J E

JE

J E P

the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover the 'man Moses was very great
in the land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh's servants, and in the sight
of the people.

* And Moses said, "Thus saith Yahweh, About midnight will I go out
into the midst of Egypt: 5 and all the firstborn in the land of Egypt
shall die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sitteth upon his throne,
even unto the firstborn of the 'maidservant that is behind the 'mill;
Nand all the firstborn of cattle. 6 And there shall be a great "cry throughout
all the land of Egypt, "such as there hath been none like it, nor shall be
like it any more. 7 But against any of the children of Israel shall not
a dog "move his tongue, against man or beast: 'that ye may know how
that Yahweh doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel.
8 And all these thy servants shall come down unto me, and bow down
themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that follow
thee and after that I will go out. And he went out from Pharaoh in

k Deut 2923* cp hot anger.

233 173

9 And Yahweh said unto Moses, Pharaoh will not hearken unto you: that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt. 10 And Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh and Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he did not let the children of Israel go out of his land.

c 185b
d 45
е 18

i igb 123

k 119

39

24b

100

32

121 And Yahweh spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, a 185a saying, 2 This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be "the "first month of the year to you. 3 Speak ye unto all the congrega- b 183 tion of Israel, saying, In the "tenth [day] of this month they shall take to å them every man a "lamb, according to their fathers' houses, a lamb for an household: and if the household be too 'little for a lamb, then shall he and f 105 his neighbour next unto his house take one according to the "number of the 8 116 "souls; 'according to every man's eating ye shall make your count for h 146 the lamb. 5 Your lamb shall be 'without blemish, a male of the first year: ye shall take it from the sheep, or from the goats: 6 and ye shall 'keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole "assembly of m the congregation of Israel shall "kill it "at even. 7 And they shall take of the blood, and put it on the two side posts and on the lintel, upon the houses wherein they shall eat it. 8 And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; with bitter herbs they shall eat it. 9 Eat not of it raw, nor 'sodden at all with water, but roast with fire; its head with its "legs and with the inwards thereof. 10 And ye shall 'let nothing of it remain until the morning; but that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn with fire. 11 And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand : and ye shall eat it in haste: it is Yahweh's passover. 12 For I will go through the land of Egypt in that night, and will smite all the firstborn P in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute 'judgements: 'I am Yahweh. 13 And the blood shall 9 99

r 179a S 27

be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are and when I see the
blood, I will pass over you, and there shall no 'plague be upon you "tot 125
destroy you, when I smite the 'land of Egypt.

14 NL And this day shall be unto you for a "memorial, and ye shall keep it a feast tou

115 Probably a late editorial addition. The 'cattle' of Egypt (7) had already been killed 96; the term here employed beast as in 1312 15 suggests the presence of the harmonizer, anxious to find a basis for legal usage in the sacred tradition. 7 MS whet.-Cp Josh 1021.

9 This seems to be the editorial close of the narrative of the plagues, prior to the destruction of the firstborn.

10 M made strong.

121 The institution of the Passover according to P8: ct Deut 161-8. The legislation of P is sometimes conceived as conveyed to the children of Israel through Moses and Aaron conjointly; more often through Moses alone; very rarely through Aaron alone, eg Num 181 8. The sequel of the narrative relating the destruction of the firstborn cp 12. has been suppressed in favour of J 29...

3 M Or, kid.

113

6 M between the two evenings.

12 Driver, LOT6 151, allots 12. to Ph (cp Introd XIII 87 i 143). No doubt the formula with which 12 closes is used repeatedly in Ph but there seems no other strong indication in its favour. The rest of the language bears numerous traces of affinity with Ps (judgements' be for a token ''plague'). 13 M Or, for a destroyer.-Ct 23.

14 In this passage the previous instructions for a particular crisis are converted into a perpetual institution. Other instances of the same kind are probably to be traced elsewhere. The permanent law may be viewed as secondary, compared with the original occasion. P's account of the smiting of the firstborn has apparently been omitted in favour of J's 29.; it may have been withdrawn at this point to make room for the legislative ordinances in the following sections 14-20 21-27

P

766

50

Yahweh: throughout your generations ye shall 'keep it a feast by an "ordinance for ever. V
15 Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; even the first day ye shall "put away w
leaven out of your houses for whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until
the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel 16 And in the first day there x
shall be to you an 'holy convocation, and in the seventh day an holy convocation; no y 89
manner of "work shall be done in them, save that which every man must eat, that only z 177a
may be done of you. 17. And ye shall observe the [feast of] unleavened bread; for in this
'selfsame day have I brought your "'hosts out of the Pland of Egypt: therefore shall ye
a' 128
observe this day throughout your generations by an "ordinance for ever. 18 In the first 92
[month], on the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread,
until the one and twentieth day of the month at even. 19 Seven days shall there be
no leaven found in your houses: for whosoever eateth that which is leavened, that "soul
shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, "whether he be a sojourner, or one that
is d'born in the land. 20 Ye shall eat nothing leavened; 'in all your habitations shall ye

eat unleavened bread.

21 NTL And Moses called for all the "elders of Israel, and said unto them, "Draw out, and take you "lambs "according to your families, and kill the passover.

22 And ye

shall take a bunch of hyssop, and "dip it in the blood that is in the 'bason, and 'strike the dlintel
and the two side posts with the blood that is in the bason; and none of you shall go out of the door
of his house until the morning. 23 For Yahweh will pass through to "smite the Egyptians; and
when he seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, Yahweh will pass over the
door, and will not suffer the "destroyer to come in unto your houses to "smite you.

20

24 And ye shall observe this thing for an ordinance to thee and to thy sons for ever.

25 And it shall come to pass, "when ye be come to the land which Yahweh will give you, "according
as he hath promised, that ye shall keep this "service, 26 And it shall come to pass, when your
b'children shall say unto you, What mean ye by this "service? 27 that ye shall say, It is the
sacrifice of Yahweh's passover, "who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt,
when he "smote the Egyptians, and delivered our houses.

27b And the people "'bowed the head and worshipped".

b'

35

d' 34

6' 55

28 NAnd the children of Israel went and did so; "as Yahweh had commanded i 189 Moses and Aaron, so did they".

...

29 And it came to pass at "midnight, that Yahweh "smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, "from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon; "and all the firstborn of cattle. 30 And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great "cry in Egypt; for there was not a house where there was not one dead. 31 And he called for "Moses and Aaron by night, and said, "Rise up, get you forth from among my people, "both ye and the children of Israel; and go, 'serve Yahweh, as ye have said. 22 Take "both your m'flocks and your herds, as ye have said, and be gone; and bless me "'also. 33 And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people, to send them out of the land in haste; for they said, We be all dead men. 34 And the people took their dough "before it "was leavened, their "kneadingtroughs being bound up in their clothes upon their shoulders.

N

35 And the children of Israel did "according to the word of Moses; and
they asked of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and
raiment: 38 and Yahweh gave the people favour in the sight of the

1221 T Then. In 21-27 there are traces of different hands blended into one editorial complex. The opening and closing formulae seem to belong to J cp 316 429 31; and much of 21b-23 may also be due to him (ct 22 and 7), though it may be questioned how far the implication that the Israelites were mixed up with the Egyptians can be ascribed to the original J who places them apart in Goshen. But several touches are best explained by later editorial redaction, as 'according to your families' 21, and some of the detail and repetition in 22; on the other hand 'the destroyer' 23 seems here an agent as in 2 Sam 2416. 24 appears to belong to P as the close of 14-20. With the forms of 25-278 cp 135 8 10 14 Deut 620 &c; and for the entire passage Deut 161-8. The absence of any reference to the sprinkling of the blood in D has led some critics to ascribe

J E

JE

J

E P

"' Cp 322 m' 111

n' roll

o' Neh 133 ct Lev 1348..+ p' Gen 186

9'61 H

Gen 1916 H

Hdwelling... which they dwelt ct P145 "'Ht

48-50 Lgde 43 Ladn

45 Lace

48 L6me
u' Cp 145D

1. 18abdf

a C Num 312
1815 ct 12 3419

8-10 Lgei
b 208 Deut 249
2517
c Cp Đôi
d Cp D800

cp P97

e 9 14 16 cp Da6b 2315 3418 Deut 161+

g Deut 610

h 38

Egyptians, so that they let them have what they asked.
"spoiled the Egyptians.

And they

37 And the children of Israel journeyed from 'Rameses to Succoth,
about six hundred thousand on foot that were
n'
'men, beside "children.
38 And a "mixed multitude went up "also with them; and "flocks, and
herds, even very "much "cattle. 39 And they baked unleavened 'cakes
of the dough which they brought forth out of Egypt, for it was not
leavened; because they were "thrust out of Egypt, and could not "tarry,
"'neither had they prepared for themselves any "victual.

40 NNow the sojourning of the children of Israel, which they sojourned in Egypt, was four hundred
and thirty years. 41 And it came to pass at the end of four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame
day it came to pass, that all the hosts of Yahweh went out from the land of Egypt.
42 It is a "night

to be much observed" unto Yahweh for bringing them out from the land of Egypt: 'this is that night of w' 188c Yahweh, to be much observed of all the children of Israel throughout their generations.

L

b'

47 All the

a"

40

43 And Yahweh said unto Moses and Aaron, "This is the ordinance of the x' 188b passover: there shall no "alien eat thereof: 44 but every man's servant that y' 154 is "bought for money, when thou hast ""circumcised him, then shall he eatz 36 thereof. 46 In b" 144 45 LA sojourner and an hired servant shall not eat thereof. one house shall it be eaten; thou shalt not carry forth aught of the flesh abroad out of the house; neither shall ye break a bone thereof. congregation of Israel shall "keep it. 48 And when a "stranger shall sojourn with thee, and will keep the passover to Yahweh, let ""all his males be "1070 circumcised, and then let him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one that is born in the land: but no d'uncircumcised person shall eat thereof. d" 166 49 One law shall be to him that is "homeborn, and unto the "stranger that " 145b sojourneth "among you. 50 "Thus did all the children of Israel; as Yahweh f" a2 commanded Moses and Aaron, "so did they. 51 And it came to pass the 'selfsame day,

that Yahweh did bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their hosts.

L

131 And Yahweh 'spake unto Moses, saying, 2 Sanctify unto me "all the a 185 firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of Israel", "both of man and of beast: it is mine.

3 NL And Moses said unto the people, "Remember this day, in which ye came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of hand Yahweh brought you out from this place: there shall no leavened bread be eaten. 4 This day ye go forth in the month Abib. 5 And it shall be when Yahweh shall bring thee into the land of the "Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Amorite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite, which he 'sware unto thy fathers to give thee, a 'land flowing with milk and honey, that thou shalt keep this *service in this month. 6 Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, m 109 3418 et 1216 and in the seventh day shall be a "feast to Yahweh. 7 Unleavened bread shall be eaten throughout the seven days; and there shall no leavened

i Cp D107

j Cp P6g1

k 1226

13418

7. LICE

1237 Cp Num 1121. It is however possible that the number is due to the harmonist, bringing the story into accord with the detailed scheme of P.

40 These verses seem to be a later insertion in P. The date in 40 cannot be harmonized with the genealogical representations in 613.. according to which the Exodus took place in the fourth generation from Jacob. The efforts made to overcome the difficulty in the Greek and Samaritan texts, as well as elsewhere, show what continuous attention was bestowed upon the passage.

42a M Or, a night of watching unto Yahweh.-Budde, Bacon, Nowack (Heb Archäol ii 149) assign 428 to J.

42b M Or, this same night is a night of watching unto Yahweh for all &c. 47 M do it.

139 The analysis of 3-16 presents many difficulties as the passage seems to have passed under successive revisions, receiving addition after addition from fresh hands. The complexity of the linguistic phenomena is partly exhibited in the margins, where traces of JE, D, and P, will all be found. The basis of the whole passage may be confidently assigned to J, but it is not easy to determine his precise share in its present form. The parallels with D in 3 make it probable that the

original address of Moses began in 4, and the basis of 4-8 may
be ascribed to J (in 8 because' var pleads strongly for J, as it
is nowhere used by D). It is probable, however, that the
passage has been amplified from a simpler original, the nucleus
of which is found in 46. The phraseology in 5 is of a secondary
type: 7. shows rather the style of a hortatory expander, anxious
to supply a historical basis for an ancient institution, originally
ordained in J's covenant-words Ex 3418. But in 9 (cp 16) the
phraseology of D is again prominent, yet with a difference;
the phrases 'be for a sign and a memorial' point to RP, and
the remarkable expression concerning the law of Yahweh'
which occurs nowhere else in the Hex, points to a very late
type of phraseology, having its true analogue not in the only
two passages where the words occur in the prophetic canon,
but in still later books Ezr 710 Neh 93 1029 2 Chron 121 179 3414
(signs of still further addition may be seen in Yahweh
God,' 11 Yahweh thy God'). In 11 the style of is again pro-
minent, introducing 12., the greater part of which is borrowed
from 3419., the remarkable word 'cause to pass over' probably
indicating the later adaptation. The work of the amplifier is
manifest again in 14-16, perhaps on a basis of J cp 15.
3b M bondmen,

n 82

o 12 26 102

9 Limed

16 Deut 68 P27 9 Cp Ex 1714 Josh 47 P27 112a

r H* Is 524 Ain

24 Ps 198 cp 3N

8 Ct 1224

t Cp 2315 3418 = time appointed

H

u Judg 1140 2119

1 Sam 18 219+ v 3419 ct 2 H

11-16 18ab

w Deut 713 284 18 51+

J E

JE

J E

P

bread be seen with thee, neither shall there be leaven seen with thee, "in all thy
borders. 8 And thou shalt tell thy son "in that day, saying, It is because
of that which Yahweh 'did for me when I came forth out of Egypt. And it
shall be for a Psign unto thee upon thine hand, and for a memorial between thine eyes, that the
"law of Yahweh" may be in thy mouth: for with a dstrong hand hath Yahweh "brought
thee out of Egypt. 10 Thou shalt therefore 'keep this ordinance in its
'season "from year to year". 11 And it shall be when Yahweh shall
bring thee into the land of the Canaanite, as he 'sware unto thee and
to thy fathers, and shall give it thee, 12 that thou shalt "set apart unto
Yahweh "all that openeth the womb, and every "firstling which thou
hast that cometh of a beast; the "males shall be Yahweh's.
13 And
every "firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a "lamb; and if thou
wilt not redeem it, then thou shalt "break its neck: and all the firstborn
of man among thy sons shalt thou redeem". 14 LAnd it shall be when "thy

son "asketh thee in time to come, saying, What is this? that thou shalt say unto him, By dstrength of hand Yahweh brought us out from Egypt, from the house of 23420 Deut 2147* "bondage: 15 and it came to pass, when Pharaoh "would hardly let us go, that

* 3419 Y 3420

14. LIC

a' Deut 620 Gen 3517 H

Deut 68 1118+

d' 3234 Num 237
cp Gen 2427
"' Gen 2182

f Josh 114 412* cp Num 3217.

g' Gen 5025

h' Num 336 cp 171 192 ct 1527

1312 M

Yahweh 'slew all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the firstborn of man, and
the firstborn of beast: "therefore I sacrifice to Yahweh all that openeth the womb,
being males; but all the firstborn of my sons I redeem. 16 And it shall be for a Psign
upon thine hand, and for "frontlets between thine eyes: for by dstrength of hand
Yahweh brought us forth out of Egypt.

N

17 And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not by the way of the "land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people "repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt: 18 but God led the people about, by the way of the wilderness by the Red Sea: and the children of Israel went up farmed out of the land of Egypt. 19 And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him: for he had straitly sworn the children of Israel, saying, "God will surely visit you; and ye shall carry up my bones away hence with you.

cause to pass over.-Ezek 2026 cp Lev 1821 ct 2. 18 M Or, kid.

14 M S bondmen.

15 M Or, hardened himself against letting us go. 17 The triple narrative of the plagues raises the presumption that the passage of the Red Sea was also related by all the three documents J, E, and P. Diversities of matter and form do in fact show that the existing account is composite, but whereas the shares of J and P are practically complete, E's version is but scantily preserved. The opening section describing the beginning of the march 17-19 is naturally assigned to him in virtue of the use of the name Elohim (perhaps in his original source), and the reference to the transport of Joseph's mummy. But fresh elements enter directly after, a brief extract from P's itinerary 20, and J's account of the divine guidance 21. (see notes). The formulae of 141. 4 identify these verses with P, and 4 finds its natural continuation in 8. The phrases of 4 make strong the heart' 'get me honour' and 'his host' reappear in 17., closely connected with 16, in which Moses is commanded to stretch out his hand over the sea and divide it, that the Israelites may pass through on dry ground.' This is achieved in 21ac; in 22 the Israelites march across cp 16b, and the Egyptian host of chariots and horsemen enter in pursuit 18 28.

Under similar monition Moses stretches out his hand again over the sea 26 27a, the waters return and the 'host' with its chariots and horsemen is engulfed 28. The narrative is throughout compact and coherent, and serves as the base into which other materials have been fitted. Thus the preparations of Pharaoh for pursuit are related independently in 145., while 7 points to additional detail from yet another source. The language of 10-14 finds no echo in P but presents all the characteristics of JE, and especially of J: while in 16 the rod of Moses and in 19 the angel of Elohim show the presence of E. The divine method of making the sea dry land' 21b (ct 16 22 ) through the agency of an east wind, has no relation to the outstretched hand of Moses or the cleavage of the waters into two solid walls; but it bears a close analogy to the similar instrumentality in 1013. Some of the details of adjustment between J E and R necessarily remain doubtful: a summary of E's original narrative will be found in Josh 24.

20 This verse belongs to a series of scattered passages describing the stages of the Israelites' march, constructed on the base and they journeyed from. . . and encamped (pitched) in . . .' ep 171 192 &c. They are collected into continuous form in Num 33 cp 6.