of Israel, that they bring unto thee pure olive oil beaten for the light, "to 5 And thou shalt take fine flour, and bake twelve cakes thereof: two 8 L L P' 10 NL 'And the son of an Israelitish woman, whose father was an Egyptian, went out among the children of Israel: and the son of the Israelitish woman and a man of Israel strove together in the camp; 11 and the son of the Israelitish woman blasphemed "the Name, and 'cursed: and they brought him unto Moses. And his mother's name was Shelomith, the daughter of Dibri, of the "tribe of Dan. 12 And they put him in ward, that k 165 it might be 'declared unto them at the 'mouth of Yahweh. 1 19€ 13 And Yahweh "spake unto Moses, saying, 14 Bring forth him that hath cursed without the camp; and let all that heard him "lay their hands upon m 1202 his head, and let all the congregation 'stone him. 15 And thou shalt "speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Im 19 L 15b NL4Whosoever curseth his God shall bear his sin. 16 And he that L 23 And Moses spake to the children of Israel, and they brought forth him n 102 O 45 242 M Or, to set up a lamp continually. 5 Another disconnected fragment, concerning the 'shewbread.' The lack of clear sequence has led many critics to give this and the preceding section to Ps; but the phraseology is that of P. Conjecture is at fault concerning the reasons for incorporating these regulations here, immediately after the calendar of the feasts. If it be surmised that they are appended to the greater festivals as part of the daily service, then it is natural to inquire why the morning and evening offerings should be omitted cp Ex 2938... The analogy of the compound structure of 23 points in the direction of the hypothesis that Ph contained some similar ordinances, here replaced by the fuller form in P. 6 M Or, two piles, six in a pile. 7 M Or, pile.-For the incense-rite cp 21 15. 8 M Or, from. This direction, recalling similar ordinances apparently older than Ps, confirms the suggestion 5N that earlier material has here been recast. The known antiquity of the offering of shewbread, eg 1 Sam 21 6, renders this still more probable. The frankincense is probably an added element. 10 The narrative here introduced illustrates the law against blasphemy. But the group of laws in 15b-22 contains several other enactments 17-21 on injuries to man and beast which are wholly unrelated to the particular offence previously described. The passage is evidently composite; and 15b-22 is in the style of Ph. The story is probably a midrash framed to bring out what seemed the salient point. Ct 11a and 16b H. 11 Geiger, Urschr 274, Dillm-Ryss, Driv-Wh, think the Name' a very late substitute for Yahweh.' 15 The series of laws in 15b-22 seems chiefly due to Ph (cp 'whosoever' 15, bear his sin' 15, blemish' 18, neighbour' 19, and the closing formula 22b). But it is hardly itself homogeneous: 21 reproduces 17. in simpler style, 17. showing affinities with other passages in P. Moreover 16 has certainly received an addition in the clause b concerning the 'congregation,' a term which Ph does not employ cp 22N. The parallels of the original nucleus are, as elsewhere in Ph, with the Judgements' of E. 22 The stranger and the native Israelite are repeatedly associated in Ph for legislative purposes cp P34; but the emphatic assertions that they are subject to a common law seem to belong to a later stage of P cp Ex 1249 Num 914 1515, 29. As these are nowhere else accompanied by the formula 'I am Yahweh' &c, the editorial addition may be regarded as closing with for.' 925 27-29 33 10 Ezek 713 Neh 1320 ct Deut 188+ 2. 17 1933 that had cursed "out of the camp, and 'stoned him with stones. And the x 18gb a 251 And Yahweh "spake unto Moses in mount Sinai, saying, 2 Speak 185 unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, 2b When ye come into the land "which "I give you, then shall the land b 7 с d 94 e 137° f 110 g 144 8 NL And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven times seven years; and there shall be unto thee the days of seven sabbaths of years, even forty and nine years. 9 Then shalt thou send abroad the 'loud trumpet on the "tenth day of the "seventh month; in the day of h 183 "atonement shall ye send abroad the trumpet throughout all your land. 10 And ye shall 'hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout i 86c the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubile unto you; i 98 and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return k 127b every man unto his 'family. 11 A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto 1 you ye shall not "sow, neither reap that which groweth of itself in it, nor gather the grapes in it of the fundressed vines. 12 For it is a 'jubile; it shall be "holy unto you: ye shall eat the 'increase thereof out of the field. m 13 In this year of jubile ye shall return every man unto his possession. 14 And if thou sell 'aught unto thy "neighbour, or buy of thy "neighbour's hand, ye shall not "wrong one another. N 65a 90a n 206 0 184 According to the number of years after the 'jubile thou shalt buy of thy "neighbour, and] according unto the number of years of the crops he shall sell unto thee. 16 PAccording to the multitude of the years thou shalt p 19 increase the price thereof, and 'according to the 'fewness of the years thou r 105 251 Three separate themes are embraced in 25 and their interweaving renders analysis difficult: (1) the sabbath year 2b-7 19-22; (2) the principle of redemption applied (a) to the land 25 and (B) to the persons of the Israelites 35-40a 47; (3) the application of the jubile alike to the sale and tenure of land, and the ownership of Israelite slaves. The regulations for the sabbath year are seen at once to belong to Ph, but the allotment of the remaining passages is by no means easy. Apart from the general probability that the series of laws has been again and again revised, the legislation respecting both land and slavery presents so many resemblances on the one hand to Ph and on the other to P or Ps as to show that materials from both sources here lie side by side. The chief problem concerns the jubile. The analysis adopted regards the jubile in its present form as a sign of distinct and later authorship. The introduction of it -13 interrupts the account of the sabbatical year, and the institution is nowhere mentioned in writings earlier than P. But at the same time the context in which it first appears presents many affinities with Ph cp 8N, so as to render it possible that the idea of a period of seven sabbaths of years was an early development out of the original sabbath year, which was then adapted and expanded by the later religious jurists into the jubile system. The whole complex of laws would then have passed through three main stages: (1) the sabbath year of Ph; (2) the seven sabbaths of years of Ph'; (3) the jubile of Ps with its applications to the previous regulations of Phh' concerning sale and purchase of land and slaves; the product, represented by Phh's, has received some additions 32-35 of a still later kind. 8 The number of doublets in 8-13 suggests that the passage is not altogether homogeneous, and this is confirmed by other q 36 indications, for while some phrases clearly presuppose P8, others are plainly modelled on the basis of Ph. Thus 8b more formally repeats 8a; 9b doubles 94; 13 recalls 10b. But 8a starts from 2315; 11b and 12b are not unrelated to 4b 5 7; and a presumption is thus established that Ph once contained a secondary or imitative institution carrying the sabbath year a step further. It may be conjectured that this was the hallowing of the fiftieth year, with a proclamation of liberty 103. This term was applied by Jeremiah to the manumission of slaves 348., and by Ezekiel to the reversion of land to its original owner 4617; in the text it includes both. If the further conjecture be adopted that the tenth of the seventh month was the old new year's day, the distinction between 9a and 9b is somewhat heightened. The original law would then be discovered in 8a 9a 10 (except 'it shall be a jubile unto you ') 11b 12b, the rest being jubile additions, together with the identification of the date with the day of atonement in P. Cp the section in Bäntsch's Heil-Ges, the notes of Addis and Driv-Wh (the latter treating the jubile for the land as original in Ph but ascribing to a later hand the extension to persons), together with the archaeological treatises of Benzinger and Nowack, and Harford-Battersby in Hastings' DB art Sabbatical and Jubile years.' 14 The marks of complex authorship in this verse are clear, but the base seems to be Ph. The opening words 'if ye sell ... to thy neighbour' show a neglected incongruity arising from careless editorial handling; the words' neighbour' and 'wrong' point to Ph, but one another' to P or Ps ct 17. Perhaps the final clause serves to introduce 15., in which the style of later P is apparent cp 50 The whole passage 8-18 interrupts the connexion of 2b-7 and 1.-22. 8 265 Deut 3312 Ezek 2826 &c (9) 19-22 Lgj t 265 EX 163 u Cp Ex 41 H v Cp H2634 Gen 3311 20 2610* 23 13h x 30 Ht * Cp 42 24-28 19kb 3gh 224-52 Jer 327. Ezek 1115 Ruth 46.+ a r917 cp 35. 39 V 212. Ex 124 c' H= reckon 50 52 2718-23* ct 8 ử Cp 10 128 f' 30. 41 ср Ex 'Gen 2317 92-34 Liikd 35-38 L3kc 28t i' Cp Deut 3235* Ex 2225 Deut 2320 k' Ezek 188 13 17 2212 Prov 288+ l'H* 1 Sam 298 shalt 'diminish the price of it; for the number of the crops doth he sell ye 17 And shall not "wrong one "another; but thou shalt 'fear thy God for 23 And the land shall not be sold in perpetuity; for the land is "mine : 21 NL And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a "redemption for 25 If thy brother be 'waxen poor, and sell some of his possession, then N 26 And 'if a man have no one to redeem it, and he be 'waxen rich and find 'sufficient to redeem it; 27 then let him "count the years of the sale thereof, and restore the "overplus unto the man to whom he sold it; and he shall "return unto his possession. 28 But if he "be not able to get it back for himself, then that which he hath sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the year of jubile: and in the jubile it shall go out, and he shall "return unto his possession. 29 LAnd if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may have no wall round about them shall be reckoned with the fields of the L 35 And if thy "'brother be 'waxen poor, and his hand "fail with thee; then thou shalt "uphold him; [as] a stranger and a sojourner shall he live with thee. 36 Take thou no "usury of him or 'increase; but 'fear thy God: that thy brother may live with thee. 37 Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor give him thy victuals for "increase. 38 I am Yahweh 2518 H upon 2635 Num 1318 cp Jer 238 Ezek 2825 3725. 23 This verse is assigned to the jubile legislation, partly phraseologically cp 30, partly by analogy with the case of the Israelite slave 41.. For 'stranger and sojourner' cp Gen 234 Num 3515. The theological idea involved in the declaration that the land is Yahweh's and could not therefore be permanently alienated, is somewhat different from that expressed in the gift of the land to Abraham and his descendants' for an everlasting possession' Gen 178 48 cp Lev 144 Deut 3249: it probably, therefore, belongs to an advanced stage of priestly law. Sojourner' is properly dweller' or 'settler' and has nothing to do with the sojourning' of Israel in Egypt 1984 (='strangers' and so often). The stranger' ('sojourner') here is Yahweh's 'guest,' as in Ps 151 614 H. 24 Ascribed to Ph, as stating the principle governing the case introduced in 25; but it may be the legal generalization of Ps. The plural number occurs more frequently in Ps than Ph 62! f' 621 26 The appearance of the legal formula 'and if a man' here and in 29 contrasted with 25 35 points again to the later jubile law. But as in 8-13 the provision may have a basis in Ph 29 The distinction here introduced affecting city property has the air of a legal refinement resting on no earlier material. 32 The latest addition of all: the Levites have not yet been mentioned, still less has anything been said about their endowment with separate cities cp Num 351-8. 354 M Or, relieve. 33a M Or, a man redeem from the Levites. 93b M Or, after L, redeem not. 34 M Or, pasture lands.—156. 35b The form of the phrase is peculiar a stranger and sojourner and he shall live...'; & render 'shall uphold him as a stranger and a sojourner,' and adds' and thy brother shall live with thee' as in 36b. Dillm suggested that the words 'stranger and sojourner' are a gloss, with which Driv-Wh concur. JE Ph m' your God, which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, to "give you L 39 And if thy "'brother be 'waxen poor with thee, and 'sell himself unto thee; thou shalt not make him to serve as a bondservant : 40a as an hired servant, and as a "sojourner, he shall be with thee. 42 For 40b He shall serve with thee unto the year of jubile: 41 then shall he 'go 43 Thou shalt not "rule over him with "rigour; but shalt 'fear thy God. 30 44 And as for thy bondmen, and thy 'bondmaids, which thou shalt have; 47 And if a stranger or sojourner with thee be 'waxen rich, and thy 53 k' 27 48 after that he is sold he may be redeemed; one of his brethren may that bought him from the year that he sold himself to him unto the year of if there remain but few years unto the year of jubile, then he shall "reckon as a servant hired year by year shall he be with him: he shall not "rule 54 And if he be not redeemed "by these [means, then he shall go out in 55b tI am Yahweh your God. 261 Ye shall make you no "idols, neither shall ye "rear you up a 'graven image, 'or "a pillar, neither shall ye place any 'figured stone in your land, to bow down "unto it: for "I am Yahweh your God. 2 Ye shall "keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: "I am Yahweh. 5 3 "If ye walk in my statutes, and 'keep my commandments, and do them; then I will give your 'rains in their season, and the land shall yield her increase, and the "trees of the field shall yield their fruit. And your "threshing shall reach unto the 'vintage, and the vintage shall reach unto the sowing time: and ye shall eat your bread to the 'full, and "dwell in your land safely. And I will give peace in the land, and ye shall lie down, and 'none shall make you afraid: and I will "cause evil beasts to cease out of the land, neither shall the "sword go through your land. And ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall "fall before you" by the 2554 M Or, in these years. 1b M Or, an obelisk.—Ex 2324 3413. JE Ph you sword. 8 And five of you shall chase an hundred, and an hundred of 14 But if ye will not hearken unto me, and will not 'do all these if ye will not yet for these things hearken unto me, then I will "chastise your d' m' walk "'contrary L 27 And if ye will not for all this hearken unto me, but a waste. n" Ezek 65 o" Deut 2917* Ezek 64.. (39) p" Ezek 514 2513 3012 354 Jer 2518 al "Ezek 2616 3210 " Ezek 1215 2023 2215 2912 3023 26 u" Ezek 52 12 1214 w" Cp 41 43 Is 402 2 Chron 3621 H "Cp 35 43 2 Chron 3621 H† 34. Lgj7 2610 M Or, from before. 11 So H. T tabernacle 1531 Ezek 3727 cp 54°. 23 M Or, by. |