in-law, obliged the parliament of Aix to acknowledge him as the protector of this province, in order, by this example, to induce France to acknowledge the king of Spain as protector of the whole realm. The duke of Savoy, not less ambitious, likewise aimed at this crown; and, after the death of Matthias, desired also to be chosen emperor of Germany. He likewise intended to conquer the kingdom of Cyprus, and to take possession of Macedonia, the inhabitants of which, oppressed by the Turks, offered him the sovereignty over their country. The citizens of Geneva were obliged to defend their city, in 1602, against this ambitious prince, who fell upon them by night, in time of peace. (See Geneva.) Henry IV, who had reason to complain of the duke, and whose general, the duke of Lesdiguière, had beaten Charles Emanuel several times, entered, at last, into a treaty of peace with him, not disadvantageous to the duke of Savoy; but he could not remain quiet, and began again a war with France, Spain and Germany. He died of chagrin, at Savillon, 1630. He is one of those princes who render the surname of Great suspicious. His heart was as hard as his native rocks. He built palaces and churches, loved and patronised the sciences, but thought little of making them sources of happiness. CHARLES I, king of Spain. (See Charles V.)

CHARLES IV, king of Spain, born at Naples, 12th Nov., 1740, came to Madrid in 1759, when his father, Charles III, after the death of his brother, Ferdinand VI, ascended the Spanish throne, and succeeded him Dec. 13, 1788. He was married to the princess of Parma, Louisa Maria. Too imbecile to govern, he was always ruled by his wife and his ministers, among whom the prince of peace, Godoy (q. v.), duke of Alcudia, from the year 1792, had unbounded influence over him. The hatred which this favorite drew on himself from the prince of Asturias, and other grandees, brought on a revolution in 1808, which enabled Napoleon to dethrone the Bourbons. (See Spain.) Charles abdicated at Aranjuez, March 19, revoked this abdication, and finally ceded, at Bayonne, his right to the throne to Napoleon, who settled on him for life the palace of Compiegne and a pension of 30 millions of rials, of which 2 millions were destined for the queen's jointure. Charles after this lived at Compiegne with the queen and the prince of peace, but subsequently exchanged this residence for Rome, where the climate was more congenial to him. From 1815,

he occupied the palace Barberini, in this city. Hunting he always made his principal employment. He died at Naples, Jan. 19, 1819, of a relapse of the gout, while on a visit to his brother, the king of the Two Sicilies. His wife died a short time previous, in Dec., 1818. Charles was an immense eater.

CHARLES LOUIS; archduke of Austria; son of the emperor Leopold II, and brother of the present emperor Francis; field-marshal-general; born Sept. 5, 1771. He commenced his military career in Brabant, in the year 1793, commanded the vanguard of the prince of Cobourg, and distinguished himself by his military talent and bravery. Shortly after, he was made governor of the Netherlands, and grand-cross of the order of Maria Theresa. În 1796, he was made field-marshal of the German empire, and took the chief command of the Austrian army on the Rhine. He fought several successful battles against the French general Moreau, near Rastadt, routed general Jourdan, in Franconia, near Amberg, Wurtzburg, &c., threw the French army into confusion, forced Jourdan and Moreau to retreat over the Rhine, and crowned this victorious campaign by getting possession of Kehl, after a hard struggle, in the middle of the winter of 1797. During these successes in Germany, fortune favored general Bonaparte in Italy. In the month of February of the same year, the archduke Charles repaired thither, and, in the month of April, articles of peace were signed at Leoben. After the unsuccessful congress at Rastadt, the archduke again took the command of the army in the year 1799, defeated general Jourdan in Suabia, as he had formerly done in Franconia, and distinguished himself particularly at the battle of Stockach. Soon after this, he gave proofs of his great military talent against general Masséna, in a most difficult situation, in Switzerland. The impaired state of his health forced him to quit the field in 1800, when he was elected governor-general of Bohemia; but he had hardly left the army, which had placed its whole confidence in him, ere the greatest consternation became evident. After the unfortunate battle of Hohenlinden, the French entered Austria. At this crisis, the archduke was again placed at the head of the troops, into whom he instilled fresh courage. At last, he acceded to the preliminaries of peace, which were confirmed by the peace of Lunéville. After this, he was appointed minister of war, in which capacity he displayed his talents in a new sphere. In 1802, he refused the

monument, proposed by the king of Sweden, at the diet of Ratisbon, to be erected to him as the liberator of Germany. In the campaign of 1805, Charles commanded an Austrian army, in Italy, against Masséna. Whilst affairs in Germany were taking a most unfortunate turn, and Napoleon had entered the very heart of the Austrian provinces, the archduke gained a victory over marshal Masséna, at Caldiero, and led his army back to protect the yet unconquered provinces. After the peace of Presburg was concluded, he was elected first chief of the council of war, and generalissimo of the whole Austrian army. In the war of 1809, in the month of April, he advanced into Bavaria, with the chief part of the Austrian forces. Here he was opposed by the whole French army, commanded by Napoleon himself, and a hardfought and bloody battle, which lasted five days, ensued; after which, in spite of every exertion, the Austrians were compelled to yield to a superior force. On the 21st and 22d of May of the same year, the archduke gained a victory at Aspern, opposite to Vienna, and compelled the French to retreat across the Danube with great loss. The battle of Wagram, one of the greatest in history, had an unfortunate result, but no censure can be cast, either on the Austrian army, which distinguished itself by its bravery, or on the archduke, who was wounded on this occasion, for being compelled to give way to a much superior force, after a battle of two days, during which they several times had the advantage. Their retreat was effected with the greatest order, and amidst constant fighting, till they reached Znaym, where an armistice put an end to the battle. Soon after this, the archduke resigned the command, and has not since appeared at the head of the army. He has enriched military literature with two valuable works-Grundsätze der Strategie erlaütert durch die Darstellung des Feldzugs von 1796, in Deutschland (Principles of Strategy, illustrated by the Campaign of 1796, in Germany), Vienna, 1813, 5 vols., with a map of the theatre of war and 11 plans, 2d ed.; and, as a continuation of the same, Die Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1799, in Deutschland und in der Schweitz (History of the Campaign of 1799, in Germany and Switzerland), Vienna, 1819, 2 vols., with an atlas in folio. Both works have been translated into French. After the return of Napoleon, he was made governor of Mentz, and afterwards governor and captain-general of Bohemia. In 1815, he married the prin

cess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg, by whom he has had three sons and one daughter. The archduke lives, generally, quite retired in the country.

CHARLES AUGUSTUS of Weimar. (See Weimar.)

CHARLES RIVER; a river in Massachusetts, which flows into Boston harbor, dividing Boston from Charlestown. The source of the principal branch is a pond bordering on Hopkinton. It is navigable for lighters and large boats to Watertown, 7 miles.

CHARLESTON; a city and seaport of South Carolina, in a district of the same name; 120 miles S. S. E. Columbia, 118 N. E. Savannah, 590 S. S. W. Baltimore; lon. 79° 54′ W.; lat. 32° 47′ N.: population in 1790, 16,359; in 1800, 18,712; in 1810, 24,711; 11,668 whites, and 13,043 blacks: in 1820, 24,780; 5323 free white males, 5330 free white females; 12,552 slaves, 1475 free people of color. It is situated on a tongue of land formed by the confluence of the rivers Cooper and Ashley, which unite just below the city, and form a spacious and convenient harbor, communicating with the ocean below Sullivan's island, 7 miles from Charleston. At the mouth of the harbor, there extends, from shore to shore, a sand-bank, dangerous to vessels, but having two channels, the deepest of which has 16 feet of water at low tide. The harbor is defended by fort Pinkney and fort Johnson, which are on islands, the former 2 and the latter 4 miles below the city; and by fort Moultrie on Sullivan's island. Charleston contains a city-hall, an exchange, a custom-house, a guard-house, a theatre, an orphan-house, an hospital, an alms-house, 2 arsenals, 2 markets, a college, and 19 houses of public worship, 4 for Episcopalians, 3 for Presbyterians, 3 for Methodists, 2 for Congregationalists, 1 for Lutherans, 2 for Roman Catholics, 1 for French Protestants, 1 for Baptists, 1 for Friends, and a Jews' synagogue. The Charleston library contains about 13,000 volumes. The orphan asylum is a noble and well endowed institution, which supports and educates nearly 200 orphan children. There are several other charitable societies richly endowed, particularly the South Carolina society, the St. Andrew's society, and the Fellowship society, instituted for the relief of widows and orphans. The city is regularly laid out in parallel streets, which are intersected by others nearly at right angles. The tongue of land, on which it is built, was originally indented with creeks and narrow marshes,

which have been filled up; and it is drier and more elevated than most parts of the low country of South Carolina. Many of the houses are elegant, and furnished with piazzas. It is much the largest town in the state, and was formerly the seat of government. It has an extensive commerce. The shipping owned here, in 1816, amounted to 36,473 tons; in 1820, to 28,403 tons. That dreadful distemper, the yellow fever, has made frequent ravages in Charleston; but its effects have been chiefly confined to persons from more northern situations; and the climate of the city is accounted healthy to the native inhabitants, more so than that of most other Atlantic towns in the Southern States. Its superior salubrity attracts the planters from the surrounding country, and it is the favorite resort of the wealthy from the West Indies. It affords much agreeable society, and is reckoned one of the gayest towns in the U. States. (See Carolina, South.)

CHARLESTOWN; a post-town in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, one mile north of the centre of Boston; population, in 1820, 6591. The principal part of the town is finely situated on a peninsula, formed by Charles and Mystic rivers, which here flow into Boston harbor. Charlestown is connected with Boston by two bridges across Charles river; with Chelsea and Malden by two others across Mystic river, and with Cambridge by a bridge across a bay of Charles river. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, the largest in the county of Middlesex, and advantageously situated for trade and manufactures. The principal public buildings are the state prison, the Massachusetts hospital for the insane, a market-house, almshouse, and five houses of public worship. One of the principal navy-yards in the U. States occupies about 60 acres of land, in the south-east part of this town. It is enclosed, on the land side, by a wall of solid masonry, and contains, besides other buildings, several arsenals, magazines of public stores, and three immense edifices, each sufficiently capacious to receive a ship of 100 guns, with all the apparatus for its construction. Bunker hill, on which was fought one of the most celebrated battles of the American revolution, is in this town. (For an account of the events which brought on the battle, see Massachusetts, and United States.) The British army in Boston had been increased to about 10,000 men, by the arrival of reinforcements, towards the end of May, 1775, and was under the command of general

Gage, governor of Massachusetts bay, generals Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne, &c. The American army of citizen-soldiers amounted to about 15,000 men, enlisted for a few months, without organization or discipline. They were armed with fowling-pieces, but few of them provided with bayonets. The whole was under the command of general Ward, of Massachusetts, whose headquarters were at Cambridge. The right wing, under brigadier-general Thomas, occupied the heights of Roxbury; the left, under colonel Stark, was stationed at Medford. The city of Boston is built on a small peninsula, having the town of Charlestown, also built on a peninsula, and separated from it by a narrow arm of the sea, about 1500 feet wide, on the north. The heights of Charlestown, Breed's hill (62 feet high) and Bunker hill (110 feet high, about 130 rods N. W. of the former), command the city. The Americans having received information of the intention of the British to occupy these heights, and advance into the country, orders were issued to colonel Prescott (June 16) to take possession of Bunker hill in the evening, and erect the fortifications requisite to defend it. General Putnam (q. v.) had the superintendence of the expedition. Finding, on their arrival, that, though Bunker hill was the most commanding position, it was too far from the enemy to annoy his shipping and army, the provincials determined to fortify Breed's hill, and began their labor soon after midnight. Every thing had been conducted with so much silence, that the British were not aware of their presence till day-break, when the ships of war and floating batteries, which lay in the harbor of Charlestown, together with a battery on Copp's hill, opened a heavy fire on the redoubt which had been completed during the night. The Americans, meanwhile, continued their labor, until they had thrown up a small breastwork, extending north, from the east side of the redoubt, to the bottom of the hill. About one o'clock, the British, under general Howe, landed at Morton's point, in Charlestown, without opposition. Here they waited for reinforcements, which arrived soon after. The whole number amounted to about 5000 men, with 6 fieldpieces and howitzers. The original detachment of provincials amounted to 1000 men, with 2 field-pieces. They had been reinforced by about the same number, among whom were the New Hampshire troops, under colonel Stark. General Pomeroy, and general Warren, president of the provincial congress, joined the ranks

as volunteers. The troops on the open ground formed a cover from the musketry of the enemy, by pulling up the rail fences, placing them at small distances apart in parallel lines, and filling up the intervening space with new-mown grass. The British columns now moved forward, under general Howe, to the attack of the rail fence, and, under general Pigot, to attack the breastwork and redoubt. The Americans impatiently withheld their fire until, according to the words of Putnam, "they saw the white of their enemies' eyes.' The British were repulsed with great loss. Had they charged, they would probably have been more successful, as the American troops were almost entirely destitute of bayonets. A second attack, during which the village of Charlestown was burned to the ground, was attended with the same result. But the Americans had nearly expended their ammunition, and their communication with the main army was interrupted by the fire of the floating batteries, which enfiladed Charlestown neck. The English now rallied for a third attack, determined to concentrate their forces on the redoubt and breastwork, and to charge; at the same time, their artillery turned the left of the breast work, enfiladed the line, and sent their balls directly into the redoubt. The Americans, after resisting with stones and the butts of their guns, retreated under a heavy fire. They were, however, not pursued very warmly, and drew off with an inconsiderable loss. They had 115 killed, among whom was general Warren (q. v.), 305 wounded, and 30 made prisoners. The British loss was 1054 killed and wounded. June 17th, 1825, the 50th anniversary of this battle was commemorated by a public celebration, and the corner-stone of the Bunker hill monument was laid.

CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xavier de, a French Jesuit, was born at St. Quentin, in 1682, and taught languages and philosophy with some reputation. He was, for some years, a missionary in America, and, on his return, had a chief share in the Journal de Trévoux for 22 years. He died in 1761, greatly esteemed for his high moral character and extensive learning. Of his works, the Histoire Générale de la Nouvelle France is the most valuable. This describes his own experience, and the manners and customs of the native Americans, for which he is often quoted, as a writer of good authority. His style is simple and unaffected, but not perfectly correct.

CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA, daughter of queen Caroline (q. v.) and George IV, and the wife of prince Leopold of Coburg, was

born at Carlton house, Jan. 7, 1796, and passed the first years of her life under the eyes of her mother, who watched over her with the fondest affection. She was afterwards placed under the care of lady Clifford, and the bishop of Exeter superintended her studies. These were calculated to prepare her to become, one day, the queen of a great nation, and she was obliged to attend to them from morning to evening. She is said to have been well acquainted with the principal ancient writers, and with the history and statistics of the European states, especially with the constitution and laws of her native country. She spoke, with ease, French, German, Italian and Spanish, sung well, played on the harp, piano and guitar, and sketched landscapes from nature with much taste. Her style of writing was pleasing, and she was fond of poetry. In the unfortunate dissensions between her father and mother, she inclined to the side of the latter. The prince of Orange was fixed upon as her future husband, and the nation desired their union, because the prince had been educated in England, and was acquainted with the customs and interests of the people. After having completed his studies at the university of Oxford, he had served in the British army in Spain, and distinguished himself. The union, however, was prevented by the disinclination of the princess. In the mean time, she was introduced at court, in 1815, on her 19th birth-day. The princess, who, in any situation, would have been an ornament to her sex, displayed an ardent buɛ generous disposition, and independence and loftiness of sentiment. She often said that queen Elizabeth must be the model of an English queen; and some persons even thought there was a resemblance between them. In 1814, prince Leopold of Coburg visited England, in the suite of the allied sovereigns, who went to London after the peace of Paris. His cultivated mind and amiable manners having made an impression on the heart of the princess, he was permitted to sue for her hand. Their marriage, the result of personal inclination, was solemnized May 2, 1816. The prince (whom Napoleon declared, at St. Helena, one of the finest men he had ever seen) loved her with tenderness. They were always together, rode out in company, visited the cottages of the country people, and exhibited a pleasing picture of conjugal love. They seldom left Clarenton, and only went to London when their presence at court was necessary. Their domestic life resembled that of a

private family after dinner, they painted together, and the evenings were devoted to music or reading. Meanwhile, the nation anxiously expected the moment when the princess, who was highly beloved, should become a mother. The expectations which had been entertained, however, were disappointed by a premature delivery. England soon conceived new hopes; but, Nov. 5, 1817, after three days of suffering, the princess was delivered of a dead child. A few hours after her delivery, she was seized with convulsions, and breathed her last. The physician who had attended her shot himself.

CHARLOTTENBURG; a residence of the king of Prussia, built by Sophia Charlotte, the first queen of Prussia, on the banks of the Spree, about three miles from Berlin, with a beautiful garden. The town, which has lately grown up, contains 430 houses, of which a large number are public houses, and 4700 inhabitants. A beautiful walk leads through the park of Berlin to Charlottenburg, which is a favorite resort of the citizens of Berlin. In the garden adjoining the castle is the tomb of the late queen Louisa, by the statuary Rauch. Charlottenburg contains one of the best academies of Germany, that of Messieurs Cauer, who formerly taught at Berlin.

CHARLOTTESVILLE; a post-town, and capital of Albemarle county, Virginia; 40 miles E. S. E. Staunton, 86 W. N. W. Richmond; lat. 38° 2′ N.; lon. 78° 52′ W. It is very pleasantly situated, one mile from the Rivanna, and is laid out in squares of three or four acres. The university of Virginia was established here, by the legislature, in 1817. The buildings comprise 10 pavilions, for the accommodation of professors; 109 dormitories and 6 hotels, for the lodging and dieting of the students. The site is a little distance out of the village, and occupies 200 acres. The institution is to receive annually, from the Virginia literary fund, the sum of $15,000. CHARON, in mythology; the son of Erebus and Nox. It was his office to ferry the dead, in his crazy boat, over the dark floods of Acheron, over Cocytus, resounding with the doleful lamentations of the dead, and, finally, over the Styx, dreaded even by the immortals. The shades were each obliged to pay him an obolus, which was put, at the time of burial, into the mouth of the deceased. Those who could not pay the fare, or had been so unfortunate as to find no grave in the upper world, were compelled to wander on the desolate banks of the Acheron, till Charon was pleased to carry them over to their final resting

place. He was represented as an old man, with a gloomy aspect, matted beard, and tattered garments. (Respecting the Egyptian origin of this fable, see Cemetery, and Egyptian Mythology.)

CHAROST (Armand Joseph de Béthune), duke of, born at Versailles, in 1728, a worthy descendant of his great ancestor Sully, distinguished himself, on many occasions, in the military service of his country. He was the friend and father of his soldiers, and rewarded the brave from his own resources. In 1758, he sent all his plate to the mint, to supply the necessities of the state. The peace concluded in 1763 restored him to a more quiet sphere of usefulness; yet he did not discontinue his favors towards the soldiers whom he had commanded. He was particularly active in the promotion of agriculture and public instruction. Long before the revolution, he abolished the feudal services on his estates, and wrote against feudal institutions. He established charitable institutions in sundry parishes, provided for the support and instruction of orphans, employed physicians and midwives, founded and liberally endowed an hospital. In a year of dearth, he imported grain into Calais at his own expense. In the provincial assemblies, he spoke against the corvées. In the assembly of the notables, he declared himself for an equal distribution of the public burdens. The revolution broke out. Before the decree relative to a patriotic contribution appeared, he made a voluntary present of 100,000 francs to the state. During the reign of terror, he retired to Meillant, where he was arrested, and did not obtain his liberty until after the 9th Thermidor. In the testimonies given in his behalf by the revolutionary committees, he was called the father and benefactor of suffering humanity. He returned to Meillant, where he established an agricultural society. No sacrifice was too great for him, and his vast fortune was scarcely sufficient for his enterprises. He died Oct. 27, 1800, of the small-pox, lamented by the people, whose benefactor he had been.

CHARPENTIER, I. F. G.; a man who did much to improve the art of mining. He was born in 1738, and died in 1805. He was one of the professors in the mining academy at Freyburg, in Saxony.

CHART. (See Map.)

CHARTA MAGNA. (See Magna Charta.) CHARTE CONSTITUTIONNELLE (constitutional charter) is the fundamental law of the French realm, given by king Louis XVIII (q. v.) June 4, 1814, when he returned from England. It is one of those