Encouraged by Drury, Clare prepared a collection of his poems, which soon excited public interest. These Poems, descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery, by John Clare, a Northamptonshire Peasant (London, 3d edition, 1820), consist of sonnets, songs, ballads and miscellaneous pieces, which describe rural life: they are simple, interesting by their truth and feeling, and full of original images, but somewhat disfigured by provincialisms. A new collection of Clare's poems appeared in 1821, under the title of the Village Minstrel and other Poems, &c., two volumes, with the author's portrait. Clare has acquired some property by his poetic productions, but continues warmly attached to his village and situation.

CLARENCE, earl of, William Henry, prince of England, second brother of king George IV, born Aug. 21, 1765, was educated for the navy, and passed through all the ranks, but received no command. In the chamber of peers, he constantly opposed the war policy of the ministers. Humanity is indebted to him for his exertions for the abolition of the slave-trade. His uniting with the opposition contributed to the overthrow of Pitt and Addington, but he still lived on the best terms with the royal family. He was passionately attached to the celebrated actress Mrs. Jordan, with whom he was connected many years, and had several children by her. She died at Bordeaux, in 1816. The duke of Clarence conducted Louis XVIII to the coasts of France in 1814. He married the princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, July 11, 1818, and was desirous of fixing his residence thenceforth at Osnabruck. He lives now with his wife in London. In 1827, under Canning's administration, the duke of Clarence was appointed lord high admiral of England (see Admiral); but he retired from that office soon after the duke of Wellington had been made premier.

CLARENDON; a village three miles east of Salisbury, where Henry II summoned a council of the barons and prelates, in 1164, who enacted the laws called the constitutions of Clarendon, by which the power of the pope in England was checked.

CLARENDON. Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, lord high chancellor of England, probably born at Dinton, in Wiltshire, 1608, was educated at Oxford, and afterwards studied law under his uncle Nicholas Hyde, chief justice of the king's bench. He was a member of the long parliament under Charles I; and the pu20

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rity of his intentions, his attachment to the laws of his country, and the talents which he displayed, gained him the confidence of that body. Upon the breaking out of the civil war, he attached himself to the king's party; became chancellor of the exchequer and member of the privy council, and followed prince Charles (afterwards Charles II) to Jersey. Here he remained for two years, while the prince was in France, and during that time began his History of the Rebellion. He likewise composed at Jersey the various writings which appeared in the king's name, as answers to the manifestoes of the parliament. After Charles I was beheaded, the new king called him to France, and sent him to Madrid, to see if any assistance could be obtained from the Spanish court. From thence he went to Paris to reconcile the queen mother with the duke of York, and afterwards to the Hague, where Charles II appointed him lord chancellor of England, in 1657. After Cromwell's death, Edward Hyde contributed more than any other man to the happy termination of the measures which placed Charles II on the throne. He subsequently possessed the entire confidence of the king, who loaded him with favors. In 1660, he was elected chancellor of the university of Oxford; in 1661, he was made peer, and baron Hyde, viscount Cornbury, and earl of Clarendon. Many events occurred to disquiet him in the licentious court of Charles II; among these was the marriage of the duke of York, the king's brother, to his daughter. The duke, while at Breda, the residence of his sister, the princess of Orange, became acquainted with Anne Hyde, Clarendon's eldest daughter, maid of honor to the princess, and married her, Nov., 1659, without the knowledge of the king or the chancellor. Anne's pregnancy occasioned the disclosure of this union after Charles's restoration. As soon as the king had ascertained the validity of the marriage, he acknowledged Anne Hyde as duchess of York, commanded his brother to continue to love her, and, at the same time, declared that this event had not changed his sentiments towards the chanellor. Two daughters, Anne and Mary, were the fruit of this marriage, both of whom ascended the English throne. In 1663, lord Bristol made an attack upon the chancellor in the parliament. This body, however, disregarded his accusations. Attempts were also made to injure him in public opinion, while, on the other hand, his influence with the king was declining, as Charles

fessor of mineralogy at Cambridge, which university he enriched with the fruits of his researches in foreign countries. He was the second son of the reverend Edward Clarke, author of Letters on the Spanish Nation, and various minor works, and was born in 1767. He received his education at Jesus college, Cambridge, of which society he became a fellow, having taken the degree of A. M. in 1794. Soon after, he accompanied lord Berwick to Italy, and, in 1799, set out with Mr. Cripps, on an extensive and laborious tour through Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, Tartary, Circassia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Turkey, returning, in 1802, through Germany and France. On his return, he obtained, from the university to which he belonged, the honorary degree of LL. D., as a distinguished mark of its approbation, and in consideration of the services rendered to its public libraries and institutions by his liberal contributions, among which the greatest, perhaps, in value, is the celebrated manuscript of Plato's works, with nearly 100 others, and a colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres. To him also the British nation is indebted for the acquisition of the famous sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, which he discovered in the possession of the French troops in Egypt, and was the means of its being surrendered to the English army. In 1806, he commenced a course of lectures on mineralogy, having brought a splendid collection of specimens to Europe; and, in 1808, a professorship being founded purposely for the encouragement of that branch of knowledge, he was elevated to the chair. A valuable collection of plants and medals proved, also, at once the correctness of his taste and the extent of his industry; while a curious model of mount Vesuvius, constructed by him, with the assistance of an Italian artist, from the materials of the mountain it represents, attests his great ingenuity. This piece of art is now in the possession of lord Berwick. Doctor Clarke published Testimony of different Authors respecting the colossal Statue of Ceres, placed in the Vestibule of the Public Library at Cambridge, with an account of its removal from Eleusis (8vo., 1801-1803); The Tomb of Alexander, a Dissertation on the Sarcophagus brought from Alexandria, and now in the British Museum (4to., 1805); A Description of the Greek Marbles brought from the Shores of the Euxine, Archipelago and Mediterranean, and deposited in the Vestibule of the Uni

versity Library, Cambridge (8vo., 1809); Travels in various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa, Part I, containing Russia, Tartary and Turkey (4to., 1810); Part II, containing Greece, Egypt and the Holy Land (Section 1st, 4to., 1812; Section 2d, 1814); and some other works. Doctor Clarke died March 9, 1821. After his death, a volume was published, containing his Travels through Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Norway, Finland and Russia (London, 1823, 4to.). A complete edition of his works appeared, in 11 volumes, in 4to. and 8vo. (London, 181924), under the title of Travels in various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa.

CLARKE, Samuel, DD., a celebrated theological and philosophical writer, was born at Norwich, England, in the year 1675, of which city his father was an alderman. He was educated at Caius college, Cambridge. Whilst at the university, he diligently cultivated a knowledge of the Scriptures, in the original languages, and, before the age of 21, had largely contributed to diffuse the Newtonian system. Being of opinion that the vehicle of an established work, like that of Rohault, would be most convenient for the gradual introduction of true philosophy, he translated that author's Physics for the use of young students, whom he thereby familiarized with the language and reasonings of Newton. On entering into orders, he became chaplain to Moore, bishop of Norwich, and first became an author in his own profession in 1699, when he published Three practical Essays upon Baptism, Confirmation and Repentance. This work was followed by Reflections on a Book called Amyntor, by Toland, relating to the authenticity of writings not received into the canon of Scripture. In 1701, he published his Paraphrase on the Four Gospels, and, about the same time, received two small livings in and near Norwich. In 1704, he was appointed to preach the sermon at Boyle's lecture, when he chose for his subject the Being and Attributes of God, and gave so much satisfaction that he was appointed to the same office the next year, when he delivered a course of sermons on Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion. These sermons exceedingly raised the author's reputation as a close and acute reasoner, although his argument a priori, for the existence of a God, was, by Pope and others, deemed too subtle and metaphysical. He, however, employed it only in opposition to Hobbes, Spinoza, and similar reasoners, who could

be no other way opposed. In 1706, he published A Letter to Mr. Dodwell, on the Immortality of the Soul, and, during the same year, gave an elegant Latin version of sir Isaac Newton's Optics, for which that great man presented him with £500. His friend, bishop Moore, now introduced him to queen Anne, who appointed him her chaplain, and presented him with the rectory of St. James's, Westminster, the highest preferment he ever obtained. On this occasion, he took his degree as D. D. In 1712, he appeared as a philologist, by editing a fine edition of Cæsar's Commentaries, which he dedicated to the great duke of Marlborough, and, in the same year, published a work which involved him in endless controversy, entitled The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity. In this production, that mysterious tenet is, on critical principles, examined as deducible from the words of Scripture; and the result of the author's reasonings was so different from the opinion of the church of England, that it became a subject of complaint in the lower house of convocation. Several controversial pieces were written on this occasion, the chief champion of orthodoxy being doctor Waterland. In 1715 and 1716, a disputation was carried on between doctor Clarke and the celebrated Leibnitz, concerning the principles of natural philosophy and religion, the papers of which were collected and addressed to the princess of Wales, afterwards queen Caroline. In 1717, he published Remarks upon Collins's Enquiry concerning Human Liberty, and, soon after, gave much offence by altering the doxology of the singing psalms at St. James's; on which occasion the bishop of London sent a circular to the clergy forbidding the use of them. In 1724, he published a volume consisting of 17 sermons, and, on the death of sir Isaac Newton, in 1727, was offered the place of master of the mint. This office he declined accepting, as inconsistent with his profession, preferment in which had, however, now become hopeless. In 1728, he wrote a letter to Mr. Hoadley, On the Proportion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in Motion, and, the next year, published the first 12 books of Homer's Iliad, with a Latin version, the remaining books of which were published by his son in 1732. Doctor Clarke's reputation as a classical scholar is chiefly founded on this performance, which is held in high esteem. He had all his life enjoyed sound health; but, on Sunday, May 11, 1729, when going to preach before the

judges at Serjeants' Inn, he was seized with a pleuritic complaint, which carried him off, after a few days' illness, in his 54th year. He left in manuscript, prepared for the press, An Exposition of the Catechism, which was published by his brother, with 10 posthumous volumes of sermons. The private character of doctor Clarke was extremely amiable, being upright, mild and unaffected. His intellectual eminence was founded on a strong cultivation of the reasoning faculty, without passion or enthusiasm. He closely pursued his object, with methodical accuracy and logical acuteness, aided by a strongly retentive memory and indefatigable attention.

CLARKE, George Rogers, colonel in the service of Virginia against the Indians in the revolutionary war, distinguished himself greatly in that post, and, for some time, was the protector of the people of the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania from the inroads of the savages. In 1778, he was appointed to command a regiment of infantry, and one troop of cavalry, raised for the defence of the country of Illinois, in which was comprehended the country claimed by Virginia that had been conquered by colonel Clarke. The families which came with him to the falls of the Ohio were the first settlers at that place. At first, their situation was very dangerous, in consequence of the proximity of several tribes of Indians, and some British posts; but, by the exertions of Clarke, it was soon rendered secure, and, in 1779, they were enabled to remove into Kentucky, where emigrants quickly flocked in great numbers. In the same year, colonel Clarke descended the Ohio, and built fort Jefferson, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, and, in 1781, received a general's commission.-The following anecdote is related of Clarke, in a work published not very long since, called Notes of an Old Officer:-"The Indians came in to the treaty at fort Washington in the most friendly manner, except the Shawahanees, the most conceited and warlike of the aborigines, the first in at a battle, the last at a treaty. 300 of their finest warriors set off in all their paint and feathers, and filed into the council-house. Their number and demeanor, so unusual at an occasion of this sort, was altogether unexpected and suspicious. The United States' stockade mustered 70 men. In the centre of the hall, at a little table, sat the commissary-general Clarke, the indefatigable scourge of these very marauders, general Richard Butler and Mr. Parsons.

There was also present a captain Denny, who, I believe, is still alive, and can attest this story. On the part of the Indians, an old council-sachem and a war-chief took the lead. The latter, a tall, raw-boned fellow, with an impudent and villanous look, made a boisterous and threatening speech, which operated effectually on the passions of the Indians, who set up a prodigious whoop at every pause. He concluded by presenting a black and white wampum, to signify they were prepared for either event, peace or war. Clarke exhibited the same unaltered and careless countenance he had shown during the whole scene, his head leaning on his left hand, and his elbow resting on the table. He raised his little cane, and pushed the sacred wampum off the table, with very little ceremony. Every Indian, at the same time, started from his seat with one of those sudden, simultaneous, and peculiarly savage sounds, which startle and disconcert the stoutest heart, and can neither be described nor forgotten. At this juncture, Clarke rose. The scrutinizing eye cowered at his glance. He stamped his foot on the prostrate and insulted symbol, and ordered them to leave the hall. They did so, apparently involuntarily. They were heard all that night, debating in the bushes near the fort. The raw-boned chief was for war, the old sachem for peace. The latter prevailed, and the next morning they came back and sued for peace."-General Clarke died on the 13th of February, 1817, in the 66th year of his age, at his seat near Louisville, Kentucky.

CLASSIC (from the Latin classis). The Roman people were divided into six classes, and classici was the name given to the citizens belonging to the first class. From this circumstance, the Greek and Roman authors have been, in modern times, called classics, that is, the excellent, the models. There is, of course, a great diversity of value among them; but their superiority to the writers of modern Europe, at the time of the revival of letters, was so great, that it was very natural for their admirers to give them, collectively, the name of classics. The Germans soon gave the word klassisch (classical) a wider sense, applying it more philosophically, and making it embrace, 1. the standard works of any nation, and, 2. ancient literature and art, in contradistinction to the modern or romantic. The English and French have followed this example, though but. recently. The Dictionnaire de l'Académie gives no other definition to the word

classique than Auteur classique, c'est-à-dire un auteur ancien, approuvé, et qui fait autorité dans une certaine matière: Platon. Homère, Démosthène, Cicéron, Virgile, Tite-Live, &c. sont des auteurs classiques.

As regards classical, by which we mean, in this place, ancient, literature, we observe a striking difference between it and modern literature. The Greek authors were the pupils of nature and an active, energetic life. These furnished their discipline rather than the pedantic forms of schools, which are impressed with painful. labor upon the memory, and only half understood. They had, besides, a very keen sensibility for beauty, which was fully developed by the loveliness of surrounding nature, and by their active life, in which all their faculties were unfolded. They spent their lives in constant contests for liberty, and for superiority in physical or mental accomplishments. Every thing was public; every thing stimulated emulation. Nature and Liberty are the genii which presided over the labors of the Greeks; and their works are classical, that is, models, as far as they are the natural fruit of the circumstances in which they were placed. The successes of the Greeks over the slaves of Asia, and the overthrow of their own tyrants, first produced poets among them; and these continued, in an uninterrupted series, exerting a decisive influence upon rhetoric, history and the plastic arts, and receiving, in their turn, a corresponding. influence, until degeneracy, over-refinement and political subjugation took the place of nature and liberty. The Macedonian and Roman dominion fixed the limits of Greek classical literature. From that time, Greece produced only learned inquirers and rich treasures of knowledge, but no works distinguished as models, such as had been composed in the time of her freedom, under the joint influence of her political constitution, religion, beautiful climate, and language, which contained the elements of the highest perfection in a far greater degree than most other languages.-The Romans, from their political constitution and national character, have become models only in history and rhetoric, and works on war, architecture and law. The most active element in their national character was always the military and legal spirit. But their language acquired, from the habits of the nation, such conciseness and precision, that they remain models in history, and, in fact, in every branch of composition, as far as concise expression is concerned, so difficult