The next tract contains an account of the Scarlatina Anginofas which appeared in Philadelphia in 1783 and 1784. The begining of July was unusually cold. Towards the end of the month it became fuddenly warm, and the thermometer stood for three days at 94°. The air was ftill and fuffocating. Upwards of twenty perfons died from the exceffive heat, or from drinking cold water. The weather again became cold, and during August it continued variable. Fevers of every species prevailed:

The month of September was cool and dry, and the Scarlatina Anginofa became epidemic among adults as well as young people. In most of the patients who were affected by it, it came on with a chillinefs and a fickness at the ftomach, or a vomiting; which laft was fo invariably prefent that it was with me a pathognomonic fign of the disease. The matter discharged from the ftomach was always bile. The fwelling of the throat was, in fome inftances, fo great, as to produce a difficulty of speaking, fwallowing and breathing. In a few inftances the fpeech was accompanied by a fqueaking voice, refembling that which attends the cynanche trachealis. The ulcers on the tonfils were deep, and covered with white, and, in fome inflances, with black floughs. In feveral cafes there was a difcharge of a thick mucus from the nofe, from the beginning, but it oftener occurred in the decline of the disease, which most frequently happened on the fifth day. Sometimes the fubfiding of the fwelling of the throat was followed by a fwelling behind the ears.'

Dr. Rush began the cure by giving a vomit, joined with calomel; and when this laft failed in its effect, he gave lenient purges. The throat was kept clean by detergent gargles, and gentle antimonial dofes and diluting drinks were administered.

The Cholera Infantum, which is the fubject of the next tract, is alarming in its fymptoms, and fatal in its effects. It prevails in moft of the large towns in America. It appears in the fouthern ftates in the fpring, but in the northern not till the middle or end of fummer. It has been attributed to dentition, to worms, to fummer fruits. Dr. Rufh confiders it as a bilious diforder. In the treatment he recommends vomits, purges, opiates, diluting drinks, and glyfters made of flax-feed tea, &c. After the violent fymptoms are compofed, he recommends the decoction of bark and port wine, or claret mixed with water. Dr. Ruth thus defcribes a melancholy accident, with which we, in this mild island, are happily unacquainted:

Few fummers elapfe in Philadelphia in which there are not inflances of many perfons being affected by drinking cold water. Ip fome feafons four or five perfons have died fuddenly from this cause in one day. This mortality falls chiefly upon the labouring part of the community, who feek to allay their thirit by drinking the water from the pumps in the streets, and who are too impatient, or too ignorant,

7

to

to use the neceffary precautions for preventing its morbid or deadly effects upon them. Thefe accidents feldom happen, except when the mercury rifes above 85° in Farenheit's thermometer.

6

In a few minutes after the patient has swallowed the water he is affected by a dimnefs of fight, he ftaggers in attempting to walk, and, unless fupported, falls to the ground; he breathes with difficulty; a rattling is heard in his throat; his noftrils and cheeks expand and contract in every act of refpiration; his face appears fitffufed with blood, and of a livid colour; his extremities become cold, and his pulse imperceptible; and, unless relief is speedily obtained, the disorder terminates in death in four or five minutes.'

He recommends liquid laudanum as an almost certain remedy. Dr. Ruth's thoughts on the pulmonary confumption contain nothing new. That melancholy diforder is unknown among the Indians of North-America, and feldom appears among thofe fettlers who retain the primæval manners.

In his obfervations upon anthelminthic medicines, Dr. Rush refers the diseases produced by worms to the class of neurofes. The remedies are vomits, purges, aftringent fubftances, and fweet oil; cowhage and powder of tin; alfo common falt, ripe fruits, and faccharine fubftances. Calomel must be given in large dofes. The expreffed juice of onions, and a syrup made of the bark of the Jamaica cabbage-tree, are powerful remedies; but the most certain anthelminthic is the Carolina pink

root.

Tetanus Dr. Rufh afcribes to relaxation. It is commonly produced by exceffive warmth; but it may be occafioned by labour or fatigue. The Doctor disapproves of the use of opium, and recommends the ufe of wine and bark.

From the obfervations which Dr. Rush made in the military hofpitals of the United States, the common remark is confirmed, that an European has a stronger conftitution, can fupport more fatigue, and does not fuffer fo much from the climate, as a native of America. The Doctor's account of the influence of the American revolution upon the human body, feems to be extremely fanciful. The greatnefs and the uncertainty of the event, and the fanguine expectations of the people, have undoubtedly produced fome effects; but thefe were modified by various circumstances; and a great part of the American army was composed of renegadoes from Europe, whose zeal was artificial and momentary.

Dr. Rufh has annexed a discourse delivered to his pupils at the end of his courfe of lectures. It contains fome plain advices, but in general it is minute and puerile.

ART. VI. Archaologia; or, Mifcellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. Vol. VIII. 4to. Il. Is. White. London, 1787.

[ Concluded. ]

'XXXVI. On the Origin of the Jews in England. By • Mr. John Caley, · F. A. S.'

The first notice that Mr. Caley can find of the Jews in Enggland, is about the middle of the eighth century; when a canon was made, forbidding Christians to partake of their feafts. In the next century mention is made by a charter to the abbey of Croyland, of lands given to the monks by fews. These remarks fhew the falfhood of the action, that the Jews were first introduced into England by the Conqueror. What are called the laws of the Confeffor, alfo declare the Jews and all their property to be the king's.' Bracton fpeaks exactly the fame language for his time. And all unite to fhew the existence, and the oppreffions, of the Jews in this country, from the beginning.

• XXXVII. An historical and defcriptive Account of the ancient • Painting preferved at Cowdray in Sussex. By John Topham, Efq. F, R. A.S.'

This painting contains the proceffion of King Edward VI. from the Tower of London to Westminster, the day preceding that of his coronation.' Mr. Topham accordingly defcribes this proceffion, from a printed account at the time; and then gives us the delineation of it, and of the several parts of London through which it moves, as they are exhibited in the picture. This reprefents the proceffion the whole distance from the Tower to Westminster, at the point of time when the king was in Cheapfide, having juft paffed the celebrated cross which then flood in that street. The cavalcade is proceeding through the arched gateway leading into St. Paul's churchyard, where it is loft for a time; but is again feen at the top of Ludgate-Street, advancing through Ludgate and TempleBar, and paffes [it fhould be, paffing] Charing-Cross to the • palace at Weftminfter. The part meant principally to be re• presented, is the fouth fide of Cheapfide, from Bow church to the entrance into St. Paul's church-yard. The master of each houfe is ftanding at his shop-door, and faluting the king as he • paffes."

་

The

J

The old church of Bow, on which the new one is founded, < is now converted into a fepulchral repofitory; the ftructure of which confifts of two rows of fmall circular pillars, the capi<tals whereof are now about two feet and an half above the floor <of the vault, which fhews the ground to be greatly raised in this < neighbourhood; and which indeed fhews the very floor of the old church itself to have been gradually raised by burials, almost up to the capitals of its pillars.

To render more ufeful' the great conduit in Cheapfide, in 1439 the mayor and citizens obtained from the abbot and convent of Westminster, the grant of a fountain called Oxlafe, within the lands and precinct of the manor of Paddington, with < the free use thereof;' Quære, Where in Paddington was this fountain? provided there was fufficient water left for the far'mers and tenants of that manor, and that the pipes should not be laid in any part of the lands within the manor of Hide, which then belonged to the church of Westminster,' and now forms the Hide Park of our fovereigns.

<

These paintings at Cowdray have generally been afcribed to "Hans Holbein. Sir Jofeph Ayloffe was of opinion, that they were not the work of that celebrated mafter; but rather fupposes them to have been the production of Theodore Bernardi, who fome years after painted, in the fenth transept of • Chichester cathedral, the portraits of the kings of England and the bishops of that fee, and afterwards fettled with his family in that part of Suffex. Whoever the painter might be, many of the figures reprefented are finely executed; and, according 'to the remark of the ingenious author of Anecdotes of Painting in England, the hiftories, habits, and cuftoms of the times, represented in these paintings, make the room which contains them a fingular curiofity.'

Then comes an appendix, to be annexed to each future volume, of fuch curious communications, as the council fhall • not think proper to publish entire,' only extracted from the < minutes of the Society, and formed into an historical memoir.' We heartily approve of this addition to the former plan, and shall notice one or two points in it.

Feb. 16, 1764. Mr. Jeans, introduced by Mr. Da Cofta, • exhibited an old ivory comb eight inches long and a quarter deep, dug up 1761 nineteen feet below the prefent furface of Skipraw-Street in Aberdeen; and supposed to have lain there, "ever fince Edward III. king of England, burnt and ruined that city, because the inhabitants fhook off his yoke, and maffacred his garrifon. In digging to this depth, Mr. Jeans

S 4

cut

་

cut through three paved ftreets below the prefent; and on the fpot where the comb was taken up, were all the marks of fire, and fome iron utenfils lying on a plain ground-floor.'

The Hon. Daines Barrington, fpeaking of the large maffes of ftone on fome parts of the Berkshire and Wiltshire downs, and more particularly-in a village near Lord Craven's hunting feat of Afhdown Park, which is about two miles diftant from the paftures in Compton parish;' fays it seems very clear, that these immenfe mafles were never brought to their ⚫ prefent fituations, by the inhabitants of this ifland in any age or < period; for they must have been removed from the valley near 'Lord Craven's feat, at two or three miles distance; to which attempt I should fcarcely conceive that the engineers of the prefent times are equal,' Mr. Barrington therefore proceeds to fuppofe that they were thrown to fuch a distance by an explofion accompanying an earthquake; when most of them fell in the valley fouth of Ashdown Park, but others were carried to feveral of the adjacent villages in the vale of Whitehorse, and more particularly to the feeding-ground in Compton parish.' This fuppofition is fo enormously wild in itfelf, as fuppofing an explofion without affigning any reafon or fixing any place for it; and as fuppofing one that must have rent the island in pieces, if it could throw fuch ftones to an unknown diflance; that credulity itself must reject it. But when we reflect, that these stones of Compton parifh and Afhdown Park are under the downs, as we know them to be; and that the ftones are fcattered all over the downs, are even fcattered more copiously over the Wiltshire downs, and are even found on the moors of Cornwall, of Wales, of Yorkshire, of Derbyfhire, and of every uncultivated county in the ifland; we fee the abfurdity of Mr. Barrington's explosion in Berkshire, with a double force and power. How then fhall we account for thefe huge moor-ftones? We account for them thus. The thepherds upon the Berkshire downs, we know, confider them as the natives of the foil. Mr. Barrington indeed objects to this, that these fragments of rock are chiefly to be feen in a bye road through fields' near Compton; and that at Compton the foil-is a deep clay, under which it is fo difficult to find any materials for mending the roads, that the inhabitants are obliged to fetch chalk-ftones from the downs for this purpofe, to avoid which they fometimes blaft these enormous grey-weathers, at least for mending gateways. But this is furely no argument. Every rock must have a pabulum of earth below it. What then is the proper pabulum for these moorftones in Berkshire, Wiltshire, &c.? Earth muft be. But what kind of earth? We pretend not to fay, except from

facts.