where peoples were varied, occupations varied, materials varied, and time long we will have the widest range.

The tide-water peoples were by no means content with the materials supplied by the province in which they lived, although these naturally received first attention. Not being favored by nature in the quality and range of their materials, they seem to have searched far and near for those finer-grained homogeneous varieties so much used in other regions. They sought flint in the mountains of Virginia fully a hundred miles beyond the tide-water limit; they discovered a slaty-appearing volcanic porphyry, called rhyolite, in South mountain, 75 miles northwest of Washington, and jasper and argillite were obtained from eastern and northeastern Pennsylvania. It is probable that in some cases the tide-water peoples made long journeys in search of these rocks and spent short seasons quarrying and roughing out the blank forms and selecting choice bits to be carried home. On the other hand, much of the material from these distant places may have reached the lowland by exchange or trade, and a certain amount, not ascertainable, of the supply of implements of exotic materials is no doubt due to visits and incursions by peoples occupying the region of the source of supply; for example, jasper may have been brought by the Susquehannocks of the north, and flint by the Monacans of the west. It may be that in time, by careful comparison of the forms of implements characterizing the various exotic materials, something may be suggested of the presence of neighboring peoples in or at least of their influence upon the art of the tide-water region. Distribution is very general, implements made of all of the varieties of stone mentioned being scattered more or less fully over the Chesapeake-Potomac country as far south as James river.

Jasper, the quarries of which have recently been located by Mr. H. C. Mercer, of Philadelphia, is more plentiful in the upper Chesapeake and Susquehanna regions. Argillite, which was obtained in the Delaware valley, did not find its way to any great extent into Maryland and Virginia, although several caches of blades have been discovered in the middle Chesapeake region, and implements are occasionally found. Rhyolite implements are most plentiful in the Patuxent and Potomac valleys, and especially in those portions of them adjoining South mountain. The quarries of this stone are in Pennsylvania, near the head of the Monocacy, and the implements are very numerous on that stream, and fragments of considerable size have been carried far down the Potomac.

Transportation was no doubt mainly by water. Probably onefourth of the spear and arrow points of the Potomac region are made of this rock. Flint of a dark or blackish hue was used in making smaller projectile points, as were also quartz and jasper. These materials, breaking naturally into small pieces, were not well fitted for the making of large implements.

It should be noted that of these exotic materials we have in the tide-water country very few large or rude implements, and, as a matter of course, failures of manufacture are rare, save those that result from breakage during such specializing and finishing operations as were conducted subsequently to transportation from the quarry. Of quartz and quartzite, the native flakable stones, there are countless rejects of manufacture of all grades, as previously described.

It may be said of quartzite and quartz that a portion of these materials-perhaps a large portion, especially of the latter-were secured from the highland beyond the tide-water limit, and no one can say from the examination of ordinary finished implements of these materials whether or not they were made from a native bowlder or from a foreign mass or flake; but the presence of countless numbers of the rejects of manufacture from quartz and quartzite bowlders and pebbles within the tide-water area, and the rarity, so far as I have been able to discover, of refuse of manufacture in the highland, seem to make the true conditions clear.

Cut, pecked, ground, and polished implements of usual types are common in this region. Soapstone, used in making pots, pipes, sinkers, and ornaments, was quarried in hundreds of places along the eastern border of the highland. The unfinished objects are found on the quarry sites and upon dwelling sites near by. The finished utensils and implements are scattered far and wide, but grow less plentiful as we approach the Atlantic coast. The picks and chisels used in working the soapstone are confined to the quarries and their vicinity.

Axes, celts, and the like were made for the most part of tough bowlders of volcanic and granitic rocks obtained from the streambeds or from the highland. Failures resulting from the manufacture of these implements are frequently found upon village sites along the banks of the larger streams. Rejection or failure was not uncommon even after the pecking operations began, and breakage under the pecking hammer was not rare. It is important to observe

that in many cases these implements were reduced to approximate shape by flaking, and this has given rise to several classes of flaked rejects, peculiar in shape and exceptional in material. These objects are of such rude forms that they are sometimes mistaken for very primitive implements, thus providing another trap for the unwary paleolith hunter.

The liability of the various stone implements of the tide-water region to transportation is approximately expressed in the following partial list. Beginning with those least subject to transportation and ending with those most subject to it, we have the following tentative order:

Mortars, generally improvised from bowlders having at least one concave surface which was gradually deepened by use. They were probably rarely far removed from the site of their first utilization. Many improvised tools and utensils, mullers, pestles, hammerstones, etc., were equally home-stayers, as they were merely natural shapes picked up and adapted to the needs of an occasion.

Sharpened bowlders, improvised chopping or bone-breaking tools, occur on all river sites where bowlders were at hand. The edge or point was made by removing one or more flakes. They were not transported far beyond the limits of the bowlder-producing area.

Notched and sharpened bowlders, improvised axes, picks, or hoes, closely related to the preceding, but intended to be hafted. Their transportation was but slight, as they are rarely found beyond the range of deposits of heavy bowlders. Half a dozen blows with a hammer-stone were sufficient to fashion one of these objects.

Picks and chisels for working soapstone traveled but little beyond the quarries and the neighboring villages where the finishing was done. These consist of rude, sharp stones, of axes and celts worked over or "upset" to secure good points, and of thick leafshaped chisels reduced to approximate shape by flaking and then ground to an edge at one or both ends.

Net sinkers are not common and are usually rude. They were probably carried back and forth to some extent along the streams.

Pestles, cylindrical stones symmetrically shaped and well finished by pecking, were apparently carried from place to place and perhaps for long distances.

Hammer-stones: Many of these objects were improvised from bowlders and were quickly cast aside, as already indicated, but others were carried far out into the non-bowlder-bearing region, where they acquired by use or were given purely artificial contours.

Soapstone vessels are widely distributed, reaching in rather rare cases points 100 miles or more from the highland in which the material was quarried.

Grooved axes, celts, scrapers, drills, knives, spear-points, arrowboints, as well as pipes and ornaments, were freely transported, covering the full range of the peoples employing them, and not infrequently, no doubt, passing from district to district through other hands.

Rejects resulting from failures in specialization of transported forms and from attempts at remodelling of worn or broken tools are to be found everywhere, but rejects of the roughing-out processes are not seriously affected by the transporting agencies, remaining mainly upon the shop sites.

Some of the eccentricities of distribution may be illustrated by examples, sites having varying relations to the deposits of raw material being chosen for the purpose, as follows:

1. On a site of quarrying and manufacture where dwelling was inconvenient, as on the bluffs of Rock creek, the work was confined mainly to roughing out leaf-shaped blades, and the series of art forms comprise a limited range, including turtle-backs and other kinds of rejects and refuse. Nothing exotic, nothing finished, nothing that might not readily be classed as "paleolithic" by our American advocates of the idea of a rude stone age, was found in three months' work upon the shop sites of Rock creek.

2. On a site of quarrying and manufacture where dwelling was practicable and where lodges were actually pitched to a limited extent, we find intermingled with the rude forms some specialized ones and a few tools of exotic origin, such as projectile points of rhyolite and axes and celts, as at Riggs' mill, eight miles northeast of Washington.

3. On a site of manufacture and at the same time of extensive dwelling, as at Anacostia, D. C., where much raw material was at hand, all varieties of refuse and of rude forms are found; likewise well-shaped and wholly-finished specimens of flaked tools of local origin prevail. There are also all the cut, pecked, and polished tools and ornaments common to village sites. Besides these, many exotic materials in varied forms are found.

4. On a village site where no raw material, save small quartz pebbles, is found there will be a full range of small quartz rejects and of small quartz implements, with a liberal supply of finished implements of exotic materials averaging small.

5. On a site remote from all sources of raw material, as on the eastern shore, the objects average small and are much varied in material and style, having come far, through numerous peoples and from many sources.

Typical illustrations of the two last-mentioned varieties of sites are difficult to find, for the reason that in all sections, even far out toward the present ocean beach, there are occasional ice-borne bowlders and fragments of considerable size, and these were collected by the natives and used for mortars, mullers, and for various flaked and pecked implements, and such objects destroy the entire simplicity of conditions conceived for the sites described.

A synoptical statement is made in the accompanying plate (Pl. II) which exhibits many of the most striking features of the flaked-stone archeology of this province, and indicates clearly the points most requiring attention in other regions. The stories of the origin and form of the materials, of manufacture, rejection, elaboration, transportation, storage, specialization, and use are all expressed or suggested. Four materials are represented, two native, in the form of bowlders, and two exclusively exotic and derived from mass deposits. Each series indicates the course of development through which most of the finished forms passed between the first stroke given to the shapeless stone and the finished work of art.

In the first and second series all the forms, from the bowlder to the most minute art shapes, are represented in solid lines, being exclusively tide-water art. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are shop rejects, turtle-backs, etc., and are not implements. Nos. 7, 8 and 9 are roughed-out forms, blanks, blades ready for further specialization, and are not necessarily implements, although they were available as knives and scrapers. The numbers from 10 to 18 are specialized forms derived mainly, no doubt, from bowlders, and include knives, spear-points, arrow-points, and perforators or drills.

The second series comprises forms derived mainly from quartz pebbles, and which are naturally smaller than the quartzite forms. They are drawn in solid lines, being of native derivation. Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are shop rejects, turtle-backs, and are not implements. No. 8 is a profile, showing the ordinary "peak" or hump of the reject. Nos. 9, 10 and 11 are successful blades, which may have been employed as knives or scrapers, but were usually intended for specialization into arrow-points, spear-points, perforators, etc., as indicated in Nos. 12 to 20.

The third series, consisting of objects of rhyolite, is drawn