put to sea. The movies bring before you all parts of the world, all processes of manufacture. Argentina shews the street life of Buenos Aires, and we note at once that the school children are taught to walk, and that when leaving school they march in orderly fashion thro' the streets. In the Canadian Pacific R.Rd. building you see the views of the country taken from the cow-catcher of an engine, the cities, the whole process of lumbering, of mining, and of packing salmon. Massachusetts shows in the same way the making of a boot. The Southern Pacific Ry. Building shews thro' photo-book all its manufactures and industries. When I was last in their theatre with Liz the subject was "the fiestas of California," and the pictures and lectures did credit to the subject. The American Telephone Company shew you the building of their line across the Continent, connect you with New York, 3,600 miles off, where the operator reads the principal items of the N.Y. evening papers. They shew you a miningman talking from San Diego to his partner in a New York hotel: the call, the message carrying across the Continent, the 3 stages where it is handled: the assistant in the Central N.Y. office, the assistant at the hotel, the sending for and arrival of the partner, and then in alternate pictures the two talking together. All very very wonderful and interesting. All these movies are free. look through the lens of a microscope in the dark, the electric light being turned off as soon as your eye is in place, then your light is derived from the radium itself. What I saw was a sea in motion, waves breaking softly round a black rock, everything in motion, everything in flood and changing, a world in parts. The Ford Automobile Company assemble their cars daily in the Palace of Transporta tion. I believe it takes one minute to put the whole thing together and start off under its own power. I haven't so far seen them at this, so may be mistaken about the time: their cars are all sold before they are run out. The Canadian building is conceded to be the finest in the show. I mean the contents; the Japanese have more exhibits all through the Palace than any foreign nation and like other nations have numerous relief maps: so far as these are concerned the "Netherland East Indies" have remarkable maps of Java that shew the wonderful development of this island under Dutch rule. We have had unusually late rains as a rule April sees the last of them, this year May has been a wet month: the roses have been greatly knocked about, the strawberry crop hurt, also in some parts the cherries, but I don't think the latter crop can be fcrward enough to do much harm. Our next great crop to mature is that of apricots, after that figs, early peaches, plums and prunes. At the lecture on California above referred to it was stated that 42% of the prunes of the whole world came from one country, Sante Clara. At the same lecture it was stated that 35% of the world's raisins came from Fresno county. I find it hard to credit either of these statistics. Nevertheless the enormous valley of Sante Clara is white just now with fruit blossoms, mostly prunes, but also apricots. Prunes are sold in a curious way by the lb. of 80-that is to say the price is fixed for 80. To-day we will assume the price is 5 cents, for every 10 additional over 80 they took off cent, for every 10 less they add a cent. Thus a lb of prunes of 120 in number would bring 3 cents, a lb. of 40 would bring 7 cents. We saw a good deal of prune drying last year when we were in the valley, or rather in 1913. Prunes are never picked from the trees: they drop, sometimes on to sheets, usually on to the bare earth, whence they are picked up (children's labor) and placed in shallow trays and left among the rows: the trays are turned over periodically by the simple process of placing an empty tray above a full one and turning: then the sun gets to both sides of the fruit. After the orchard is all picked the final drying begins. You can understand that the orchard trees give considerable shade, so that at first the trays in place last get the full heat of the sun's rays. The final drying ground is laid out with the greatest ease; a large tent area, sloping to the south, is ploughed and harrowed until it is perfectly free of weeds, stones, clods or inequalities. Then light rails are laid down all over the field on which the trucks carrying the trays are carried; these rails are light and can be readily moved from one rick to another; the trucks are pushed along the rail to their end, the trays being deposited right and left. There the fruit remains, being covered at night, until fully dried. I believe there are further processes after the prunes leave the drying ground, but have not seen them. Apricot drying is far simpler, they simply cut the fruit in half, throw out the stone, lay the halves in trays anywhere over the orchard and leave to sun cook. I am not sure they even turn the fruit, tho' I presume they do. Apricots are often kiln-dried, as also are apples and pears. Yours affectionately, VINCENT NEALE. May 20th. This evening's paper announces the beginning of the war Italy v. Austria. If the Italian soldiers are anything like the husky fellows who work so hard out here, and earn so much money by their brawn, they should be hard to beat. My dear Mary, VII. San Rafael Public Library, San Rafael, California. November 29th, 1915. was Your constant sending of papers to us is very much appreciated. Thursday Thanksgiving; we dined with Jack and his family and had a very pleasant evening, in fact I do not remember a more satisfactory one at their house. Liz and I had made up our minds to keep the holiday in the City and take in the fair, now alas so near its close; but when the day approached and they pressed us to come over we did not like to refuse, and I am glad we changed our programme. Turkey is always the pièce de résistance on that day; and the family got their's in an abnormal fashion-to wit in a turkey shoot at Bolinas. A turkey shoot is common to both countries and I did not quite know the details until this year. The entrepreneur provides a coop of birds, on this occasion 16; the shooters contribute .25 for the chance of getting a bird; the target is not very large nor placed at more than 150 yards, and the best shot gets the bird. the birds are of various sizes the first round counts the most as the winner gets his pick of the coop. Your brother in this instance was the successful one, tho' he had to shoot off a tie with one man. The paper target is preserved so we could all see the bullet marks. But tho' a successful shot, Jack was As |