J N J P c 123 d 208 2a NAnd again she bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a 'keeper of sheep. 2b And Cain was a 'tiller of the ground. L 3 And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the 'when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, Abel. Moreover, the city-builder of 17 can hardly be the Cain 15 e f 126 g 233b h228 i 38 j 210 k 146d 1141 m 24 A clue to the answer to this query is found in the narrative in Gen 111-9. After a survey of the distribution of the nations according to their languages in 10, the earth is still of one speech 1. Who are the people that are there journeying in the East? May they not be the posterity of Cain 416, still in possession of the builder's skill? In that case, one group of traditions traced the early history of mankind without a Flood. When the narrative of the Deluge was adopted into the cycle of Israel's ancestral beliefs, some modifications were inevitable in the process of welding together stories which were not based on the same conceptions of the past. The details of these changes, omissions, curtailments, cannot now be recovered with any certainty, and the indications of the text must be regarded as probabilities only. If 3-16 and 17-24 belong to different cycles grouped together by the redactor of J, it is possible that Abel (27) and Jabal (2) who were both breeders of animals, had some original connexion. Cp the Introductions of Cornill and König, together with Stade's article ZATW (1894) especially pp 254-83. Most readers will endorse a former remark of Dillmann's, that no theory has yet been propounded which satisfactorily solves all the difficulties arising out of Gen 4. On Js cp Introd i 108. 42 The story of Abel has perhaps been fitted in with the idiom D, or this may be the continuation of a previous narrative which has been eliminated. It is noticeable that Abel's name does not receive any explanation like Cain's in 1. On the use of 2b T but. The conjunction is the same as in 2a. here, see Budde, Urgesch 217, who compares 17 20. 220m 109 2527 and adds 1612 35 920. 78 M Or, shall it not be lifted up. 7b M Or, is its desire, but thou shouldest rule over it.-The reminiscence of 316 seems here unmistakable, but the difference in imagery and application rather suggests diversity of authorship. 8 M said unto. Many ancient authorities have, said unto Abel his brother, Let us go into the field. 12 The critics who regard this section as part of a later stratum in J's early history of mankind, find in this passage a slightly different point of view compared with 317-19. Cain's occupation as a tiller of the ground is not in any way connected with the primaeval curse: and the refusal of its strength in the future rather implies that it had been bountiful to him in the past. 13 M Or, mine iniquity.—Cp 1915 4416 Ex 347 Num 1418 al. 136 M Or, than can be forgiven. J J' P 9 3119 cp 16 38 face=presence 15 24 Ex 2121 Hopht 8214* cp 137 u 17 26 320 v Cp 26 101 al # 1025 N 'hid; and I shall be a "fugitive and a "wanderer in the earth; and it 16b And [he] dwelt in the land of "Nod, "on the east of Eden. f roll 114 Ex ill he 'builded a city, and "called the name of the city, after the Z 3127* y Job 2112 3031 Ps 15044 z H* 23. Laha a' Deut 322 Ex 125* '61 1021 25 2415 al H. a Cp 127 b 126 C 128 d 244 € 127 L Ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my "speech; For "I have islain a man "for "'wounding me, 24 If Cain shall be "avenged sevenfold, Truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold. 25 And Adam "knew his wife "again; and she bare a son, and "called his name Seth [ Sheth]: For [said she] God hath 'appointed [5 Shath me another seed instead of Abel; for Cain slew him. 26 And to Seth, to him 'also there was "born a son; and he called his name Enosh: then "began men to call upon the name of Yahweh. . . a 188b b 77 d 107 51 THIS IS THE "BOOK OF THE "GENERATIONS of Adam. In the day that God created "man, in the 'likeness of God made he him; 2 male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam Man, in the day when they were created. 3 And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and 'begat [a son] in his own 'likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth : and the days of Adam after he 'begat Seth were eight hundred years; and he begat sons and daughters. 5 And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years: and he g 181 died. 6 And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and 'begat Enosh: 7 and 25b An explanation by the annotator of the combined narratives. Other traces of the same hand may possibly be found in the clause another seed instead of Abel.' In reality, however, it was the line of Cain that was replaced by the Sethite genealogy, the ancestry of Israel being traced through Noah and Shem, while the progeny of Cain perished in the Flood. 51 The 'generations of man' form the obvious sequel to the narrative of the 'generations of the heaven and the earth' in 1-24a ̧ A new subject, the line of ten patriarchs from Adam to Noah, is marked by fresh phrases. Each step in the series is 217-21. On 1b Holzinger observes that this is the title of a book rather than of a section, and suggests that P may once have begun without a creation-story. The lengthy phrases of 1-2, the double occurrence of 'in the day' (which Holzinger supposes to be borrowed from 24), and the incongruities of the pronoun which vibrates from sing to pl (though this occurs also in 127), may be due to editorial expansion after the union of P and J. f69 cp 171 9 320 h 317 a 426 Seth lived after he begat Enosh eight hundred and seven years, and begat 9 And Enosh lived ninety years, and begat Kenan: 10 and Enosh lived 12 And Kenan lived seventy years, and begat Mahalalel: 13 and Kenan lived after he begat Mahalalel eight hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters: 14 and all the days of Kenan were nine hundred and ten years: and he died. 16 15 And Mahalalel lived sixty and five years, and begat Jared: and Mahalalel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters: 17 and all the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred ninety and five years: and he died. 18 And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years, and begat Enoch: 19 and Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 20 and all the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and two years: and he died. 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah : 22 Nand 25 And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Mh N Na son: 30 And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters: 31 and all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died. h 201 i 79 j 40 32 And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem, Ham, k 119 and Japheth. 61 And it came to pass, when men 'began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters "were born unto them, 2 that the 'sons of b Job 16 21 3874 God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all that they chose. 3 And Yahweh said, My spirit shall not "strive with man for ever, "for that he also is flesh: "yet shall his days cp Ps 291 897 H. 522 The recurrence of these words in 24, the awkwardness of their introduction here, as if Enoch had not walked with God before Methuselah was begotten, and the indications in that the original formula 'lived' still lingered on, all point to some editorial manipulation. Budde conjectures that in the source which P here employed, the story ran that Enoch 'walked before Yahweh' cp 2440 4815. 28 The uniformity of P's style leads us to expect here the name of Noah. The compiler, however, wishing apparently to utilize J's explanation of it, has inserted it at this point, having no doubt found it in the list which traced Noah's descent through Seth 425.. That pedigree has apparently been rejected by the editor in favour of the more highly systematized scheme of P, but the attempt to give significance to Noah's name is preserved cp 320 41. The prediction prepares the way for the account of the vine-culture in 920, by which the ground under the curse is made to yield comfort. 29a Mnahem, to comfort. 29b M Or, which cometh from the ground. 40 d e 126 614 A passage of great obscurity, apparently designed to explain the origin of an ancient race of giant stature. The story, with its unusual terms, sons of Elohim,' 'Nephilim,' 'mighty men of old,' 'men of renown,' seems to have been drawn from some unknown cycle of antique legends, and incorporated into the J series. 3a In a well-known conjecture Budde has suggested that this verse originally recorded Yahweh's sentence on the man' who was expelled from Eden lest he should eat of the tree of life, so that its proper place was after 321. Its present position certainly seems to interrupt 2 and 4. But difficulties both of text and interpretation render Budde's proposal in the highest degree precarious. Further discussion belongs rather to a commentary than to this analysis. 3b M Or, rule in. Or, according to many ancient versions, abide in [involving a change of a letter]. Sc M Or, in their going astray they are flesh. J MC be an hundred and twenty years. 4 The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God 'came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them: "the same were the mighty men which were "of old, the men of renown. 6 5 NAnd Yahweh saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every 'imagination of the "thoughts of his heart was "only evil 'continually. And it 'repented Yahweh that he had made man on the earth, and it 'grieved him at his heart. 7 And Yahweh said, I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the ground; both man, and beast, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air; for it 'repenteth me that I have made them. 8 But Noah 'found grace in the eyes of Yahweh. N 9 THESE ARE THE GENERATIONS" of Noah. Noah was a "righteous m188 man, [and] "perfect in his "generations: Noah "walked with God. 10 And n 76 Noah "begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. 11 And the earth was 30 64a M Or, giants. 4b A perplexing clause which may perhaps be regarded as a later note to explain the fact that the Nephilim reappear in the tradition of the Wanderings. They did not, therefore, all perish in the flood. 4c Another addition, probably, to the original tale; but whether due to the compiler of the J series, or to a later redactor, can hardly be determined. 5 At this point the increase of human wickedness draws down on man the sentence that Yahweh will blot him out' from the face of the ground 7. In 11 a similar condition of universal corruption is again portrayed with varying terminology. 'All flesh' are guilty before Elohim 11. ct 5. There is no parallel in P to Yahweh's repentance for having called man into being 6., but his destruction is solemnly announced 13. These duplicate explanations are really independent introductions to the narrative of the flood which follows, and they suggest that it may be woven out of two strands. really rendered certain by subsequent repetitions and inconsistencies. Some of these can perhaps be most readily apprehended by exhibiting them in parallel columns. This is 72 Yahweh enjoins Noah to take seven pairs of clean beasts, and only one pair of the unclean. (In the record of the actual entry of the animals into the ark 78. the editor has combined J's distinction of clean and unclean with P's record of Noah's obedience to the divine instruction.) (2) 17 Elohim announces that he will bring the flood.' (3) 711 17 The fountains of the great deep are broken up, and the windows of heaven are opened, and the flood comes. (4) No fixed duration is predicted for the flood by Elohim: but the waters increase for 150 days 24, and a combination of the dates in 11 83. 13. makes it probable that the writer intended the flood and its consequences to occupy 365 days, or a solar year (cp 523). (5) Elohim blesses Noah and his offspring, and covenants with the race never again to destroy all flesh with a flood 91-17. 4 Yahweh warns Noah that he will cause it to rain' JE195. 12 The catastrophe is brought about by forty days' rain. 4 10 Seven days pass before the rain begins; this lasts forty days 4 12 cp 86; and after two (or three) periods (cp 88%) of seven days each, the ground is apparently dry enough for Noah to leave the ark. Yahweh receives from Noah a sacrifice of each kind of clean beast and bird, and declares that he will not again smite every living thing 820-22. These differences of substance are accompanied by corresponding differences in form and phrase: from among those indicated in the margins the following may be noted : The Elohim document, connected by many links of conception and phrase with the creation story in 1-24a and the pedigree in 5, has been made the basis of the combined narrative and has been preserved with substantial completeness. When it is withdrawn it becomes apparent that the Yahweh passages must originally have themselves constituted a whole. They cannot be regarded as merely supplementary, for they sometimes relate the same incident, e. g. the directions about the animals, and their entry into the ark, in incompatible terms, that is, they contradict, instead of merely developing, the statements amid which they are inserted. They are derived, therefore, from an independent source which has not been fully retained. For instance in 71 the ark is evidently already made; but J's account of its construction has been set aside in favour of P's 614.., which was probably the more elaborate. Similarly the erection of the altar in 820 implies a previous description of the departure from the ark, which P's statement in 18. rendered superfluous. 7a So M. T destroy. 7b This verse seems to show phraseological traces of redaction in the style of P. 9 M Or, blameless. KEY TO THE ANALYSIS The text is printed consecutively in one or other of two columns divided by a vertical line, JE being on the left and P on the right. Wherever JE and P are much interwoven (cp Ex 14 Num 13-16) the columns are both of the same width. Elsewhere the occupied column is widened to save space. Thus it is only the relative position, and not the width, of a column or section of a column that is significant. See also footnote on D. abe in the Large roman type on the left is used to references for the main thread of J; large italic given here type for supplements by writers of the or contrasted same school (J' cp Gen 129N); small roman type for harmonizing additions, &c by RJo (cp 1512) or Rd (cp 19N); small italics for ditto by RP (cp 77%). passages I in the text points to a reference given here to the Tables of Laws and Institutions in vol i, the verses covered by the reference being speci. fied See below for *+ H&c Small roman type in separate paragraphs denotes longer and later Js supplements (cp 1210x). Large roman type on the right is used for the main thread of E from Gen 15; large italics for supplements by writers of the same school (E3 cp 3026); small roman type for harmonizing additions, &c by Rie (cp 3110N) or Rd (ep Josh 38); small italic type for similar additions by RP (cp 355N). Small roman type in separate paragraphs denotes longer and later E supplements (cp Num 12). Large italic type in the centre is used for longer harmonizing additions and expansions by Re (cp Gen 2215). Small roman type in separate paragraphs in the centre marks longer supplementsby Rd (cp Josh 1); still smaller type distinguishes later Rd additions (cp 78); small italics being kept as above for RP (cp 1120dN). Large roman type in the centre (or up to Ex 29 across the whole column) is used for the main stock or priestly groundwork (P"); small italics for editorial additions by RP (cp Gen 487) Small roman type in separate paragraphs denotes longer supplements (P) up to Ex 29 (cp Gen 34) Large roman type on the left is used after Ex 29 for the main stock of Ph and P'; large italic type for supplements by writers of the same school; small italic type for editorial and other additions by RP. Small roman and italic types are used in separate paragraphs for later strata of Pt. P Large roman type on the right denotes material in harmony with P but written later (P'); large italic type is used for supplements of the same school, and small italic type for later editorial additions. Small roman type is used in separate paràgraphs for supplements of a later school; small italic type sometimes distinguishing the latest strata. Up to Gen 15 large roman type on the right is used for early and substantial Js supplements to Jo. Footnotes. N in the text points to a footnote given below. M in the text indicates that an alternative marginal rendering of the RV will be found below. Tin the text indicates that the margin of the RV, or a rendering used elsewhere for the same Hebrew word or phrase, has been adopted, and that the rejected rendering will be found below. In all cases notes are given in order under the number Right-hand margin abc in the text point to references given here to the appropriate Word List in vol i, Appendix A, where three Lists are given, for JE, D, and P respectively of the verse in which the Nor T occurs. Where more than one note refers to a single verse, the verse number is repeated with a be affixed. D The arrangement of the text of Deut is on a similar plan. The main stock (D) is on the left in an additional central column, later supplements (Ds) are on the right, a few passages distinct from De but not clearly later being placed in the centre. Distinctions of type mark minor insertions or alterations. ABBREVIATIONS (continued) 2 GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS J, the Yahwist document (Introd i 41). Js Es D3, secondary elements in J E D (Introd i 108 119 92). Ps, the 'Grundschrift' or groundwork of P (Introd i 141). Ph, the Holiness-legislation incorporated in P* (Introd i 143, §8). Pt, earlier and independent groups of Priestly Teaching incorporated in Pɛ (Introd i 152, § 9). Ps, secondary extensions of Ps (Introd i 153, § 10). RJ, the editorial hands which united and revised J and E. Rd, the editorial hands which united and revised JE and D. RP, the editorial hands which united and revised JED and P. JE DP before thick figures (as JE27) refer to the documentary word-lists. T, RV text. M, RV margin. Additions to the words of RV M are separated by before or after a passage in the text denotes that its original context has not been preserved by the compiler. [] enclose words printed in italics by the Revisers. *after references, indicates all occurrences in the Hexateuch. + all occurrences in the Old Testament. |