FURTHER NOTES ON INDIAN CHILD-LANGUAGE.

BY A. F. CHAMBERLAIN.

Since the article "Notes on Indian Child-Language" (AMER. ANTHROP., III, 237-341) appeared, the writer has had occasion to further consider the subject, and a few additional notes are here presented.

To the child-words cited from Cuoq's "Lexique de la Langue Algonquine" are to be added:

Ba, terme par lequel les jeunes enfants expriment leur désir de recevoir ou de donner un baiser (p. 75).

Op, mot enfantin pour exprimer le désir de se lever, de sortir du berceau (p. 307).

Baraga, in his "Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language,”* gives the following children's words:

93.

Bobo, little pain, little wound (in the language of children), p.

Toio, pain (in the language of children), p. 157.

Kaka, or kakash. They say this word to children to express that s. th. is bad or dirty (p. 179).

The word E or Enh! is given by Baraga (p. 112) as an ordinary interjection "yes," and not a special child-word.

=

Ioio seems to be the reduplication of the interjection io!= "ah! oh! (expression of pain or ache)."

Mr. Horatio Hale † was kind enough, in connection with the previous article, to furnish me with the following extract from a letter received by him from the Abbé Cuoq, in response to an inquiry relative to the "child-words" given in the "Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise":

"Pour ce qui concerne en particulier la tribu des Iroquois, il est certain que ce langage a cours dans toutes les familles, que les parents, surtout les mères, l'apprennent à leurs enfants, et que ceux-ci ne font que répéter en suite les quelques mots dont il se compose."

*Part II, Otchipwe-English, new ed., Montreal, 1880.

† Letter to the writer of these notes, under date of July 9, 1890.

The Abbé, Mr. Hale adds, remarks that he "could not explain why the labial letters, which the Iroquois usually have much difficulty in pronouncing, should be used in this 'langage enfantin.'"

In the "Vocabularies of the Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian Languages," published by Dr. Franz Boaz,* the following child-words, with their equivalents in the speech of adults, are given:

HAIDA CHILD-WORD.

gEde's
tsō'ū

ADULTS' WORD.

gyit = Doll (p. 186).

kā'u = Female sexual organs (p. 187).

Dr. Karl von den Steinen, in his recent work on the Bakairié language of South America, includes the following child-words:

Of these words tsogo (= tso'go, patruus, in the speech of adults) seems related to Kzúyu, Kzúyo (matruus, in speech of adults), and tségo, séko, may be, as von den Steinen suggests, connected with i'se.

Amongst the Kootenays, of southeastern British Columbia, the only child-word met with by the writer is papā, which is used for "father," instead of tito'näm (used by men) and so'näm (used by women).

BLOOD CEMENT USED BY THE ANCIENT HURONS.-Fr. Gabriel Sagard, in his "Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons" (tome I, page 189, 1636), says that these Indians with small, sharp stones extracted blood from their arms to be used to mend and glue together their broken clay pipes or pipe bowls (pippes ou petunoirs), "which is a very good device, all the more admirable, since the pieces so mended are stronger than they were before.”

J. B. N. HEWITT.

* Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1891, pp. 173-208.

PREHISTORIC IRRIGATION IN ARIZONA.*

BY F. W. HODGE.

In none of the extensive archeologic remains of southern Arizona are the industry, perseverance, and degree of advancement of a large pueblo population more faithfully illustrated than in the many works of irrigation that abound in the valleys and on the mountain slopes of this section. Prior to the prosecution of systematic archeologic investigation in this region, it was generally believed that, aside from the employment of catch-basins or rude reservoirs formed at the bases of mountain arroyos, artificial irrigation was not practiced by ancient pueblo builders, and that the existing pueblo tribes derived from the early Spanish missionaries or conquistadores their knowledge of conducting the water from the streams to their fields. In the valleys of the Salado and Gila, in southern Arizona, however, casual observation is sufficient to demonstrate that the ancient inhabitants engaged in agriculture by artificial irrigation to a vast extent.

No

The arable area of the valley of the Salado comprises about 450,000 acres, a tract almost equally divided by the river. obstacle is encountered in irrigating the land lying south of the stream for a distance of ten miles, but greater difficulty attended the conducting of water to the northern area by reason of the greater slope of the land, which necessitated the establishment of headworks much farther up the river. This difficulty modern ranchmen have overcome by the construction of the Arizona canal, which traverses a distance of forty-one miles from east to west, and has a capacity of 40,000 miners' inches, sufficient to irrigate 50,000 acres, or over 27 per cent, of the 182,000 acres now reclaimed by the nine irrigating canals of the valley. This latter area is less than one-half the lands redeemable by the waters of the lower Rio Salado.

Judging from the remains of extensive ancient works of irrigation, many of which may still be seen passing through tracts cultivated

* From notes made in 1887-'88 while the author was a member of the Hemenway Archeological Expedition, operating in the Southwest under the directorship of Mr. Frank Hamilton Cushing.

to-day as well as across densely wooded stretches considerably beyond the present non-irrigated area, it is safe to say that the principal canals constructed and used by the ancient inhabitants of the Salado valley controlled the irrigation of at least 250,000 acres, even without considering the economical methods employed by a primitive people in all its undertakings.

The mode of canal construction employed by these pueblo builders was another indication of their patience and industry. Their canals are models for the modern farmer to imitate; yet they could have been dug in no conceivable manner save by the laborious process of hand excavation with stone or wooden implements, the earth being borne away by means of blankets, baskets, or rude litters. Notwithstanding this, the outlines of at least a hundred and fifty miles of ancient main irrigating ditches may be readily traced, some of which meander southward from the river a distance of fourteen miles.

'In following the courses of these canals their depressions may more readily be seen in the dense mesquite forests, where protection is afforded against the drifting sand. On more open ground their routes are generally entirely effaced, lines of stones alone remaining to mark their sites. These stones were the implements once used, broken, and cast aside upon the banks, as well as concretions grotesquely eroded by the river stream and deposited by the natives along the banks as "tamers of the waters." Similar concretions or huacas, according to the description by Mr. Cushing in his article on "Zuñi Breadstuffs," are placed by the Zuñis along the courses of hill-streams near their main pueblo and along the ditches of Pescado and Ojo Caliente, in order, presumably, to direct the waters of the rainy season from the hillsides to the thirsty fields, and to prevent the overflow of their acequias. It is interesting to note that in no instance were these concretions found to have been used as implements, although many of them are admirably adapted to such purposes; a fact further attesting their sacred character.

In the progress of the investigations of the Hemenway Expedition in the Salado valley, under the directorship of Mr. Cushing, excavation was undertaken at a point along the course of one of the principal supply canals of the ancient Pueblo de Los Muertos, near one of the thirty-six large communal structures which formed this now ruined city, and extended for a distance of about thirty feet. The depth of the bed beneath the original banks was found

to be about seven feet. Unlike ordinary irrigation ditches, these were constructed in such a manner as to control to some extent the depth of the current as well as to prevent waste through seepage. The bed of the canal was about four feet wide, but the sides broadened in their ascent to within about four feet of the bank, where a "bench" three feet in width on each side of the canal had been made. From these benches the banks continued, broadening until they reached the brinks, which were about thirty feet wide. Thus a main ditch consisted, so to speak, of one water-course within another; so that if at any time a small current of water only could be supplied at the headgate, owing, perhaps, to drouth, the lower and narrower ditch was doubtless always filled sufficiently to supply the towns beyond, while during the rainy season the upper and much broader portion of the great canal would readily accommodate all surplus waters.

The bottom and sides of the irrigating ditch which was opened, as well as those of a branch of it excavated to the southwest of the ruined-house cluster alluded to, were found to be exceedingly hard, evidently having been tamped while moist, and then, perhaps, roughly plastered with adobe clay. The extreme hardness of the canal lining may be accounted for by the supposition that, instead of burning the dense underbrush for the sole purpose of destroying it, the natives gathered it into their moist canal beds, where it was burned to harden the newly plastered lining. Very little silt was found in the beds of the irrigating ditches, a fact exhibiting either the care taken of them or showing that a current of considerable strength was flowing at the time of the abandonment of the pueblo.

A few rods south of the canal excavation referred to, the canal was observed, from the course of the chipping stones and concretions or "water-tamers" along its banks, to decrease in width and branch off into two canals, each at an angle of about 45° from the trunk acequia. Excavation at this point showed a number of postholes on the outer banks of the two branches, as well as at the angle formed by their juncture, attesting the former existence of a headgate for cutting off or supplying at pleasure the farm lands and house groups to the southward.

The only specimens collected from the canal excavation were a few potsherds, quite a large quantity of cottonwood pollen comparatively well preserved, a few small fresh-water univalves, and the remains of a bundle of fagots or reeds that had apparently floated