substantially the same character as that just referred to. It is found twice in this division; once over an individual tying a deer, where it may be rendered consistently by pacoc (paccah), “to cord, fasten, bind," or some derivative thereof (H.). However, an entirely satisfactory definition cannot be given until the signification of the prefix has been ascertained. Nevertheless, it is evident that p'k or p'e are its chief phonetic elements.

Our next example is the leading character (III, 28) from the so-called "baptismal scene" (Tro. 20c) above referred to. As it is composed of the upper character of the symbol for Chikin and Landa's h and i, the signification may be as heretofore suggested,* chic-ha-ich or i, "to rinse, cleanse, or wash with water the child or face." Or it may be, as is more likely, yichintah, "to bathe or wash another," the suffix indicating the child. The action appears to be repeated four times, once toward or in regard to each of the cardinal points, a symbol for one of these points appearing in each group. The cardinal point symbol shown in III, 29, is peculiar ; no explanation, however, will be attempted at present.

As I have space for but few more examples of interpretation I give them with very brief comments.

Pl. III, 30 (from Tro. 23*a), mamac, "the warp of the loom," or "colored chain from the loom." The figure below the text is one of a series apparently representing pillage, and the article this fleeing personage has in his hand is probably the unfinished cloth he has stolen from a primitive loom.

Pl. III, 31 (from Tro. 25b) should, if the interpretations of II, 17, and II, 34, be correct, have p and ch as its chief phonetic elements. Although not meeting the requirements in one minor respect, picit, pictah or picitah, “to move the air, to fan; to make wind with a fan," would seem to be an appropriate rendering if the implement which the individual figured below the text holds in his hand be taken for a fan.

Pl. III, 32 (from Tro. 33*c), I translate xan-tsoots, an abbreviation of xanab-tzootz, "a foot covering, shoe, or moccasin made of hair, moss, or vegetable fiber." The dark object in the hand of the individual figured below the text may be intended for a shoe or moccasin, though without the help of this explanation we would never have suspected it.

*Science, October 7, 1892.

The translation of the preceding glyph will help us to an interpretation of III, 33 (from Tro. 17b), the phonetic value of which we take to be tzabcan, "the rattlesnake." It is possible, however, that the phonetic value contains the elements of chom (see similar. glyph, Dres. 17b). It is only necessary to look at the figure below the text to see the object named. By reference to Landa's symbol for the month Tsos (tzotz or 207) the reader will see where the suggestion was obtained which led to the interpretation of the two lastmentioned characters.

Pl. III, 34 (from Tro. 13*c), esyah, "to make play with the hands in enchantment." Pl. III, 35, same division, kinyah, "to divine or work enchantment; to doctor with enchantments; also "the priest of the idols." As these are found in the section of the codex relating to the making of idols, in which there is much ceremony, the definitions given would appear to be appropriate. It is also consistent with the phonetic value assigned the parts. See II, 39, and III, 24, for first part, and II, 38, and III, 22, for the suffix. In II, 31, however, it seems to be best rendered by yok; at the commencement of a word it is in some cases, if not usually, ha or ah. Following this suggestion, we translate III, 36 (from Tro. 13*d), by u-ahmen, "the wise man, artisan, official, mechanic," etc., which is also consistent with the general tenor of the section and gives the men symbol its proper value.

Pl. III, 37; frequent in all the codices,

kal or twenty. This

is found in the numeral series and its signification admitted. Pl. III, 38 (Tro. 12*d), xacin, "reptile."

The characters shown in III, 39, and III, 40, from Cort. 26c, which I have elsewhere* translated yalcab kalcab, "gather the swarm of bees and inclose them in a hive," may possibly have a very different meaning. The Maya word yalcab used here is found in the Perez calendar given by Stephens in the appendix to the first volume of his "Travels in Yucatan;" thus, yalcab u kak ahtoc, "the burner gives the fire scope." In this it is translated "to give 'scope." It is a verb of the fourth conjugation, sometimes spelled yaalcab, signifying "to give scope or run, to flow, emanate." Although the next character has the sound of k and c (kalcab), we can scarcely suppose that the two words have been abbreviated to kak. In closing, I again express the hope that students devoting atten

*Science, July 22, 1892.

tion to this subject will use what is here presented as a basis for further efforts in the same direction. Though a considerable portion of my interpretations may not sustain the test of rigorous examination or the results of future discoveries, yet I feel assured that further investigation and study will show that I am moving in the proper direction, and that light is at last breaking in upon these mysterious records.

FOLK-LORE PUBLICATION.-The American Folk-Lore Society is devising means for the publication of a series of Memoirs, uniform in size and style with the Journal of American Folk-Lore. Among works already in hand or immediately available are: Angola FolkTales, by Heli Chatelain, the well-known Africanist and author of a Kimbudu grammar; Louisiana Folk-Tales, by Prof. Alcée Fortier, of Tulane University, New Orleans; Animal Tales of American Negroes, by Prof. A. Gerber, of Earlham College, Richmond, Ind., who has made a comparative examination of the so-called "Uncle Remus" tales to the animal tales of other countries; Current Superstitions among the English-speaking Population, by Fanny D. Bergen, of Cambridge, Mass., and a Miracle Play of the Rio Grande, by Captain John G. Bourke, U. S. A.

It is hoped that the Society may succeed in obtaining a fund sufficiently large for the publication in the near future of at least a part of the valuable material at its command.

FOLK-LORE CONGRESS.-The final program of the World's FolkLore Congress to convene in Chicago during the week commencing July 10th has been announced. The subjects are classed under (A) myths and traditional beliefs, comprising twenty-three titles; (B) oral literature and folk-music, of which there are seventeen; (C) customs, institutions, and rituals, twenty-five, and (D) artistic, symbolic, and economic folk-lore, numbering five papers. There will also be given during the Congress a folk-song concert of popular songs, sung by natives of various countries, under the direction of Mr. F. W. Root. The fact that the names of the world's leading folk-lorists are associated with such a large body of material of more than usual interest and value foretells the success of the Congress.

THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION IN
MADRID.

BY WALTER HOUGH.

Through the efforts of the Spanish Government there was brought together in the new palace destined for the National Library and Museum in Madrid the greatest collection of Americana ever under one roof. The building contained, side by side, the art of the Old World at the time of the discovery and that of the New World, roughly on either side of the discovery.

This exposition was unique, both from its admirable historical and scientific motive and in the taste displayed in the presentation of the valuable material. It will be a long time before a similar opportunity is afforded to compare the ethnological and archeological products from so many American sources.

The exhibits dealt mainly with the archeologic aspect, except that of the United States, which was a comprehensive collection. The twenty-four States and countries in large proportion displayed ethnological specimens only for decoration or in an unsystematic way. There were about 250,000 pieces on view, of which the United States, Mexico, and Spain showed the larger number. The floorspace measured 5,000 square meters; of this space the United States and Mexico occupied about one-third.

The United States section occupied six rooms, embracing a long list of exhibitors, both institutions and private persons. The National Museum furnished the large ethnological and archeological collections destined for Chicago, selected by Professors Mason and Wilson. It furnished also specimens of the animals encountered by the early explorers, maps, pictures, photographs, transparencies, illustrations from books on American ethnology, publications of the Smithsonian Institution, enlargements, maps, paper money, medals, etc. There was also a library of historical works, and a collection of writings on American archeology and ethnology presented by the authors.

A series of splendid relief maps was made and exhibited by Mr. E. E. Howell.

UN

The Bureau of Ethnology contributed models of Indian pueblos, the great linguistic maps, pottery, photographs, pictures, and four cases containing a fine series from seven pre-Columbian mines and quarries explored by Mr. W. H. Holmes. These especially attracted a great deal of attention.

Philadelphia was well represented in the exhibition. The University of Pennsylvania displayed publications and monographic archeological collections from Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, and Florida. The enterprise of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia is very commendable. The former showed a large collection of medals, paper money, and publications. The Academy of Natural Sciences exhibited 44 crania from the Morton collection, representing 35 tribes and 14 American stocks. The Philadelphia collections were in the efficient charge of Mr. Stewart Culin.

The Bureau of Latin American Republics showed a magnificent gallery of Iconographia Columbiana, supplemented by Mr. Curtis' own collection. These pictures formed a well-arranged and attractive feature of the Exhibition.

One large hall was devoted to the Tusayan Pueblos and was filled with the collections made by Dr. Fewkes under the munificent patronage of Mrs. Hemenway, and presented especially the religion and symbolism of the Hopi. Sand pictures and altars were shown for the first time. The ancient pottery was exceptionally fine and there was a large series of religious paraphernalia. Photographs, water-color drawings, maps and publications completed an exhibit for which Dr. Fewkes is to be highly congratulated.

Among the other exhibitors were the Geological Survey, the Army Medical Museum, Peabody Museum, Carlisle Indian School, Department of Agriculture, the Mint, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Post-office Department, Coast Survey, Census Office, Fish Commission, Weather Bureau, Bureau of Education, Folk-Lore Society, Anthropological Society, American Historical Association, Virginia Historical Society, Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, the Pilgrim Society of Plymouth, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Charles Scribner's Sons, Harper & Brothers, and a large number of private exhibitors.

Mexico brought a magnificent collection of antiquities, chiefly pottery and stone, filling over 50 cases. There were casts of famous antiquities, copies of the codices, pictures, models, and pho