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find in the Church Register of Bobbingworth : Thomas Bonham of Theydon Park, co. Essex, yeoman, widower, about 30, married to Anne Thorowgood of Bobbingworth, widow.

From Chancery Proceedings in the Record

Office (C.10. 408/31) I have discovered that

Anne Thorowgood was the widow of William Thorowgood, late of London, gent. The suit is dated 1711 and by that date Anne was already dead and her widowed husband is described as Thomas Bonham of Bubbingworth in the County of Essex, yeoman.”

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If he was aged about 30 in 1674, as the Bobbingworth register asserts, he must have been born about 1644, but a search for his baptism in the registers of the neighbourhood

has so far proved unsuccessful.

There was a yeoman branch of the Bonham family established at Thundersley, near Southend-on-Sea, at no great distance away, and he may have been descended from them; in the ordinary books of reference it is stated that the Registers of Thundersley date back to 1569, but an application to the vicar brings the reply that he can find no registers except

of quite recent date.

What has happened to the Thundersley Registers? And can anyone assist me to trace the origin of this Thomas Bonham, born about 1644?

GEORGE KIDSTON.

CUMBERWELL.-What is the meaning of

this word? There are in North Wiltshire two manors of the name, one near Bradfordon-Avon, and the other, mentioned in Domesday at Cumbrewelle, near Compton Bassett. I have on my property here an ancient well which is marked on an estate map of 1626 as Cuma Well, and mentioned in an estates survey of 1794 as Cummerwell.

In Lord Hylton's 'History of the Parish of Kilmersdon' in the neighbouring county of Somerset I find mention in a survey of the

manor of 1571 of a well called Kymerell Well. Is this perhaps derived from the same source as the above?

GEORGE KIDSTON.

THOMAS CROSS, SHORTHAND AUTHOR AND ENGRAVER (clvii. 220, 282). Confirmation of Cross's authorship of The Experienc'd Instructor' is found in a list of books printed for Tho. Howkins appended to the 1688 edition of Ratcliffe's 'New Art of Short and Swift Writing without Characters, of which I have a copy. The seventh edition of 'The Experienc'd Instructor' is there advertised as "by Tho. Cross Senior."

There seems to be considerable uncertainty as to the birth and death dates of the elder Cross. In the Biographie Universelle,' Paris, 1813, P. R. Auguis states that he was

born in 1624 and died in 1671, but no author

ity is given. A Thomas Crosse born on 10

May, 1614, was admitted to the Merchant Taylors' School in 1624. Frank Kidson ('British Music Publishers, Printers and Engravers,' 1900, p. 36) points out that a great number of half-sheet songs bear the names "Tho. Cross" or "T. Cross, junior," and adds: "It is naturally inferred that they are the production of two persons, father and son, and most writers so class them. I venture,

however, to differ from this general opinion, and to consider them but one, from the fact that Tho. Cross, junior, is invariably on the earliest music, and T. Cross, without the qualification, on the latest. I am inclined therefore to think that Cross, senior, if a music engraver, had nothing to do with the

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half sheet marked with the name. According to Mr. Kidson, the word junior is almost always present on the earliest works-those prior to 1708 or 1710, after which "T. Cross" or "Cross" stands alone. This, he suggests, points to the conclusion that Cross, senior, died about this time and the son then dropped the adjective.

Sir Sidney Colvin says that the earliest

dated work by Cross, senior, seems to be the portrait of the parliamentary general, the Earl of Manchester, prefixed to E. Calver's England's Posture' (1644); and the latest, which he signs as "T. Cross, senior," is a title-page to a translation of Grotius's 'Peace and Warre' (1682). The earliest record of Thomas Cross, junior, appears to be his signature engraved on Henry Purcell's 'Sonatas of III Parts,' published in 1683; the latest record of the name is his Cross, Sculpsit," on D. Wright's 'Minuets and Rigadoons' for the year 1732.

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It is to be hoped that some reader of 'N. and Q.' will be able to throw further light on the matter.

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TWO WO SISTERS WITH THE SAME CHRISTIAN NAME (clvii. 333). The following are a few instances, from Devon, of two brothers and of two sisters, living at the same time and bearing the same Christian

names:

1316, John Moriz complains of assault at Goldeworth (Parkham) against a large number of defendants, including Richard Roger and Richard his brother ('Cal. Pat. Rolls, p. 495).

1316, Case arising out of the death of John Russell, brother of John Russell (ib. p. 506). 1371, Richard de Merton, chivaler, deceased; infant co-heiresses, his daughters, Agnes and Agnes (Cal. Pat. Rolls, p. 127). 1401, ante, Two sisters of John Mules, named Margaret ('Cal. Pat. Rolls, p. 462). 1408, The will of Sir John Hulle names two

from 'Barnstaple Records, vol. ii. p. 242.) 1589, Humfrie Walronde, senior, and Humfrie W., junior, his brother (J. С. Tingey, ubi sup. fo. 491).

1609, Nicholas Dyer, heir of his brother Nicholas, deceased (ib. ff. 566-7).

1670, Will of John Tucker names his sisters, Mary the elder and Mary the younger (C. Worthy, 'Devon Wills, p. 195).

1796, Richard Boyce, aged about fifteen, and Richard B., aged about nine years, children of Edward B. (William Harding, 'Hist of Tiverton, vol. ii. p. 75).

M.

In reply to MR. ASKEW'S query I would say that I believe it would be easy to compile a list of two or three hundred instances found in wills and Heralds' visitations of the occur

sons, John (Devon and Cornwall Notes and rence of brothers living at the same time and

Queries, vol. xv. p. 256).

1485, Sir John Basset left sons, Thomas the elder and Thomas the younger ('Cal Inq. p.m. Henry VII, vol. i. pp. 21-2).

1540, John and John, the two sons of John Hayne, baptised at Barnstaple, June 21.

1542, circa, Johane and Johane, daughters and co-heiresses of Edward Mannynge, brasyer, Bovey Tracey (J. C. Tingey, MS. Cal. Deeds enrolled at Exeter Castle,' fo. 41, Latin).

1547, circa, Henry Grybbell has two sons, John, senr., and John, junr. ('Barnstaple Records,' printed in 1900, vol. i. pp. 157-8). 1548, John Frowde the elder and John Frowde the younger, his brother, of Kyngeston, Devon (J. C. Tingey, ubi sup. fo. 30). 1548, John and John, sons of Wylliam

Jenkins, baptised April 17 at Barnstaple.

1552, John and John, sons of John Wiatt, baptised July 18 at Barnstaple.

1559, John Warren, son and heir of Nicholas W., deceased, to John W., his younger brother (J. C. Tingey, ubi sup. fo. 150, Latin).

1560, John and John, sons of Philip Larymer, baptised May 3 at Barnstaple.

1560, Joan and Joan, daughters of John Dart, baptised May 1 at Barnstaple.

1566, Thomas Cryspin, senior, and Thomas Cryspin, junior, his brother (J. C. Tingey, ubi sup. fo. 237).

1566, John Hyngeston, junior, and John his brother (ib. ff. 241-2).

1584, Johan and Johan, daughters of William Yeowe, buried at Barnstaple on March 13. (The foregoing references to baptisms and a burial at Barnstaple are taken

having the same Christian name. The Whites of Hampshire were particularly prone to duplicate names the sixteenth century Bishop of Wichester and his brother, Lord Mayor of London, are mentioned in their father's will as "John my son the elder and John my son the younger" in another generation were two Stephen Whites, brothers, who were distinguished as Longus and Parvusand if I mistake not there was also a pair of Roberts.

There were also two brothers John Conant, distinguished as the elder and the younger in wills, and I have seen wills, though at the moment I cannot lay hands on copies, where an elder brother refers to a younger brother bearing his own name.

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It is not unusual in medieval times to find sisters and brothers of the same name, but

possibly the earlier ones died in infancy and a succeeding child was so named to keep the name alive. On the Philippa Carew Brass at Beddington (1414) several names are repeated, as also on the John Cutte Brass at Burnett (1575). After I had shown a slide of the former at a lecture a working man said that it reminded him of Harris the sausage king," who named and numbered all his sons John!

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The Library.

The Saburov Memoirs, or, Bismarck and Russia. Translated and edited by J. Y. Simpson.

THESE Memoirs, relating to diplomatic

The

activities between Bismarck and Russia from 1879 onwards, will serve among the best of their kind to exemplify the methods and recognized principles of international statecraft at a time very near our own in point of years, but, in the light of modern national movements, already appearing remote. balance to be kept between the Five Great Powers; the question of England's possible designs on the Straits; and the position of Austria between Russia and Germany are old stock themes of European politics which have utterly lost vitality. But they do not wear a more lifeless aspect than does the body of ideas upon which they were grafted. Chief member of this was the as yet unimpugned belief in the inevitability, the desirability even, of war-and war not as conditioned by the will of a nation but as a manoeuvre in the political contest for the best place on the part of ministers, who would draw this way or that at the bidding of personal irritation, and postpone a rapprochement between countries to the event of a prominent diplomatist's death. In one of his conversations with Saburov, Bismarck quoted an old opinion of his that "what the Russian nation needed were new victories to celebrate," and through the whole book runs that conception of nation as primarily a military entity which has now grown so antiquated.

a

The story told in the Memoirs is that of the negotiations leading up to the famous Treaty of the Three Emperors signed on the anniversary of Waterloo, 1881. The negotiations were carried through vicissitudes which now read amusingly, for though without doubt analogous diplomatic conversations take place, the formulas of thought under which they are conducted are framed nearer reality so to speak. Consciousness of the existence, the power and the dominant demands of the people, now so potent a factor in the political thinking of leaders, was then so slight that it came natural to Franz-Josef to recount sadly the defeats of his reign as his own defeats and declare "I have long since given up war. luck."

I bave no

Saburov, himself, is a genial and skilful player at the political game, bearing great and original part in the formation of the dres kaiserbund. and his practical interest in scientific and industrial subjects, together with his liberal outlook, no doubt contributed to give his judgment of fellow-politicians and his methods of dealing with them its pleasant one might say smiling

-detachment and coolness. "Often in poli"the old ideas are the

tics,,, he could say,

best." Freedom of mind, indeed, not to be swayed either by fashion in ideas or by influence from personalities, comes out in these

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on

T the moment when complete emancipation from all restrictions, educational and other, is promised to the Indians in the United States, there comes to us a short but learned piece of research into the well known attempt to evangelise and educate the Indians of New England in the middle of the 17th century. Mr. Young, whose studies other Bohemian worthies of the 17th tury (G. Ritschel and Jan Siktor) have appeared under the same auspices, approaches his present subject in the first place through Comenius, the famous Czech educationist and philosopher, and from him passes on to the Indians of New England and to what proved to be a well meant but futile attempt to imbue them with a culture to which they were neither mentally nor physically equal. That the movement for educating and evangelising them had many supporters in England is illustrated here from diverse sources. Comenius, as Mr. Young shows, may well have met the younger John 'Winthrop, of Massachusetts, during one of his visits to London and Europe; but he finds the story, related by Cotton Mather, that Comenius was actually invited to become president of Harvard College, to be baseless. Comenius, however, as his own writings testify, looked forward eagerly to the evangelisation of the New England Indians, of which project Mr. Young here quotes a number of contemporary descriptions. One of the consequences of it was, as is well known, the publication of Eliot's Bible in the Indian language. The educational scheme, however, left less substantial fruit behind it. Though there was an Indian college within Harvard College, and though there were also schools for the Indians, it cannot be said that the effort to teach them Latin and Greek, on the Comenian plan, came to much, for the pupils seem either to have become indifferent to learning afterwards or to have died of tuberculosis during their schooling. This incident of American history, however, as it is presented by Mr. Young, in his fully documented pages, which put together a mass of information about the double educational and missionary movement, as it was conducted at home and in the colony itself, is, as he suggests, well worth remembering as an early and instructive example of what may happen when native races are brought ill-advisedly into contact with higher European civilization. Mr. Young's pamphlet will be found to be particularly strong on the

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Literary and Philosophical Society, Church

Street, Sheffield. (Complete set). The Victoria and Albert Museum. Adriance Memorial Library, Poughkepsie, New York, U.S.A. Arkansas University, Department of English,

Fayetteville, Ark., U.S.A. Calcutta University, Calcutta, India. (G. N. Banerjee, Esq., M.A., P.L.D.) Brown University Library, Providence, R.I., U.S.A. Bryn Mawr College Library, Bryn Mawr, Penna., U.S.A.

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At ante p. 342, col. 2, 1. 29, after The Gloucester Public Library" add (complete set).

At ante p. 336, col. 2, 1. 14, for Broad Street" read Bread Street.

"

At ante p. 333, col. 3, 1. 9, for rotton" read rotten, and 1. 12, for "stoves" read staves.

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