on his sword, in his pocket the portrait of Gustavus Adolphus and a prayer-book. It is more than probable, that the ball which killed him was fired, not from the fortress, but from the Swedish side. His adjutant, Siguier, has been accused as an accomplice in his murder. A century afterwards, Nov. 30, 1818, Charles XIV caused a monument to be erected on the spot where he fell. At Charles's death, Sweden sunk from the rank of a leading power. In his last years, he had formed great plans for the improvement of its navy, trade and commerce. At Lund, he often conversed with the professors of the university, and attended public disputations on geometry, mechanics and history. In Bender, the reading of useful books was one of his principal employments: he sent for Swedish scholars, and caused them to travel through Greece and Asia. Accounts of some of these travels have been printed; there are others in manuscript at Upsal. Firmness, valor and love of justice were the grand features of Charles's character, but were disfigured by an obstinate rashness. After his return, he showed himself more peaceable, gentle, moderate, and disposed to politic measures. Posterity, considering him in relation to his times, will say that he had great virtues and great faults; that he was seduced by prosperity, but not overcome by adversity. His history has been written by his chaplain, Norberg. Adlerfeld has published his military memoirs. Voltaire's Histoire de Charles XII, though not complete, nor free from errors in dates, names and geographical facts, is written with much clearness and elegance.

CHARLES XIII; king of Sweden; born Oct. 7, 1748; second son of king Adolphus Frederic and Louisa Ulrica, sister of Frederic the Great of Prussia. Having been appointed, at his birth, high admiral of Sweden, his education was directed chiefly to the learning of naval tactics, for which purpose he accompanied several cruises in the Cattegat. In 1765, he became honorary president of the society of sciences at Upsal. In 1770, he commenced the tour of Europe. The death of Adolphus Frederic recalled him to Sweden, where he took an important part in the revolution of 1772. His brother, Gustavus III, appointed him governorgeneral of Stockholm, and duke of Südermannland. In 1774, he married Hedwig Elisabeth Charlotte, princess of HolsteinGottorp. In the war with Russia, in 1788, he received the command of the fleet, defeated the Russians in the gulf

of Finland, and, in the most dangerous season of the year, brought back his fleet in safety to the harbor of Carlscrona, after which he was appointed governorgeneral of Finland. After the murder of Gustavus III, in 1792, he was placed at the head of the regency, and, happily for Sweden, preserved the country at peace with all other nations, while he united with Denmark for the protection of the navigation in the northern seas. He likewise founded a museum, established a military academy for 200 pupils, and gained universal esteem. In 1796, he resigned the government to Gustavus Adolphus IV, who had become of age, and retired, as a private man, to his castle of Rosersberg. He never appeared again in public life till a revolution hurled Gustavus Adolphus IV, in 1809, from the throne, and placed Charles at the head of the state, as administrator of the realm, and, some months afterwards, June 20, 1809, as king of Sweden, at a very critical period. The peace with Russia, at Fredericksham, Sept. 17, 1809, gave the country the tranquillity necessary for repairing its heavy losses, and for completing the constitution. He had already adopted prince Christian of Holstein-SonderburgAugustenburg as his successor, and, after his death, marshal Bernadotte, who was elected by the estates, in August, 1810, to take the place of the prince. On him he bestowed his entire confidence. May 27, 1811, he founded the order of Charles XIII, which is conferred solely on freemasons of high degree. June 21, 1816, he acceded to the holy alliance. His prudent conduct in the war between France and Russia, in 1812, procured Sweden an indemnification for Finland by the acquisition of Norway, Nov. 4, 1814. Although some disappointed nobles may have given utterance to murmurs against his government, Charles XIII nevertheless enjoyed the love of his people till his death, Feb. 5, 1818.

CHARLES XIV, John, king of Sweden and Norway (or Scandinavia), married, Aug. 16, 1798, Eugénie Bernardine Désirée (born Nov. 8, 1781), daughter of the merchant Clary, of Marseilles, sister of the wife of Joseph Bonaparte. Feb. 5, 1818, he succeeded Charles XIII, by whom he had been adopted. This prince, whose political station practically refutes the necessity of the principle of legitimacy maintained by the potentates of Europe, was born, Jan. 26, 1764, at Pau, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and was called Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte. His father was

a lawyer. His uncommon intellectual cultivation shows that he was educated with great care. In 1780, he voluntarily entered the military profession, and, in 1789, at the age of 26 years, was still a sergeant. When the revolution broke out, he entered with enthusiasm the ranks of the defenders of his country, and rose quickly through the steps of military promotion.. In 1794, he was general of division in the battle of Fleurus; in 1795, he contributed essentially to the passage of the French over the Rhine, at Neuwied; in 1796, he served in Jourdan's army. His services on the Lahn, the blockade of Mentz, the battle of Neuhoff, the passage over the Rednitz, the taking of Altorf, the capture of Neumark, and the advantages obtained over Kray, whom he deprived of his magazines on the Marne, established his reputation as a general. He afterwards led reinforcements to the army of Italy, and was intrusted, by Bonaparte, with the siege of the fortress of Gradisca. In the contests which ensued before he could make himself master of it, he afforded a model of coolness and intrepidity. Shortly before the 18th Fructidor, Bonaparte chose him to carry to the directory the banners taken in the battle of Rivoli, and, in his letter, called him one of the generals who had most essentially contributed to the renown of the Italian army. After the treaty of Leoben, the disturbances in the southern provinces continuing in consequence of the 18th Fructidor, the directory appointed general Bernadotte commandant at Marseilles; but he refused to turn his sword against his fellow-citizens, and returned to his division in Italy. After the treaty of Campo-Formio, he was appointed ambassador of the French republic to the court of Vienna. A tumult, caused by planting the tri-colored banner on the palace of the embassy, induced him to leave Vienna. He repaired to Rastadt, and from thence to Paris. In the campaign of 1799, Bernadotte, as commander of the army of observation, under Jourdan, was instructed to cross the Rhine and invest Philippsburg. But the approach of the arch-duke Charles, the retreat of Jourdan over the Rhine, the dissolution of the congress of Rastadt, and the progress of the allies in Italy, rendered extraordinary measures necessary. Bernadotte, being placed in the ministry of war, urged the accusation of the generals who had so speedily surrendered the Italian fortresses, encouraged the zeal of the conscripts, exerted himself for the restoration of military discipline, and checked

the abuses that had crept into the army. Three months after, he saw himself removed from the office which he had administered in the most difficult crisis, at the moment when he might have enjoyed the order he had produced. He therefore retired from the public service, and had already taken up his abode in the country, when the 18th Brumaire effected a change in his situation. Bonaparte called him to the council of state. Here he opposed the establishment of the order of the legion of honor. The first consul, on the other hand, refused to place him at the head of the expedition destined for St. Domingo, and Bernadotte expressed himself very explicitly respecting the entire incompetency of general Leclerc for the duty. An alienation thus took place between him and Bonaparte; and his brother-in-law Joseph could only bring about a kind of political reconciliation between them. He now received the command of the army of the West, and, by his humane measures, suppressed, in its origin, the insurrection excited in the hardly quieted Vendée, by some chiefs of the Chouans. (q. v.) After the peace of Lunéville, he was appointed ambassador to the U. States; but the revival of the war prevented his proceeding thither. In 1804, the first consul sent him to Hanover in the place of Mortier, and his humanity and disinterestedness gained the love of the Hanoverians. In the same year, the change of the consulate into a hereditary empire gave him the staff of a marshal of the French empire, and, soon after, the grand decoration of the legion of honor. On the renewal of hostilities with Austria, Bernadotte led an army through Anspach, effected a junction with the Bavarians at Wurtzburg, and, in this way surrounding the Austrians, contributed to the victory at Ulm. In the battle of Austerlitz, Bernadotte's corps constituted the centre, which withstood all the attacks of the Russian army. June 5, 1806, Napoleon created him prince of Ponte-Corvo. In the war against Prussia, he led the first corps d'armée, advanced from Bayreuth, through Hoff, to the Saxon Vogtland, and cut off the corps of count Tauenzien from the Prussian main army. Oct. 14, he advanced from Dornburg, in the rear of the Prussian army, pursued general Blücher to Lübeck, and compelled him to capitulate. He was the only French leader who seriously endeavored to alleviate the melancholy fate of this unhappy city on the 6th Nov., 1806. Towards the Swedes, also, taken prisoners on the Trave, 1500 in number.

he manifested so much kindness, that his name was mentioned with respect in Sweden. He next marched through Poland and Prussia Proper, and fought, Jan. 25, 1807, the bloody engagement of Mohrungen, by which the Russians were prevented from surprising the grand army, and driving it over the Vistula. He was prevented from participating in the battle of Friedland by a wound received at Spangen, June 5. From the close of 1807 to the spring of 1809, he commanded the French army which remained in the north of Germany. War having broken out anew, in 1809, between Austria and France, he led the Saxon allies to the battle of Wagram, where, with the guard and corps of the viceroy of Italy, they formed the second line and the reserves, and, animated by his courage, fought with the greatest distinction. The Saxons took Wagram, and maintained possession of the burning village for two hours; but, as they had lost many of their number, the prince commanded general Dupas, whose division belonged to the ninth corps, to support them. But Dupas refused, because he was ordered, from a higher quarter, to remain in his position. Astonished at this, the prince immediately made preparations to save the remainder of the Saxon troops, and then hastened to headquarters, to complain to the emperor of this violation of military rules. "If his death," he said, "were desired, there were less odious means than one by which so many brave men must perish with him." The emperor tried to appease the prince by saying that such errors were unavoidable in so extensive movements. But Bernadotte took his dismission, and went to Paris. Information being received of the landing of the English on Walcheren, the council of ministers intrusted to him the charge of repelling the invasion. He immediately called out the national guards, deceived the enemy by marches and countermarches, and compelled them to evacuate the island. From that time the prince lived in the bosom of his family, sometimes in the country, sometimes at Paris; and here the deputies of Sweden brought him, in September, 1810, information of his appointment as successor to the throne, and crown-prince of this kingdom. King Charles XIII had proposed him for his successor, on the 18th of August, to the estates, and the committee of the estates, selected for the purpose, chose him, August 21, almost unanimous ly, on condition that he should embrace the evangelical Lutheran religion. Berua

dotte's acceptance of his election Charles XIII announced to the diet at Erebro, Sept. 26, 1810, having previously, at a chapter of the order holden on the 24th, created the new crown-prince knight of the order of seraphim: he was likewise appointed generalissimo of the realm. Napoleon had no influence on this choice; for, when he learned, in July, 1810, that the Swedish diet was assembling at Erebro, to choose a successor to the throne, he expressed a wish that the king of Denmark might be elected; and the semi-official Journal de l'Empire contains an anticle to this effect, which Désaugiers, the French chargé d'affaires in Stockholm, communicated by a note to the Swedish ministry. Meanwhile three Swedish deputies had already arrived in Paris to ascertain the sentiments of the prince in case of his election. The prince referred them to the emperor, who assured the deputies that he should not oppose the free choice of the diet, though it should fall on the prince of Ponte-Corvo. At the same time, he recalled his chargé d'affaires from Stockholm. After the prince was elected, Napoleon made him several promises in favor of Sweden, but their mutual personal relations were not, on that account, more friendly than they had been before. Oct. 18, at noon, PonteCorvo reached the royal Danish castle of Fredericsborg, where he remained in the midst of the royal family till the next day, when he departed for Elsinore. Here doctor Lindblom, archbishop of Upsal, in the presence of several witnesses, Oct. 19, 1810, in the house of the Swedish consul, received his profession of belief in the creed of the evangelical Lutheran church. Amid the thunder of cannon, a Swedish galley conveyed him to Helsingborg, where he landed Oct. 20, and had his first meeting with king Charles XIII. On the 31st, he was presented to the diet. By an act of Nov. 5, 1810, the king adopted him; he assumed the name of Charles John, and took the oath as crown-prince and heir of the throne; after which ceremony, he received the homage of the estates. To his son Oscar was granted the title of duke of Südermannland. His wife came to Stockholm, Jan. 7, 1811, but returned to Paris, where she lived, till some years since, under the title of countess of Gothland. The king being attacked with sickness in the following year, he committed to the crownprince, March 17, 1811, though with some restrictions, the government of the Swedish monarchy, which he conducted till Jan. 7, 1812, with wisdom and energy.

He did much to promote the agriculture (an agricultural society was erected under his superintendence), commerce and military power of Sweden. Meanwhile, the crown-prince so far yielded to the demands of the emperor Napoleon, that Sweden declared war against Great Britain Nov. 17, 1810. But, after Napoleon had demanded, in vain, 2000 Swedish sailors for his fleet at Brest, and Sweden refused to enforce the continental system in all its rigor, he occupied Swedish Pomerania, without giving any explanation on the subject; and the French ambassador, Alquier, at Stockholm, used language which implied that the crown-prince was to have in view solely the interest of France. When Charles XIII resumed the government, the crown-prince made a remarkable report respecting his administration and the situation of the kingdom. In conformity with his views, the decree of July 29, 1812, was issued, by which the Swedish ports were opened to all nations. This resolution, a consequence of the increasing differences between Sweden and France, was justified by the crown-prince in a letter to Napoleon. In the war between France and Russia, in 1812, Sweden refused the alliance of France, and, in consequence of the provocations which she had received from that country, concluded a secret league with Russia, at St. Petersburg, March 24, O. S. (April 8), 1812, by the terms of which she promised to send an army of 25-30,000 men to Germany; but Russia previously pledged itself to unite Norway with Sweden, either by negotiations or by force of arms. (See Scholl's Traités de Paix, x. 101, &c.) This treaty, however, was set aside at the meeting of Alexander and the crown-prince at Abo, Aug. 27, 1812, in order that Russia might employ, for its own defence, its army in Finland, which had been designed to act against Norway, but was now needed on the Dwina. That treaty is the foundation of the political system subsequently observed by Sweden, and proposed at that time by the crown-prince. Peace between Sweden and Great Britain was also effected at Erebro, July 12, 1812. Napoleon's head-quarters were then between Smolensk and Moscow. Sweden's policy required the greatest possible precaution: its formal declaration of war against France was not therefore made till Charles John had reached the head-quarters of Alexander and Frederic William, at Trachenberg, in Silesia, July 9-12, 1813. The crown-prince evidently showed that he did not wish to attack 9

VOL. III.

France, but only to guard the interests of Sweden, while he promised to coöperate against Napoleon's plans of conquest: several times, therefore, he urged the emperor to make peace. For the same purpose, he wrote to Ney, after the battle of Dennewitz, Sept. 6, 1813. Certain it is, that he endeavored to prevent the passage of the Rhine by the allies, for the purpose of penetrating into the interior of France. May 18, 1813, the crown-prince arrived at Stralsund, to place himself at the head of the Swedish army in Germany. His letter to the French emperor, March 20, 1813, had been without effect. Sweden had now become more firmly allied with England and Russia. After the conference at Trachenberg, Charles John proceeded to Berlin. He visited, during the truce, the quarters of the troops committed to him, repaired again to Stralsund, where he received general Moreau, and, Aug. 11, reached the corps besieging Stettin. He had the command of the "united army of North Germany," consisting of the Russian corps of Winzingerode, Woronzow, Czernitschew, of the English under Walmoden, the Prussian under Bülow, and the Swedish under the field-marshal Stedingk. By the victory at Grossbeeren, Aug. 23, over the French marshal Oudinot, he saved Berlin. By the still greater victory at Dennewitz, the issue of which was decided by the Prussian general Bülow, count of Dennewitz, over marshal Ney, Sept. 6, the capital of Prussia was a second time saved. Oct. 4, the crownprince crossed the Elbe at Rosslau. His march, on the 17th, to Taucha, contributed much to the result of the glorious 18th of October, at Leipsic, on which day Charles John acquired new reputation. On the following day, he formed a junction with his allies at Leipsic. While they pursued the enemy in a direct line to his frontiers, Charles John marched along the Elbe to Mecklenburg, against marshal Davoust and the Danes. Lübeck was soon conquered, and the Danish army separated from the French, which threw itself into Hamburg. A corps was left to prosecute the siege of the city, while the crown-prince, with the main army, turned towards Holstein. At the end of three months, his outposts extended to Rissen and Fredericia, and Frederic VI, king of Denmark, in the treaty of peace which the crown-prince concluded with him, Jan. 14, 1814, at Kiel, ceded Norway to Sweden. Hereupon Charles John, with the greater part of his army, proceeded through Hanover to the frontiers of France. This march, how

ever, was executed so slowly, that, before he arrived at the theatre of war, Alexander and the king of Prussia had already entered Paris. The crown-prince of Sweden now came to Paris, and had an interview with the king of France in Compiegne, but soon left France, to undertake the conquest of Norway, which had elected its former governor hereditary king. After a campaign of 14 days, he compelled the prince Christian Frederic to make a treaty at Moss, Aug. 14, 1814, by which Norway recognised the conqueror as crown-prince of Norway, Nov. 4, 1814. (See Christian Frederic, and Norway.)

Since his accession to the throne, Charles XIV has done every thing possible in his situation to merit the confidence of the nation, which called him to the throne by a free choice. When, on occasion of a conspiracy against him, the citizens of Stockholm, in March, 1817, solemnly assured him of their fidelity, he thanked them with the following remarkable words: -"I came among you with no other credentials and pledge than my sword and my actions. Could I have brought with me a series of ancestors, extending back to the times of Charles Martel, I should have desired it only on your account. For my part, I am proud of the services which I have rendered, and of the fame which has occasioned my elevation. These claims have been augmented by the adoption of the king, and the unanimous choice of a free people. On this I found my rights; and, as long as honor and justice are not banished from the earth, these rights will be more legitimate and sacred than if I were descended from Odin. History teaches that no prince has acquired a throne, but by the choice of a nation, or by conquest. I have not opened a way by arms to the Swedish throne: I have been called by the free choice of the nation, and on this right I rely," &c. In the same spirit has he reigned, and nothing has shaken the confidence of the nation in him. He has manifested the greatest care for the promotion of justice and the prosperity of his subjects, and has founded several useful institutions from his own funds. He combines a prudent firmness in the removal of abuses, and a wise regard for the general relations of European policy. Commerce he has endeavored to encourage, by treaties with the American republics and the Barbary states. The management of the public debt is improved, and the public credit established at home. The attention which he has paid to the education of his son, the heir-appar

ent, prince Oscar (Joseph Francis), born July 4, 1799, is particularly worthy of notice. This was seen at the confirmation of the prince, which took place April 15, 1815, according to the usage of the Lutheran church. July 4, 1817, the prince was declared of age. He has subsequently had a seat in the council of state, and, June 20, 1818, the Swedish diet and the Norwegian storthing empowered him to exercise plenary regal powers, in case of the absence or sickness of the king. June 19, 1823, prince Oscar married Joséphine, daughter of the late duke Eugene, of Leuchtenberg, viceroy of Italy, step-son of Napoleon, who bore him a son in 1826, who received the title of duke of Schonen. Thus the new dynasty seems to be firmly established. Its principal support is the love of the people, which Charles XIV has won by his conduct, equally prudent and noble. His motto, "The people's love is my reward" (Folkets karlek min beloning), expresses the character of his government. (See the Mém. pour servir à l'Histoire de Charles XIV, par Coupé de St. Donat et B. de Roquefort; Paris, 1820, 2 vols.). The principal dissatisfaction has arisen from the way in which he has sought to regulate the foreign debts of Sweden (for example, the loans of Mr. Frege), and it seems that, in this case, he has acted on very untenable grounds; for the credit of the crown of Sweden has been almost annihilated in foreign countries, and loud complaints have been made respecting the violation of acknowledged obligations. He has done much for institutions of instruction and improvement; in particular, he has placed the army and fleet on a respectable footing, has established a large fortified camp for the protection of the country, &c. The memory of Charles XIII he has perpetuated by the erection of a statue. As the only sovereign who has retained a throne acquired during the late wars in Europe, he has a difficult part to play among the legitimates of that continent. It is said that the king of Prussia was negotiating, before the French were driven from his territory, to give one of his daughters to prince Oscar, but that, when his situation improved, he broke off the negotiations.

CHARLES EMANUEL I, duke of Savoy, surnamed the Great; born at the castle of Rivoli, in 1562. He proved his courage in the battles of Montbrun, Vigo, Asti, Chatillon, Ostage, at the siege of Berue, and on the walls of Suza. He formed, 1590, the plan of uniting Provence to his dominions. Philip II of Spain, his father