UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.-"The Centennial of the United States Military Academy 1802-1902” in two volumes. UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY.-The Annual Register for 1905-1906, UNITED STATES SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS.-Two hundred and twenty-one books; and three hundred and forty-seven pamphlets. UNITED STATES TREASURY DEPARTMENT.-Two books; and twelve pamphlets.

UNITED STATES WAR DEPARTMENT.-Two books.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.-Publications of the University, as issued. UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI.-"University Studies," as issued. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI.—Publications of the University, as issued. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.-Publications of the University, as issued.

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UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.-Annual Catalogue, 1905–1906.

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WORCESTER ARt Museum.-Publications of the Museum, as issued. WORCESTER BAPTIST ASSOCIATION.-Minutes of the 86th Anniversary. WORCESTER BOARD OF HEALTH.-Publications of the Board, as issued. WORCESTER Board of Trade.—Publications of the Board, as issued. WORCESTER, CITY OF.-City Documents, 1906.

WORCESTER CITY HOSPITAL.-The Thirty-fifth Annual Report. WORCESTER COUNTY LAW LIBRARY.-Report of 1905-1906; eighteen books; and thirty pamphlets.

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YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY COMMITTEE.-The Thirteenth General Report.

SOME OF THE ROMAN REMAINS IN
ENGLAND.

BY SAMUEL SWETT GREEN.

For several years I have followed with great interest the excavations which have been made in towns of the Roman period in English history. In 1902 I visited Uriconium, or Viriconium as many investigators believe it should be called. It is situated near the hill Wrekin and is reached from Shrewsbury, in the interesting museum of which place are to be seen the objects found in the excavations. A small town named Wroxeter occupies an inconsiderable portion of the site of the old Roman enclosure.

In 1903, I had an opportunity of watching the trenching which is still going on at Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester, in Hampshire,) and again during the past summer; both times under the valuable guidance of Mr. Mill Stephenson, an accomplished expert. During my recent visit I was so fortunate as to meet at the ruins, and have a long and most profitable conversation with, Mr. George Edward Fox, who is, I understand, the leading authority in England in regard to architectural remains of Roman Britain. A minute record of the discoveries at Silchester appears in the successive volumes of Archaeologia, the official organ of the Society of Antiquaries under whose auspices the excavations there have been made in recent years. Besides visiting Pevensey (supposed to have been the illfated Anderida), Richborough (the Roman landing-place, Rutupiæ) and a Roman villa at Chedworth, as well as other spots rendered memorable by the presence of the Romans, the past summer and in previous years, I took occasion early in August to examine on the ground the excavations now being made at Caerwent, in Monmouthshire, on the site of the old Roman walled town of Venta Silurum and to visit the Roman wall in Northumbria and Cumberland.

few of the other

I propose in this paper to write briefly about a the other more conspicuous and interesting sites of Roman remains and then describe more at length, but in a very limited way, the results of excavations at Silchester.

DATES.

Allow me at the start to refresh your memories by giving you a few important dates. Julius Cæsar, as you remember, first invaded Britain in 55 and again in 54, B. C. As you know, he made no permanent settlement. That was made by the Emperor Claudius, who sent his general, Aulus Plautius to Britain, A. D. 43. That officer, having achieved considerable success, went into camp on the site, it has been conjectured, of the present, but then nonexistent, city of London and sent for Claudius to come. to complete the victory.

Claudius came, and during a stay of sixteen days, or so, in Britain captured Camulodunum (Colchester) the stronghold of his opponent. Having returned to Rome, Aulus Plautius continued the conquest with the result of gaining for the Empire the Southern and Western portions of Britain, from the Thames to the Severn. He seems to have fixed the Romans "permanently at Colchester and Gloucester (Glevum), which places from that date became two very important stations."1

During the reign of Nero, A. D. 60 or 61, came the formidable revolt of Boadicea (Boudicca, according to Thomas Hodgkin, who has ably described the Roman period of history in England in a volume bearing the date of the present year.) The year 78 is memorable; for it was in that year that Cnæius Julius Agricola was sent to Britain by Vespasian as legatus. He was the father-in-law of the historian, Tacitus and "the most celebrated and probably the greatest of the governors of Britain."2 Under him the Roman arms made great progress.

'Scarth's Roman Britain, p. 39. For full titles of books quoted, see list of books at the end of the paper.

Hodgkin. History of England, p. 46.

In about A. D. 120 the wall between the Tyne and the Solway was built and about 140 the one between the Firths of Forth and Clyde.

The Emperor Septimius Severus set forth from Rome in 208 to bring the affairs of the province of Britain into order, and died, it will be remembered, at York (Eboracum) in 210. The usurper Constantine withdrew the Roman legions, says Hodgkin, from Britain to Gaul in the year 407.

THE ROMAN WALL.

In speaking of the two barriers constructed by the Romans in Britain, Mr. H. M. Scarth writes that "after remaining for centuries neglected, and their works serving as quarries for material, or harbours for robbers in the times of border warfare, they have, in more recent times, attracted the attention they deserve." The lower of these barriers is usually known as The Roman Wall and has been exhaustively described in an interesting and elaborate monograph by Rev. J. Collingwood Bruce, the third edition of whose work was published in 1867. "The great fortification,' he writes, "which was intended to act not only as a fence against a northern enemy, but to be used as the basis of operation against a foe on either side of it, consists of three parts: I. A Stone Wall, strengthened by a ditch. on the northern side. II. An Earth Wall or Vallum, to the south of the stone wall. III. Stations, Castles, Watchtowers, and Roads, for the accommodation of the soldiery who manned the Wall, and for the transmission of military stores. These lie, for the most part, between the stone wall and the earthen rampart." The stone wall extends from Wallsend (Segiodunum) on the north side of the Tyne to Bowness on the north side of the Solway Firth, a distance of seventy-three and a half English miles. The earth wall falls short of this distance by about three miles at each end, not extending beyond Newcastle on the east and terminating at Dykesfield on the west.

* Page 79.

•Pages 49 and 50.