occupied by the French, and landed in Catalonia. He succeeded in making himself master of Barcelona; but he was soon besieged there by his rival Philip V. The French had already taken Mont Jouy, preparations were making for an assault on the city, and it seemed as if Charles could not escape being captured. Nevertheless, at the head of a garrison of hardly 2000 men, he made the most obstinate resistance, till the long-expected English fleet appeared, which put to flight the 12 French ships that blockaded the harbor, and landed a body of troops, which compelled the French speedily to raise the siege. This event was followed by alternate reverses and successes. Twice Charles reached Madrid, and twice was he driven from the city. The first time, in 1706, he caused himself to be proclaimed king, in the capital, under the name of Charles III. He had been a second time compelled to flee to the walls of Barcelona, when he was informed of the death of his brother Joseph I. According to the will of Leopold, this event placed the double crown of Charles V on his head; to his claims on Spain, it added the more certain possession of the Austrian dominions. But the allies were averse to seeing so much power united in the same hands. Charles repaired to Germany by way of Italy, and, on his arrival, learned that, at Eugene's suggestion, he had also been elected emperor. His coronation took place at Frankfort, in December, 1711, and, in the following year, he received, at Presburg, the crown of Hungary. At the same time, he still retained the empty title of king of Spain. He now prosecuted, under the conduct of Eugene, the Spanish war of succession, which his brother had carried on with so much success in the Netherlands; but Marlborough's disgrace, and the retreat of the English army, having resulted in a defeat at Denain, the allies concluded a peace with France at Utrecht, in 1713, in spite of all the efforts of the emperor to prevent it. He was obliged, in the following year, to sign the treaty of Rastadt. This treaty secured him in the possession of Milan, Mantua, Sardinia and the Netherlands. Soon after, in June, 1715, the Turks declared war against Venice. The emperor undertook the defence of this republic. His brave armies, led by Eugene, achieved decisive victories at Peterwardein and Belgrade. But, as the Spaniards menaced Italy, Charles concluded, in 1718, the peace of Passarowicz, by which he obtained Belgrade, the north of

Servia, and Temeswar. Cardinal Alberoni, who was at the head of the cabinet of Madrid, involved Austria, by his schemes, in a new war. But the quadruple alliance, concluded at London in 1718, terminated the war with the removal of this minister, in 1720. To secure his dominions to his daughter Maria Theresa, in default of male heirs, Charles strove to induce the various powers to guaranty the pragmatic sanction, which settled the succession in her favor. He succeeded, by degrees, in gaining the concurrence of all the European powers. The emperor availed himself of a short period of peace to establish various institutions for the benefit of commerce. He visited, in person, the coasts of Istria, where he caused roads and harbors to be constructed, and vessels to be built. His plans respecting the Indian trade in the Netherlands had not the same success, and he was compelled to sacrifice them to the pretensions of the maritime powers. The reign of this prince, by nature a lover of peace, was marked with perpetual agitations. The succession to the Polish throne, after the death of Augustus II, in 1733, disturbed the peace of Europe. Charles, with Russia, supported the son of this prince; but France and Spain declared themselves for Stanislaus Leczinsky. From this arose a bloody war, which terminated, in 1735, in the loss of the Two Sicilies and a part of the duchy of Milan. Austria received Tuscany in exchange for Lorraine, and obtained Parma. Hardly had Charles finished this war, when his alliance with Russia involved him anew in a war with the Turks. In 1737, his troops, under field-marshal Seckendorf, invaded Servia, without any declaration of war, and occupied Nissa. But the Turks renewed their attacks with a continually augmented force, and obliged the emperor, after three unsuccessful campaigns, to cede to them, by the peace of Belgrade, in 1739, Walachia, and the Austrian part of Servia, with Belgrade. Charles died Oct. 20, 1740, at a time when he was employed in the improvement of his distracted finances, and was about putting the last hand to the pragmatic sanction, by causing the grand-duke of Tuscany, his son-in-law, to be chosen king of the Romans.

CHARLES VII (properly Charles Albert), king of the Romans, born at Brussels, in the year 1697, was the son of Maximilian Emanuel, elector of Bavaria, then governor of the Spanish Netherlands. His youth was spent at the imperial court, and,

in the war against the Turks, he commanded the army of auxiliaries sent by his father. In 1722, he married the daughter of Joseph I, having previously renounced all rights which this marriage might give him to the succession to the throne of Austria. In 1726, he succeeded his father as elector of Bavaria. He was one of the princes who protested against the pragmatic sanction, guarantied, in 1732, by the diet of Ratisbon, and, in consequence, concluded a defensive alliance with Saxony. After the death of Charles VI (q. v.), in 1740, he refused to acknowledge Maria Theresa as his heiress, founding his own claims to the succession on a testament of Ferdinand I. He was supported by the king of France, with a considerable force. In 1741, he was recognised, at Lintz, as arch-duke of Austria. The obstacles thrown in his way by cardinal Fleury, who wished not to dismember the Austrian monarchy, as well as the want of artillery and ammunition, prevented him from getting possession of Vienna. On the other hand, he took Prague, where he was crowned and proclaimed king of Bohemia. In 1742, he was unanimously elected king of the Romans: he made a solemn entry into Frankfort, and was crowned by his brother, the elector of Cologne. But fortune soon deserted him. The armies of Maria Theresa reconquered all Upper Austria, and overwhelmed Bavaria. It was necessary to abandon Bohemia. Charles fled to Frankfort, and convoked a diet, when an attack of the king of Prussia on Maria Theresa allowed him to return to Munich in 1744, in which city he died in January, 1745, exhausted by grief and disease. He was succeeded in the electorate by his son Maximilian Joseph, in the imperial dignity by Francis I, husband of Maria Theresa.

CHARLES THE BOLD, duke of Burgundy, son of Philip the Good and Isabella of Portugal, born at Dijon, Nov. 10, 1433, at first bore the name of count of Charolais, under which he distinguished himself in the battles of Rüpelmonde, in 1452, and of Morbeque, in 1453. He was of a violent, impetuous disposition, sometimes breaking out into fury; and early displayed that unhappy ambition, which was the source of his errors and misfortunes. His dislike of the lords of the house of Croy, the favorites of his father, was insurmountable; and, being unable to procure their disgrace, he withdrew from the court, and went to Holland. He was again reconciled, however, with his father,

whom he inspired with his own hatred of Louis XI, and placed himself at the head of the party then forming against that monarch. Having passed through Flanders and Artois, he crossed the Somme at the head of 26,000 men, and appeared before Paris. The king sent the bishop of the city, Alain Chartier, to reproach him for waging war against his sovereign. But the heir of Burgundy answered, "Tell your master, that against a prince who makes use of the dagger and poison, there are always sufficient grounds of war, and that, in marching against him, one is very sure of finding, on the way, companions enough. Moreover, I have taken up arms solely at the urgent request of the people, nobility and princes: these are my accomplices!" Louis met him at Montlheri. Charles broke through one wing of the royal army, and allowed him. self to be carried on too far in pursuit of the fugitives. Surrounded by 15 gens d'armes, who had already killed his master of the horse, he received a wound, but refused to surrender; performed prodigies of valor, and thus gave his soldiers time to come to his release. From this time, Charles conceived so high an opinion of his talents for war, that the greatest reverses could not cure him of it. He succeeded his father in 1467, and immediately engaged in a war with the citizens of Liege, whom he conquered and treated with extreme severity. Before this undertaking, he had been obliged to restore to the citizens of Ghent the privileges which had been taken from them by Philip the Good. He now revoked his forced concessions, caused the leaders of the insurrection to be executed, and imposed a large fine on the city. In 1468, he married Margaret of York, sister of the king of England, and resolved immediately to renew the civil war in France; but Louis disarmed him by giving him 120,000 crowns of gold. Oct. 3 of the same year, the monarch and the duke had a meeting at Peronne, in order to adjust their differences. There the duke learned that the inhabitants of Liege, instigated by the king, had rebelled anew, and made themselves masters of Tongres. Charles was enraged. In vain did Louis on oath protest his innocence; he was imprisoned and strictly guarded. After hesitating long between the most violent measures, the duke finally compelled the king to sign a treaty, the most disgraceful condition of which was, that he should march with Charles against the city of Liege, which he had himself excited against the

duke. Charles encamped before Liege, in company with the king: the city was taken by storm, and abandoned to the fury of the soldiers. Such success rendered the mind of the duke utterly obdurate, and added the last traits of that inflexible, sanguinary character, which made him the scourge of his neighbors, and led to his own destruction. Edward IV conferred on him, in 1470, the order of the garter. Shortly after, he received, in Flanders, Edward himself, who came to seek an asylum with the duke. Charles gave him money and ships to return to England. About the end of the same year, the war between the king of France and the duke of Burgundy was renewed; and never did Charles show himself more deserving of the name of the Bold, or Rash, than in this war. Forced to sue for a truce, he nevertheless soon took up arms anew, accused the king, publicly, of magic and poisoning, and, at the head of 24,000 men, crossed the Somme. He took the city of Nesle by storm, caused fire to be set to it, and, as he saw it burning, said, with barbarous coolness, "Such are the fruits of the tree of war." An enemy to tranquillity, insensible to pleasure, loving nothing but destruction and bloodshed, and, notwithstanding his pride, master of the art of procuring allies, Charles, who desired to be equal to Louis XI in dignity and rank, as well as in power, formed the plan of enlarging his dominions on the Rhine, and elevating his states into a kingdom, under the name of Belgic Gaul. He visited the emperor Frederic III, at Treves, to obtain the title of king and vicar-general of the empire, which the emperor had promised him, on condition that he should marry his daughter to the archduke; but, as neither would enter first into obligations, they separated in dissatisfaction, and the negotiation was broken off. Louis, meanwhile, involved Charles in greater embarrassments, by exciting against him Austria and the Swiss. Charles now determined to dethrone him, and, for this purpose, made an alliance with the king of England; but, being compelled to hasten to the aid of his relative, the bishop of Cologne, he lost ten months before Neuss, which he besieged in vain, and then hastened to Lorraine, to take revenge on the duke Rene, who, at the instigation of France, had declared war against him. Having completed the conquest of Lorraine by the taking of Nancy, in 1475, he turned his arms against the Swiss; and, notwithstanding the representations of these peaceful mountain

eers, who told him that all that he could find among them would not be worth so much as the spurs of his horsemen, he took the city of Granson, and put to the sword 800 men, by whom it was defended. But these cruelties were soon avenged by the signal victory which the Swiss obtained near the same city, March 3, 1476. The loss of this battle plunged Charles into a gloomy dejection, which disturbed his mind and his health. With a new army, he returned to Switzerland, and lost the battle of Murten (Morat), June 22d. The duke of Lorraine, who had fought in the army of the Swiss, led the victors to the walls of Nancy, which surrendered Oct. 6th. At the first information of this siege, Charles marched to Lorraine, to retake the city of Nancy from the duke René. He intrusted to the count of Campo-Basso the charge of the first attack, and, on learning that this officer was a traitor, he regarded the information as a snare. Campo-Basso protracted the siege, and gave René time to come up with 20,000 men. On the approach of this army, he deserted, with his troops, to the enemy, so that the army of Charles now consisted of only 4000 men. Against the advice of his council, Charles persisted in risking battle with unequal forces. On the 5th or 6th Jan., 1477 (John von Müller himself is in doubt respecting the day), the two armies met: the wing of the Burgundian was broken through and dispersed, and the centre, commanded by the duke in person, was attacked in front and flank. As Charles was putting on his helmet, the gilded lion, which served for a crest, fell to the ground, and he exclaimed, with surprise, "Ecce magnum signum Dei!" Defeated, and carried along with the current of fugitives, he fell, with his horse, into a ditch, where he was killed by the thrust of a lance, in the 44th year of his age. His body, covered with blood and mire, and with the head imbedded in the ice, was not found till two days after the battle, when it was so disfigured that for some time his own brothers did not recognise it. He was finally known by the length of his beard and nails (which he had suffered to grow since his defeat at Morat), as well as by the scar of a swordcut, which he had received in the battle of Montlheri. With this prince expired the feudal government in Burgundy. Charles was not without good qualities. In the government of his people, we find no traces of the severity with which he treated himself, and his disposition made him attentive to the administration of jus

tice. He was buried at Nancy, at the command of the duke of Lorraine. In 1550, Charles V, his great-grandson, caused his remains to be conveyed to Bruges. He was married three times, but left only one daughter, Maria, heiress of Burgundy, by Isabella of Bourbon, his second wife. (See Maximilian I.)-Compare the work of the baron de Barante, peer of France, Hist. des Ducs de Bourgogne de la Maison de Valois (Paris, 1824, 10 vols.). In Quentin Durward, sir Walter Scott has described the character of Charles, and some of the quarrels between him and Louis of France.

CHARLES VII, king of France. (See France, and Joan of Arc.)

CHARLES IX, king of France, son of Henry II and Catharine of Medici, born in 1550, at St. Germain-en-Laye, ascended the throne at the age of 10 years, after the death of his brother Francis II. No regency was appointed, and it was deemed sufficient to write to the parliament, through the young prince, that he had requested his mother to undertake the administration of the public affairs; and the parliament acquiesced in this resolution, to avoid exciting new contests between the Guises and the princes of the blood. Catharine consented that the king of Navarre should be appointed governor-general of the realm, as she was too well aware of the weakness of his character to fear it. In order to gratify her ambition, she resolved to throw every thing into confusion. (See Catharine de Medici.) The Guises soon saw that they must oppose a Catholic league to the political associations of the Calvinists. (See Guise.) The cruel persecutions against the Huguenots now broke out. (See Bartholomew's Day, St.)—The duke of Guise, who obtained possession of the person of the young king, was shot by an assassin before Orleans, in February, 1563. In his last moments, he advised the king and the queen mother to negotiate with the parties. This advice was followed; a treaty was signed, March 19, and Havre was taken from the English, July 27. The king, who was the same year declared of age, visited the provinces in company with his mother. At Bayonne, he had a meeting with his sister Isabella, the wife of Philip II of Spain. This excited such suspicions in the Calvinists, that they took up arms, and immediately formed the plan of attacking the king on his return to Paris. Being warned in season, he escaped the danger; but this plot could not fail to arouse the hatred of Charles, who

was proud by nature, and more to be pitied than blamed for his too great confidence in his artful mother. After the battle of St. Denis, 1567, in which the constable of Montmorenci lost his life, Catharine entered into negotiations for peace. But the Calvinists reserved a part of the places which they were to have surrendered, and continued to keep up a communication with England and the German princes. A new civil war soon broke out. Notwithstanding the jealousy of Charles, Catharine placed the duke of Anjou at the head of the royal army. The prince of Condé having been shot in the battle of Jarnac, in 1569, and the admiral Coligni having been defeated at Montcontour, in the same year, the king concluded peace, in 1570, on terms which were so favorable to the Calvinists, that they seem even to have suspected treachery under them. The heads of that party did not therefore all appear at court when Charles celebrated his marriage with Elizabeth, the daughter of Maximilian II. By degrees this distrust disappeared, and the marriage of the young king of Navarre (afterwards Henry IV) with Margaret, sister of Charles IX, seemed to banish every suspicion. This marriage took place August 18, 1572. On the 22d, the first attempt was made on the life of Coligni, and on the 24th began that massacre known under the name of the massacre of St. Bartholomew's, from having taken place on the night of the festival of that saint. Civil war broke out for the fourth time, and Catharine now became aware of the errors of her policy. Charles could no longer conceal his aversion to her, and was on the point of assuming himself the reins of government, when he died, childless, in 1574. He was succeeded by his brother Henry III. Charles was brave, indefatigable, ambitious, of a lively, penetrating genius, and loved the sciences. The cruelties which disgrace his reign should be laid to the charge of his mother rather than himself.

CHARLES X, Philip, king of France and Navarre, brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, succeeded the latter on the throne of France, Sept. 16, 1824. Till 1795, he bore the title of count of Artois; till 1824, that of monsieur. He was born at Versailles, Oct. 9th, 1757, and, in 1773, married Maria Theresa of Savoy, the sister of the countess of Provence, his brother's wife, who bore him the duke of Angoulême (q. v.) and the duke of Berri (q. v.), and died June 2d, 1805. He was educat

ed at the court of Louis XV, and manifested in his youth an amiable disposition, and a capacity for mental improvement, together with a fondness for the fêtes then fashionable at Versailles, and for expensive pleasures. At a ball in the opera-hall, in 1778, he pulled off the mask of the duchess of Bourbon. This affront gave rise to a duel with the duke of Bourbon, related by the baron Bezenval in his Mémoires. In 1782, the count of Artois served as a volunteer in the camp of St. Roch, before Gibraltar, and was created chevalier of St. Louis. In 1787, as president of a bureau of the notables, he pursued different views from his brothers, the king and the count of Provence. The people, therefore, believed that he was opposed to the reform, which was so universally desired; and, when, with the count of Provence, he had completed the registration of the stamp and land tax acts, manifested their ill will by an attack on his person. Two days after the 14th of July, 1789, he and the prince of Condé gave the signal for the fatal emigration, from which so much misery has sprung. The count of Artois repaired to Turin, had an interview with the emperor Leopold in Mantua, resided some time at Worms, at Bruck near Bonn, at Brussels and Vienna. The monarchs assembled at Pilnitz (q. v.) afterwards promised him to support the cause of his family. Louis XVI took the oath to maintain the constitution, Sept. 14th, 1791, and invited the French princes who were at Coblentz to return to France; but they refused to obey, and protested against the new constitution equally disobedient to their country and their king. Hereupon the legislative assembly of the nation withdrew from the count of Artois, May 19, 1792, the appanage of 1,000,000 francs, assigned him by the constitution, and referred his creditors to his estates. The prince was then at Turin, from whence he excited commotions at Lyons, and in other parts of France. He then undertook the command of a corps of emigrants, which, in connexion with the Prussian army, invaded Champagne. After the issue of this campaign, so unfortunate for the Bourbons, the count retired to Hamm, in Westphalia, where, after the death of Louis XVI, he was appointed by his brother, who had taken the title of regent, lieutenant-general of the kingdom. He now solicited the assistance of the empress Catharine, who received him at her court with the greatest distinction, and presented him with a valuable sword, "pour le

rétablissement et la gloire de votre maison." The English government gave him, at the end of 1794, a pension of £15,000 sterling. He had himself sent his diamonds, and the sword which Louis XVI had given his son, to marshal Broglio, to relieve, by the sale of them, the most pressing wants of the emigrants. As Russia seemed disposed to send troops to the assistance of the French royalists, the count proceeded from Hamm, by way of Cuxhaven, to England, in July, 1796, embarked from that country on board the squadron of commodore Warren, and landed on the Ile-Dieu Sept. 29, 1796, expecting to carry aid to the chiefs of Vendée. But advices from England that the Russian auxiliary corps was not to be expected, made him resolve to re-embark. He returned to England, where he afterwards resided in the castle of Edinburgh. In 1799, he left Scotland, in order to join the band of the prince of Condé in the Russian army in Switzerland; but, being informed of Korsakow's defeat and Suwarrow's retreat, he returned to England. After the peace of Amiens, he again took up his residence in Edinburgh. On the renewal of the war in 1803, he went to London, and, subsequently, till 1809, resided at Hartwell, an estate which Louis XVIII had purchased. In 1813, he went to the continent, to await the result of the entry of the allies into France. In February, 1814, he crossed the Rhine, and was at Vesoul, when the complaints made by the duke of Vicenza, at the congress of Chatillon, induced him to return. After Napoleon's abdication, he, as lieutenant-general of the kingdom, immediately proclaimed, in Nancy, to the French people, "the triumph of liberty the reign of the laws, the abolition of the conscription, the suppression of the droitsréunis, and the entire oblivion of the past." April 12, 1814, he entered Paris, and assumed the supreme authority till the arrival of Louis XVIII, in whose name he declared to the president of the senate, April 15, that the king, his brother, would recognise for the basis of the constitution— representation in two chambers, personal liberty, freedom of the press, and other rights, for which they had been so long contending. He now entered immediately on the work of reform. He caused the papal archives and other things, taken from Rome by Napoleon, to be restored to the holy father: the cours prevótales, the tribunals of the customs, and a portion of the droits-réunis, were suppressed. The cours prevôtales (q. v.) were afterwards restored for two years. He then signed the