to extend the same, for a given period, to his heirs, in certain cases; for the most valuable books are, in many cases, those which have the slowest sale. For a novel, which is forgotten within six months from its appearance, the term of copyright may be sufficiently long; but for a standard work in history or science, it is often much too short. While on the subject of the protection afforded to literary productions originating in the U. States, we may be permitted to remark on the expediency of removing all obstacles in the way of the introduction of the literature of other countries. With the exception of American books printed abroad, there seems to be no good reason for subjecting imported books to the payment of duties. In a government, the foundation of which is the intelligence of the people, it does not seem advisable to throw this obstacle in the way of intellectual improvement, for the sake of the very small accession of revenue thereby gained. The sums which have been paid for copyrights have varied with the nature of the work, the reputation of the author, and the liberality of the publisher. An original work, the author of which is unknown, and the success of which must depend on the taste and talents of the writer, and the taste and wants of the age, will stand little chance; while a book, suited to the market, for which the publisher can calculate the demand, may command a liberal price. A compilation or a dictionary may succeed, where the poems of a Milton, the philosophy of a Hume, or the histories of a Robertson could find no encouragement. Châteaubriand received for his complete works, from the bookseller L'Avocat, half a million of francs. Moore has a life annuity of £500 for his Irish Melodies. Sir Walter Scott received, in 1815, for his 3 last poems, 3000 guineas apiece. Campbell received for his Pleasures of Hope, after it had been published 15 years, 1000 guineas; for his Gertrude, after having been published 6 years, 1500 guineas. Byron received for the fourth canto of Childe Harold, £2100. Cowper's poems, in 1815, though the copyright had only 2 years to run, were sold for 8000 guineas. Cotta, a German bookseller, is said to have given Göthe, for his complete works, 30,000 crowns. In England, large sums paid for books which promise a rapid sale: the same is true, in a less degree, of France and the U. States. Germany and Italy remunerate authors very poorly, only a few instances, such as Gothe, excepted. In Spain, the book-trade has been so

are

crushed by a merciless censorship, that an author must publish his books, in that country, on his own account. For a long time after the art of printing was invented, no remuneration was paid to authors.

COQUETRY; an undue manifestation, on the part of a woman, of a desire to attract admirers. The wish of woman to please gives rise to much that is amiable in the female character, and delightful in the intercourse of good society, and is blamable only when it is carried so far as to overstep delicacy. Its degrees are very different, and, in a French woman particularly, it is often united with much that is graceful and amiable. That which is nurtured by the system of the English boarding-schools has fewer redeeming qualities. It received its name in France. We learn from madame Scudery's Histoire de Coquetterie, which is to be found in the 2d volume of her Nouvelles Conversations, that this word was first introduced into the French language in the time of Catharine de Medici.

COQUIMBO, OF SERENA; a jurisdiction in Chile. The fertility and beauty of the country have induced many families to reside here. The country produces corn enough to supply annually 4 or 5 vessels, of 400 tons each, for Lima. There are many mines of gold and silver.

COQUIMBO; capital of a jurisdiction in Chile, the second town founded by Valdivia, about a quarter of a league from the sea, on a river of the same name; 10 miles S. W. of Rioja; lon. 71° 19 W.; lat. 29° 55' S. The population consists of Spaniards and people of color, with some Indians. The harbor is accounted one of the best on the west coast of South America, and is much frequented. The streets are built in a line from north to south, and east to west; well watered, and shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges, olives, &c., always green. The number of houses is between 3 and 400.

CORAL (coralium, Lat.; copiiov, Gr.), in gem sculpture; a marine zoophyte that becomes, after removal from the water, as hard as a stone, of a fine red color, and will take a good polish. Coral is much used by gem sculptors for small ornaments, but is not so susceptible of receiving the finer execution of a gem as the hard and precious stones. Cavlus has published an antique head of Medusa, sculptured in coral, of which the eyes are composed of a white substance resembling shells, incrusted or let in. He supposes it to have been an amulet, because the ancients, who were partial to a mystical anal

ogy between the substance and the subject represented (see Allegory), supposed, as Ovid relates in his Metamorphoses, that Perseus, after having cut off the head of Medusa, concealed it under some plants of coral, which instantly became petrified, and tinged with the color of the blood which flowed from it, and from a green turned to a red color. Pliny and other ancient authors attribute many superstitious qualities to the coral; therefore it is no wonder that it was often taken for an amulet. Pliny also relates that the Gauls, and the people inhabiting the maritime parts of Italy, as well as other nations on the sea-coast, used it to form ornaments for their armor and household furniture.

CORAN. (See Koran.)

CORAY, Adamantios; a learned physician and scholar, born at Scio, or Chios, in 1748. After having studied the ancient and modern languages, and translated, while a boy, a German catechism into Greek, he went, in 1782, to Montpellier, to finish his education, where he studied medicine and natural history, and received the degree of doctor. In 1788, he settled in Paris. Since he has been naturalized in France, he has greatly contributed, by his learned works, to give a favorable opinion of the progress of improvement among the modern Greeks. He has always retained a great attachment to his native country; and we owe to him several excellent accounts of the intellectual progress of his countrymen. During the youth of Coray, a fondness for learning was revived among the modern Greeks by some ecclesiastics, who translated valuable books of instruction, principally from the German, and made them their text-books in their schools upon mount Athos. The wealth of several Greek commercial houses made them feel the want of skilful bookkeepers and clerks, and they were desirous of taking them from among their own countrymen. Moreover, the Russian armies had destroyed the illusion of the invincible power of the sublime Porte, and the Greeks, being protected in their property by the influence of the Russian consuls, became active and industrious, and the knowledge which they gained by commerce with other nations helped to eradicate the superstitions and prejudices which had grown up in the long darkness of Turkish despotism. Coray has referred to these favorable circumstances which attended the time of his education, in his Mémoire sur l'État actuel de la Civilisation dans la Grèce lu à la Société des Observa teurs de l'Homme, in 1803; and has offer

ed, in his preface to a translation of Hippocrates upon Climate, Water and Locality, an apology for his nation. This, together with his preface to Ælian's Historical Memorabilia, in the Hellenic Library, in which he gives a history of the modern Greek language, belongs to the pieces called forth by the exaggerated praise and censure which his views have received. The improvement which Coray has given to the modern Greek language has by no means been universally acknowledged. He has chosen a style borrowed from every century, and deviating much from the style of the people, and the language of the patriarchs and Byzantines of latter times. H. Codrika, professor of Greek grammar and modern literature at a lyceum in Paris, has attacked him violently in several publications, asserting that his style is artificial, and has but little effect upon his nation. The imitators of his style are called Coraists. The critical editions which Coray has published of the ancient authors cannot be entirely trusted, for he often makes very bold alterations. They are, however, very useful for his own countrymen. They have been published in Paris since 1806, under the general title of Hellenic Library, embracing chiefly Ælian's various histories, Polyanus, Esop, Isocrates, Plutarch's Lives, Strabo, Aristotle's Politics, &c. This venerable old man lives in Paris, devoted to literary labors, and has never answered the writings directed against him, satisfied with the respect that is continually paid him by many of his countrymen. A marble statue of him, executed by Canova, stands in the lecture-room at Chios. His old age has prevented him from joining in the struggle of his nation against their oppressors. The warmth and sincerity of his good wishes in their cause may be seen from his excellent introduction to Aristotle, which has been translated into German.

CORBAN (from the Hebrew karab, to approach). In the Scriptures, this word signifies an offering to the Lord. Jesus is represented as using this word in Mark vii. 11.

CORBIÈRE, James Joseph William Peter, one of the most active and obnoxious members of the Villèle ministry, born in the department Ille-et-Vilaine, was, in 1815 member of the chambre introuvable. (q. v.) He was the reporter of the law of amnesty (so called) of Jan. 12, 1816, and of the law of divorce. He was much opposed to the ministry of Decaze, and has at times assumed some liberality of

tone, with a view of resisting the ministers; but, substantially, he has ever been a violent royalist. In 1820, Corbière was appointed chef de l'instruction publique, and, Dec. 14, 1820, minister of the interior, was afterwards made a count, and loaded with orders, &c. As soon as he was installed, he put in execution the great system of purification (système d'épuration), mercilessly discharging every officer, from the maire to the lowest clerk, who did not entirely coincide with him in political sentiment, or ventured to show character and independence. Teachers were dismissed from the colleges on the ground of not being sufficiently religious. M. Corbière declared that all schools ought to receive a more religious character: the écoles Chretiennes were augmented, and those of mutual instruction were attacked by the ministerial papers. Corbière, who always had defended the liberty of the press before he became a minister, now subjected it to the most revolting censorship. He, who had once supported the law of Feb. 5, pour rétablir les électeurs dans tous leurs droits, et de leur éviter les supercheries ministérielles, now actively aided his colleagues, Villèle and Peyronnet, in rendering the elections subservient to ministerial influence. To complete his glory, after the dismission of so many eminent men, Corbière countersigned the ordinance dissolving the national guards. He fell with the Villèle ministry in 1829. CORDAY D'ARMANS, Marie Anne Charlotte, the murderer of Marat, was born at Saint Saturnin, near Seez, in Normandy, in the year 1768. With the charms of her sex she united a rare courage. Her lover, an officer in the garrison at Caen, was accused by Marat as a conspirator against the republic, and assassinated by villains hired for that purpose. This excited Charlotte Corday to revenge. History had inspired her with a deep-rooted hatred against all oppressors, and she determined to free her country from Marat, whom she considered as the head of those monsters called buveurs de sang (the drinkers of blood). Another motive confirmed her purpose. Many deputies, such as Barbaroux, Louvet, Gaudet, and others, who were persecuted by Marat, and afterwards proscribed, May 31, 1793, to whose opinions she had attached herself, invoked the assistance of Frenchmen in behalf of liberty, now expiring beneath the horrors of the times. Charlotte then left home, entered Paris July 12, 1793, and went twice to Marat's house, but was not admitted. On the same evening, she wrote to him as

follows: "Citizen, I have just now come from Caen. Your love for your country no doubt makes you desirous of being informed of the unhappy transactions in that part of the republic. Grant me an interview for a moment. I have important discoveries to make to you." The following day came, and, with a dagger in her bosom, she proceeded to the house of Marat, who, just on the point of coming out of his bath, immediately gave orders that she should be admitted. The assemblies at Calvados were the first subjects of conversation, and Marat heard with eagerness the names of those who were present at them. "All these," he exclaimed, "shall be guillotined." At these words, Charlotte plunged her dagger into his bosom, and he immediately expired, with the words, "To me, my friend?" Meanwhile the maid remained calm and tranquil as the priestess before the altar, in the midst of the tumult and confusion. She was afterwards conducted as a prisoner to the Abbaye. A young man, who begged to die in her place, was also condemned to death. Her first care was to implore the forgiveness of her father for disposing of her life without his knowledge. She then wrote to Barbaroux as follows: "Tomorrow, at 5 o'clock, my trial begins, and on the same day I hope to meet with Brutus and the other patriots in elysium." She appeared before the revolutionary tribunal with a dignified air, and her replies were firm and noble. She spoke of her deed as a duty which she owed her country. Her defender (Chaveau-Lagarde), full of astonishment at such courage, cried out, "You hear the accused herself! She confesses her crime; she admits that she has coolly reflected upon it; she conceals no circumstance of it; and she wishes for no defence. This unshaken calmness, this total abandonment of herself, these appearances of the utmost internal tranquillity, are not natural! Such appearances are to be explained only by political fanaticism, which armed her hand with the dagger. To you then, gentlemen of the jury, it belongs to judge of what weight this moral view may be in the scale of justice!" His words could make no impression on the minds of the judges. After her condemnation, she thanked her defender with these words: "I would willingly give you some token of the esteem with which you have inspired me. These gentlemen, however, have just informed me that my property is forfeited; but I have incurred some small debts during my imprisonment, and I hereby transfer

the obligation to you." She was conducted to the scaffold in a red mantle, and passed, with a smiling countenance, through the crowd by whom she was pursued with shouts of execration. She retained her presence of mind to the last. A voice from the multitude exclaimed, "She is greater than Brutus!" It was Adam Lux, a deputy from the city of Mentz, who, fired with admiration, wrote to the tribunal, requesting to die like Charlotte Corday. She was guillotined July 17, 1793.-Modern history presents many similar instances of individuals who have been driven, by a sense of duty operating on an excited imagination, to attempt the lives of important men. Sand, the murderer of Kotzebue, Louvel, who killed the duke de Berri, Staps, who attempted the life of Napoleon, and Lohning, a German student who attempted to destroy a political leader in Nassau, were all actuated by this motive, which has been, in late times, much oftener the occasion of such attempts than the desire of personal vengeance.

CORDELIERS. This word originally signified an order of Franciscan monks: secondly, a society of Jacobins, from 1792 to 1794, were so called from their place of meeting. These were distinguished by the violence of their speeches and conduct. In this club of the Cordeliers, Marat and André soon began to raise their voices. The talents of Danton also procured it some reputation; and CamilleDesmoulins published a journal under the name of The Old Cordeliers, in which he at last took the field against the ultrarevolutionists, and endeavored to unmask the notorious Hébert and his associates. But when he was afterwards imprisoned and executed, with Danton, the society sunk, and, even before the abolition of the Jacobin clubs, fell into total oblivion.

CORDILLERAS. (See Andes and Mexico.) CORDON, in a military sense; troops so disposed as to preserve an uninterrupted line of communication, to protect a country either from hostile invasion or from contagious diseases. In the first case, it answers its purpose badly, according to the new system of the military art, because a line which is far extended can be easily broken through by an enemy, and is not capable of an obstinate resistance.

CORDOVA, on the Guadalquivir; an ancient and celebrated town in Lower Andalusia, capital of a province of the same name, which was formerly a small Moorish kingdom. It contains about 35,000 inhabitants, and lies in 37° 52′ 13′′ N. lat.

It is built on the gentle declivity of a chain of mountains, forms an oblong quadrangle, and is surrounded with walls and lofty towers. A part of the town is of Roman, a part of Moorish origin; many of the buildings are in ruins, and a number of gardens occupy a great part of the inhabited space. The streets are narrow, crooked and dirty; the plaza mayor, the principal market-place, however, is distinguished for its size, its regularity, and the beauty of the colonnade by which it is surrounded. The remains of the residence of the Moorish kings now form a part of the archbishop's palace. The cathedral is a splendid building, originally a mosque, erected in the 7th century, by king Abderahman, strikingly ornamented with rows of cupolas, partly octagonal and partly round, which are supported by 850 pillars of jasper and marble, forming 19 colonnades. The bridge over the river rests on 16 arches. Cordova has always carried on considerable trade; and, even under the Moors, the leather exclusively manufactured there (cordovan) was exported in all directions. At what period the Romans laid the foundation of the town (Colonia Patricia, afterwards Corduba) is not known. In 572, it was conquered by the Goths, and, in 692, by the Moorish chief Abderahman, who afterwards renounced his allegiance to the caliph of Damascus, and made Cordova his royal residence.-The province of Cordova (3940 square miles, with 259,000 inhabitants) includes the fertile and beautiful valley of the Guadalquivir and the mountains of Sierra Morena, a part of which are constantly covered with snow.

CORDOVA; a province of Buenos Ayres, about 100 leagues in length and 70 in breadth, crossed by several chains of mountains, and watered by several rivers. The principal town is called by the same name, besides which there are some towns and villages. The inhabitants feed a great number of cattle and horses, which form their principal trade. Serpents are numerous: some of them are of an amazing size, and exceedingly dangerous; others are harmless. This province is but little known.

CORDOVA; a town of Buenos Ayres, and capital of the province of Tucuman, founded in 1550, by Nuñez Prado, and, about 20 years after, erected into a bishopric; 450 miles, by the common road, N. N. W. Buenos Ayres; lon. 65° 10′ W.; lat. 31° 20′ S.; population, according to Mr. Bland, about 10,000. It contains about 1500 Spanish inhabitants, with

about 4000 Negroes. It has a handsome cathedral and a spacious market-place. The college formerly belonging to the Jesuits is a large edifice, now appropriated to public purposes. The adjacent country is fruitful, abounding in excellent pasture.

CORDOVA, José M., accompanied the liberating army sent to Peru by Colombia, and commanded a division at the battle of Ayacucho. (q. v.) He was known as a meritorious officer during the whole period of the contest, after the year 1819 until its conclusion, but was particularly distinguished at Ayacucho, where his gallantry greatly contributed to the success of the patriots. Dismounting, and standing in front of his division, general Cordova ordered them to advance to the charge, with the emphatic exhortation, "Adelante, paso de vencedores." Although the Spaniards prepared to receive his attack with a show of confidence, they could not withstand the onset. General Cordova received much praise for his conduct on this occasion, and was promoted on the field to the rank of general of division, at the age of 25 years. As general in chief, he remained with the auxiliary Colombian army in Bolivia. He continued in Upper Peru until 1827, when he returned to Colombia. In the changes which took place in the government of Colombia, in 1828, general Cordova took the part of Bolivar, and, in Sept., was made secretary of the department of war, and a member of the council of ministers. In Sept., 1829, after Bolivar had received almost unlimited power (see Colombia), Cordova set up the standard of revolt in Antioquia, but did not receive much support. He was attacked, Nov. 17, by general O'Leary, and slain, with almost all his adherents, 200 in number, after a desperate defence.

CORDOVAN; a fine leather, which took its name from the city of Cordova, where it was manufactured in large quantities. Much is now made in the Barbary

states.

COREA; a kingdom of Asia, bounded N. by Chinese Tartary, E. by the sea of Japan, S. by a narrow sea, which parts it from the Japanese islands, and W. by the Yellow sea, which parts it from China; about 500 miles from N. to S., and 150 from E. to W.; between lat. 34° 16 and 43° N., and lon. 124° 32′ and 130° 30′ E. It is a peninsula, being every where surrounded by the sea, except towards the north. This country consists of 8 provinces, in which are found 40 grand cities,

called kiun; 33 of the first rank, called fou; 58 tcheous, or cities of the second rank ; and 70 of the third, called hien; besides a great number of fortresses well garrisoned. The north part of Corea is barren, woody and mountainous, infested with wild beasts, and but thinly inhabited; but the southern division is rich and fertile, breeds great numbers of large and small cattle, besides fowl, wild and tame, and a great variety of game; it likewise produces silk, flax and cotton. The king of Corea pays an annual tribute to China, but in the interior administration is independent. The prevailing religion is that of Fo or Buddha. Population vaguely estimated at 6 or 8,000,000; square miles, about 88,000. Kingki-tao is the capital.

CORELLI, Arcangelo, a celebrated performer on the violin, was born at Fusignano, in the territory of Bologna, in the year 1653, and was instructed in church music by Matteo Simonelli, a singer at St. Peter's in Rome, and in profane music by Bassano of Bologna. In the year 1706, he travelled into Germany, and was in the service of the elector of Bavaria during five years, after which he returned into his own country. He performed on the violin with great judgment and an incredible degree of accuracy. His execution was peculiarly characteristic, full of spirit and expression, and his tone was firm and uniform. Cardinal Ottoboni was his patron at Rome. Corelli formed and conducted, according to the original plan of Crescentini, the celebrated musical academy which met at the palace of the cardinal every Monday. By his sonatas on the violin, and by his concerts, he may be considered, as it were, the creator of a new species of harmony, especially for his own instrument. He died in 1713, and, besides a considerable fortune, left behind him a valuable collection of paintings, which became the property of cardinal Ottoboni. He was buried in the Pantheon.

CORFU (anciently Drepanum, then Scheria, and at last, Corcyra); an island in the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Adriatic, near the coast of Albania; about 45 miles long, and from 15 to 20 wide; lon. 20° 20′ E.; lat. 39° 40′ N.; population, 60,000; square miles, 229. The climate is mild, but variable, the air healthy, the land fertile, and the fruit excellent. anges, citrons, the most delicious grapes, honey, wax and oil are exceedingly abundant. Some parts are mountainous and barren, and good water is scarce. Salt forms a great part of its riches. The cap

Or