ment.

habits, and customs. Lack of time for preparation and limitations of space prevented the full development of a scheme that promises to be of much importance in object-teaching and museum arrangeThe linguistic stock map aided the speaker in setting forth the distinctions to be drawn between the four fundamental concepts of ethnology, to wit: 1. Blood or race, which is a purely zoological idea; 2. Languages, studied in themselves and as indices of race; 3. Nationality, which is a purely social notion; 4. Arts, which belong even more to region than to tribe or language or race.

Mr. W. H. Holmes, representing the Bureau of Ethnology, called attention to the exhibits of archeologic material made by the Museum and Bureau. The principal exhibit illustrated systematically for the first time the arts of mining and quarrying and the manufacture of stone implements by the aborigines. Illustration of the history of flaked stone implements by the classification and grouping of quarryshop products was the leading feature of the exhibit. Diagrams were presented intended to show that stone implements must be studied in the same manner as the naturalist studies living creatures. There is a development of the individual implement from its inception in the raw material through a series of stages to the perfected state. There is an evolution of species, beginning with the first stone implement shaped by the hand of man and advancing through the ages, changing, specializing, and differentiating until the various groups, the species, orders, and families are developed. A full and correct interpretation of the varied phenomena of implement-making is essential to the student who would venture to employ the products of men's hands in the elucidation of his early history.

Mr. F. H. Cushing, of the Bureau of Ethnology, spoke of the Zuñi dramatic recital of the epic ritual of creation illustrated in the exhibit by a group of the three leading priestly characters engaged in that ceremonial.

Dr. Cyrus Adler, curator of religions in the National Museum, described the exhibit illustrative of the history of religions and reviewed the subject of the representation of his department of investigation in the museums of the world. He described the collections of the Musee Guimet at Paris, the Lateran Museum at Rome, the Arab Museum at Cairo, and other religious collections, as well as special displays, such as the Papal exhibitions in Rome in 1887, the Anglo-Jewish exhibition in London in the same year, and others.

In concluding he outlined a scheme for a section of religions in the United States National Museum, which is to be set up in the near future.

The wonderfully varied exhibits of the Columbian Exposition afforded ample diversion to the members of the congress. One evening was spent witnessing dances of the Kwakiutl Indians of the northwest coast, and visits to the Midway Plaisance, with its American Indian and Eastern primitive villages, oriental and barbarian dances, oriental jugglers, trained animals, ancient Greek portraits, German museum, etc., were features of the occasion. The closing event on Saturday evening was a dinner served at the German restaurant, on which occasion speeches of gratulation and farewell were made.

Concluding Remarks.-The Anthropologic Congress of itself probably marks no epoch in the history of the science of anthropology, taking rather the character of a suitable and withal satisfactory feature of the Columbian Exposition, serving an important function in giving emphasis to the value of the great assemblage of anthropological material there brought together. The great richness of the American field of investigation was made apparent to all. The importance of the outcome of the whole group of anthropologic features connected with the fair depends largely on the action of Chicago with respect to the opportunity of the century in museum-making.

A plan has been matured looking to the publication of the proceedings of the congress. Members have raised a fund of upward of five hundred dollars, but it is estimated that one thousand dollars or more will be necessary to publish the volume of some five hundred pages required to accommodate the papers in a complete form. It is much to be regretted that the exposition did not provide for the publication in good style of the reports of all the congresses auxiliary, for they mark (not in all cases, however, as they should mark) the status of progress in all departments of culture at the present day. No other memorial can hope to compare in permanence and in completeness of record with that made possible by the art of printing, and the published memorials of this exposition must be the bases for comparisons of progress at all succeeding Columbian expositions and, for that matter, all other like celebrations.

ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE MADISON MEETING.

BY W J MC GEE.

The forty-second meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Madison, Wisconsin, August 1623, 1893, fell below the average of recent years in attendance, but, thanks to the thoughtful hospitality of the good people of the lakeside city, was memorably pleasant. Moreover, the scientific interest of the papers and discussions was quite up to if not above the average, and anthropology received, perhaps, the lion's share of attention. A vice-presidential address, the customary popular lecture, and thirty papers presented before the anthropologic section, besides. numerous discussions of importance, indicate the position taken by this science at the meeting. It may be added that while Section H was, through the energy of Vice-President Dorsey, always prompt in beginning work, it was the last to adjourn. The average attendance at sectional meetings, both maximum and mean, was also reached in this section. Thus, as an indication of activity in the branch of knowledge most closely related to humanity, and as a measure of popular interest in anthropology, the Madison meeting was highly gratifying.

The formal address by Vice-President J. Owen Dorsey represented the results of recent researches concerning the Biloxi Indians of Louisiana, of which a few remnants only exist. During Mr. Dorsey's visits to the survivors of this people, in 1892 and 1893, he acquired a quantity of linguistic, mythologic, and sociologic material sufficient to form a volume of several hundred pages, and the address comprised the gist of this material. The significance of the appellations and other denotive terms of the tribe; the earlier habitats and migrations; the past and present condition of the people with respect to habits, customs, and numbers; and the kinship system and marriage laws were severally treated in a philosophic way. Special attention was given to the Biloxi language, which was discussed with respect to phonology, morphology, semasiology (or sematology). In the course of the discussion it was shown

that certain generalizations of Duponceau and Brinton are not applicable to the Biloxi language. Numerous examples of case-endings for nouns and pronouns were given, together with many forms of the imperative mood for the verb, which is highly complex in that the sexes of the person addressed and the speaker are both represented. The morphology of the language is characterized by dependent clauses; a typical sentence given in the address (page 16 of the separate printed copy) comprises five dependent clauses in addition to the stem-clause, while the corresponding English consists of four sentences. The semasiology (defined as "the science of the development and connections of the meanings of words") of the Biloxi is instructive, affording numerous examples both of wordbuilding and onomatopeia. About 100 onomatopes have been recorded. Various examples of the curious folklore and mythology of the Biloxi tribe were given.

Among the author's conclusions are the following: (a) The Biloxi is one of those languages which is characterized by complexity; (b) in the "ground plan" or "plan of ideas" the Biloxi differs notably from the Iroquoian tongues and the Athapascan languages of Oregon; (c) the relationship of the Biloxi to other Siouan tongues has been fully established, although it differs from most of the Siouan languages in various respects; (d) it would seem that at least a thousand or fifteen hundred years must have elapsed since the separation of the Biloxi, Hidatsa, and Tutelo people from the Siouan tribes found by Captain John Smith in eastern Virginia.

As usual, two or three other vice-presidential addresses touched more or less directly on anthropology. In his discussion of "Geologic Time as indicated by the sedimentary Rocks of North America" before Section E, Vice-President Walcott based a new and highly suggestive estimate of the age of the earth on the accumulation of limestones in the different American formations, deducing a value intermediate between that commonly reached by physicists and astronomers on the one hand and by dynamic and biotic geologists on the other; the estimate for the Cenozoic, including the Pleistocene, being about three million years, and for the entire postArchean about forty-five million years. In the Section of Economic Science and Statistics Vice-President W. H. Brewer presented a highly suggestive discussion of the "Mutual Relations of Science and Stock-breeding," in the course of which he emphasized the fact

that many domestic animals have been completely reconstructed, practically recreated, through human intervention, and suggested the possible extension of this most beneficent intervention to the human animal. Vice-President Henry F. Osborn, before the Section of Zoology, gave a masterly address on "The Rise of the Mammalia," in which the character and conditions of evolution were elucidated, and the kinship of the human organism to lower ancestral types was incidentally pointed out. Before the section of Botany, Vice-President C. E. Bessey, treating of "Evolution and Classification," touched on the influence of human activity in modifying plants; and as an effort to introduce strictly genetic classification in one of the two great branches of life on the earth the address was well worthy the attention of anthropologists.

Dr. Daniel G. Brinton's evening lecture, delivered in the Assembly chamber of the Capitol, was an admirable popular exposition of present knowledge concerning "Early Men." After a summary statement of the data and methods of anthropology, the author discussed the evidence as to the original home, the antiquity, and the dispersion of mankind. He gave reasons for holding that the river gravels and caves of France and Belgium, and perhaps the Iberian. peninsula and the British isles, yield the oldest records of human existence; and after making due allowances for incomplete examination of the caverns and fluvial deposits farther eastward, expressed the conviction that the earliest men of the earth came into being somewhere along the mountainous zone extending from the western footslopes of the Alps through the Himalaya nearly to the borders of the Yellow sea. Emphasis was laid on the fact that while certain characters of these earliest men are more distinctly simian and pithecoid than those of modern times, yet their bones and art products indicate that they were distinctively men, thinking and speaking, possessing upright stature, acquainted with and at least in partial control of fire, and masters of many rude but essentially human arts; so that the researches of archeology have made little progress in tracing mankind toward the lower ancestry of necessary hypothesis. By the association of human relics with glacial and aqueoglacial deposits and with extinct or displaced animals, the date of human origin in the Eurasian continent was thought to be carried backward in time beyond the last ice invasion of the Pleistocene. Touching on the question of the peopling of the Ameri