of Samson is fully treated, and the author's wide reading and methodical habits are displayed in the number of exact references given in the foot-notes. There does not appear to be any specific reference to the phallic meaning of the Lion and Honey emblem. The honey in this story probably represents the fertility which comes forth after the sungod has overcome the period of sterility. The bee is an emblem of the ambrosia or dew distilling from the moon, and ambrosia or water of life is essentially phallic. An appendix deals with-I. Heroes Mythologized; II. Hêraklês, the Greek Samson; III. Cuchulainn, the Celtic Samson; IV. Gautama and other Samsons. Among the last, Zipanea Told, the hero of the Quiché Indians of Guatemala as recorded in the 'Popul Vuh,' seems to have escaped mention. Zipanea Told was captured by his enemies, placed in a pit, and, according to the tradition, pulled down the buildings in which his captors had assembled, killing four hundred of them. The book may be recommended as elucidating a difficult portion of the Old Testament, and will prove of interest to students of folk-lore or comparative religion and mythology. A Guide to the English Language: its History, see made easily accessible by two admirable analytical 66 The ideal of a work of reference is that it should be correct in every detail; but the first edition of a bulky volume can hardly be exempt from slips, and it is with the idea of making the second edition still better that we call attention to certain points. The object of the book being to teach the writing of good English, the editor in his Preface should hardly have used the phrase a more irresistible appeal" (p. vi). Sentences one of the....which....” introducing the words " often lead to grammatical error, as in the case of Mr. A. J. Balfour noted on p. 108; but the sentence on p. 123b, "It is one of those words that cannot be translated without a distinct loss in its force and delicacy of meaning," is equally Whose " is most unfortunately used faulty. There is a beautiful metaphor in on p. 328b: Alfred Noyes whose beauty is completely spoilt by the careless use of one inappropriate word." The following sentences also need considerable amendment to make their meaning clear 64 46 Upon the majority of the remaining elements which do allow of analysis in the examination of that mysterious thing after which writers un-consciously and would-be writers consciously hanker."-P. 117. The outcome is that, now that Latin comPrises the main body of our literary language, while our everyday vocabulary, more especially that of the less educated, is of Old English stock." "-P. 121. cases "Both the exaggerated use of adjectives [?] 'dreadfully, terribly,' frightfully,' in where the objects referred to do not require such strong expressions."-P. 206. THIS is a big volume packed with useful information well and systematically arranged. In his Preface the editor says: No small ambition has inspired the Guide to English.'....[It] attempts not only to give the rules which measure correct "In many ways English has a happier knack, and fine expression, but also to go behind these or perhaps it should be, say, more capability for rules and what diverse and honourable terseness than some foreign tongues."-P. 207b. elements have gone to their shaping." With this It is to be regretted that the editor did not object the book has been arranged in four main exercise a closer supervision over some of his The Comdivisions, treating respectively of contributors, as the instances we have cited are position of the English Language,' Vocabulary,' distinct blemishes in a guide to good English. and Style,' the fourth being Miscellaneous.' We have also noted certain other grammatical Each of these divisions is composed of a number slips, and two or three misspellings of proper of essays or short treatises dealing with special names; and these memoranda are at the service branches of the subject, and written by one or of the publishers if, as we hope will be the case, a second edition is called for. In conclusion, we other of the contributors named on the title-page. Thus Mr. A. K. Gray and the Rev. Dendy Agate congratulate editor and publishers on having deal with The History of the English Language; produced, at a very moderate price, a volume that Mr. H. Alexander with English Philology; should be useful to all who wish to speak and and Miss Ethel Bothwell Maye with Enlargement write their mother tongue correctly. of Vocabulary' and 'Errors in Vocabulary.' The longest section, extending to nearly 70 double-column large pages, is devoted to Composition and Style,' and is by Dr. Ernest Classen. The literary articles are provided with numerous illustrative quotations in prose and verse, the authorities cited extending from Beowulf' and the English Chronicle' to R. L. Stevenson and Mr. Rudyard Kipling; and the philological articles have diagrams showing the sequence of soundchanges, and tables of the changes undergone by words in passing from one language to another. In addition, the volume contains A Dictionary of Synonyms'; collections of Familiar Quotations, Foreign Words and Phrases, and Abbreviations; and a list of 'Printer's Technical Terms, with specimens of the various sizes of type and a diagram of proof-corrections. The large amount of information brought together is IN The Burlington Magazine for June, under the heading of Reconstructions,' Mr. Robert C. Witt gives some account of an important addition to the collection at the National Gallery-a picture attributed to Vermeer, of which the left-hand portion was presented in 1900 by Mr. Fairfax Murray, to be joined ten years later by the right-hand portion. discovered in Paris. As a consequence, The Lesson' (so the first half of the picture was catalogued) can no longer remain under its previous attribution, and Mr. Witt suggests Michael Sweerts of Amsterdam as the author. Some of its points of similarity with other portraits by Sweerts can be followed in the reproductions that accompany Mr. Witt's remarks. Further details are given of the collection of furniture in the Geffrye Museum at Shoreditch. Mr. Herbert Cook throws some new light on Baldassare d'Este, a hitherto little-known Ferrarese painter, · recently brought into prominence by the acquisition, by the Munich Gallery, of the important group of 'The Sacrati Family' To this painter Mr. Cook attributes The Violinist' of the Dublin Gallery, and also the Concert' (hitherto ascribed to Ercole Roberti) at the National Gallery. Several other examples of Baldassare's work are discussed and reproduced. Mr. Francis Birrell illustrates further examples of Egyptian linen fabrics recently acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum. An account is given of the Exhibition of Chinese Art at the Burlington Fine Arts Club; and Mr. Clutton Brock supplies photographs of some magnificent bronzes there shown, and discusses the peculiar vitality of Chinese art. SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BOOKS ON LONDON. THE present article will of necessity be reduced to little more than a review of Mr. Francis Edwards's interesting catalogue, No. 350 for our other friends among booksellers have not furnished us with particulars of what they have to offer under this heading. We may, however, mention that we noticed under Rowlandson, in Messrs. Maggs's Catalogue No. 330, a good copy, bound by Riviere, of the Loyal Volunteers of London and Environs," illustrating, in 87 plates of Rowlandson's design and etching, the uniforms of cavalry and infantry, and the whole manual of the different exercises (1798, 337. 10s.); and that Messrs. Young of Liverpool have a copy of Strype's 'Stow' (1754), 2 vols., bound by Clark & Bedford, which they offer for 171. 178. One of the most imposing of those items in Mr. Edwards's London catalogue which fall within our limits is a collection of newspaper cuttings, ballads, broadsides, engravings, and other matters, to the number of over 100, illustrating Frost Fairs on the Thames. Many of the engravings of which most were printed on the ice-are of considerable interest (307.). The best of the eighteenth-century plans of London listed here are Horwood's 'Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster,' (1799), on large folding sheets, about which it is worth noting that every house is numbered, and two good examples of Rocque: the 'New and Accurate Survey of the Cities of London, Westminster,' &c., 1751, 16 sheets, 47. 10s.; and the 1761 edition on 24 sheets, 51. Kip's 'Nouveau Théâtre de la Grande Bretagne' is included here, containing as it does a number of highly interesting London views; this copy-4 vols., royal folio, in 2, in old calf-costs 321. A verv pleasant item is a set of thirty original drawings in sepia by the miniature painter Bernard Lens, bound in a quarto volume under the title "The Exact Dress of the Head, drawn from the Life at Court, Opera, Theatre, Park, &c.,' and depicting 87 varieties of female head-dress as seen in London in the early eighteenth century (1725-6), 15. A seventeenth-century MS. of over 200 pages, from the Beaufoy Library, is also worth mentioningThe Free Customs, Benefits, aud Priviledges of the Copyhold Tenants of the Manors of Stepney and Hackney,' 16.; and another seventeenthcentury item of interest is a small quarto, entitled 'Brief Account of the Intended Bank of England,' by the first Deputy-Governor of the Bank, Michael Godfrey (1694), 21. 16s. We have an attractive series of views of London Bridge, old and new. described here, and several good general views of the City and its environs. The social life of London is illustrated in these pages as well as its topography. We may take Our next article will be on first editions and autographs of literary interest from c. 1790 to c. 1830. Particulars of items not yet included in catalogues may be sent for perusal if desired. 'L'INTERMÉDIAIRE.' QUESTION: Le comte Axel von Schwering. Son journal et ses conversations avec l'Empereur Guillaume II.-Les Lectures pour tous d'avril et mai viennent de publier de très curieuses pages relatant des réflexions du comte de Schwering, et surtout ses relations et conversations avec le Kaiser à la veille de la "Guerre-Mondiale." La rédaction de cette revue, en donnant la traduction française de la chose, parue en Angleterre, fait toute réserve sur son authenticité. Ceci dit, je me permets de poser les questions suivantes: Ce comte Axel de Schwering a-t-il existé? Si oui, était-il ami de l'empereur allemand? Si oui, était-il assez intime avec lui pour en recevoir des confidences? Et pour finir, le comte de Schwering s'est-il suicidé et pourquoi? Je crois qu'on serait heureux d'avoir quelques détails sur l'authenticité et la rédaction du manuscrit. Qu'en pensent ceux de nos alliés qui collaborent à Ñotes and Queries? SAINT-SAUD. Notices to Correspondents. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately, nor can we advise correspondents as to the value of old books and other objects or as to the means of disposing of them. EDITORIAL Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of 'Notes and Queries '"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publishers"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. LONDON, SATURDAY, JUNE 19, 1915. CONTENTS.-No. 286. NOTES:-The Identity of Isabel Bigod, 465-The so-called Life: Emanuel OBITUARY:-William Hayman Cummings. Notices to Correspondents. Notes. THE IDENTITY OF ISABEL BIGOD. (See ante, p. 445.) IN conclusion, I append a pedigree based on the evidence I have adduced showing that Isabel was the daughter of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, by his wife Maud or Matilda Marshal, eldest daughter of William, the first Earl of Pembroke of that family, and on the assumption that she was born circa 1207-8. The works referred to in the pedigree are :— Munford, Analysis of the Domesday Book of co. Norfolk." Roberts, Excerpta e Rotulis Finium in Turri Londinensi asservatis, 1216-72.' Roger Bigod, restored (2nd) Earl of Norfolk, 3 April, 1218. Born ante 1150 (Doyle, ii. 575); married ante 1195 (Doyle, ib.), perhaps as early of Hamelin, natural son of Geoffrey, Count of as 1189 (F. H. R.), as his first wife, Isabel, daughter Anjou [born ante 1151; married, 1164, Isabel, Countess of Surrey, Warenne, and Boulogne (who died 13 July, 1199), when he became j.u. Earl of Surrey and Warenne (Doyle, iii. 470), and died April, 1202]; and dying ante 2 Aug., 1221 (Doyle, ii. 576), or in 1220 (Blomefield, v. 225), left by her, inter alia, an eldest son- Hugh Bigod (a), who succeeded his father as 3rd Earl of Norfolk. He was born ante 1195 (Doyle, ii. 576), perhaps as early as 1190 (F. H.R.); married shortly before Easter, 1207 (Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal,' ll. 13,335-53), or c. 1212 (Doyle, ib.), Maud, eldest daughter of William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke [born ante 1153; married ante 3 Sept., 1189, as second wife, Isabel de Clare (died after 18 June, 1219), daughter of Richard, Earl of Pembroke (Doyle, iii. 2, 3)], born c. 1190-1200 (H. Hall); not more than 35 in 1225 (ib.), therefore born c. 1190 (F. H. R.), lately dead at 7 April, 1248 (Roberts, ii. 31). [She remarried (as second wife) before 13 Oct., 1225, William de Warenne, Earl of Warenne and Surrey, who died 27 May, 1240 (Doyle, iii. 471) (which William was brother to Isabel, Hugh Bigod's mother, so uncle to Maud's first husband, F. H. R.), and by him had issue: 1, Isabel, who married 1234 (Banks, D. & E. B.,' iii. 691) Hugh de Albini, last Earl of Arundel and Sussex of that family, which Hugh was born after 1217, and died 7 May, 1243 (Doyle, i. 68), s. p. ; or born 1214, as of age 10 May, 1235 (Gibbs, i. 230); 2, John de Warren, born c. 1235 (Doyle, iii. 471); married, May, 1247, Alice de Lusignan, daughter of Hugh, Count de la Marche, and half-sister to Henry III.; and died 27 Sept., 1305 (Doyle, iii. 472), leaving issue.] Hugh Bigod died ante 18 Feb., 1224/5 (Roberts, i. 125), leaving issue. I. Isabel Bigod (b), born in or c. 1205 (H. Hall), born possibly end of 1207 or early 1208 (F. H. R.). She had Connell, a Marshal manor, as her “maritagium" (Cal. Doc. Ire.,' i. 2121). The Honour of Ewyas-Lacy was assigned to her for dower (Banks, D. & E. B.,' i. 105). Occurs c. 1234. Isabel married firstly, perhaps in 1222-3 (F. H. R.), Gilbert de Laci, who was living 12 Aug., but dead by 25 Dec., 1230, v.p. (H. Hall). By him Isabel had two daughters : (1) Margery de Laci, elder daughter (Cal. Doc. Ire., i. 2699), born say 1223 (F. H. R.) ; married (say 1238, F. H. R.) John de Verdon, Banks, Baronies in Fee,' and 'Dormant and who died 1273. Margery died 1256, leaving Extinct Baronage.' . Blomefield, History of Norfolk.' Calendar of Documents for Ireland.' Campbell, The Lives of the Chief Justices England.' Doyle, Official Baronage of England.' Dugdale, Baronage.' Gibbs, Complete Peerage.' Gilbert, 'Chartularies of St. Mary's Dublin.' Hamilton Hall, The Marshal Pedigree.' Harrison, History of Yorkshire.' issue. (2) Maud or Matilda de Laci, younger daughter (Cal. Doc. Ire.,' ib.), born say 1225 (F. H. R.) ; of married 1240, as her first husband, Peter de Geneva, who died 1249 8. p. She married secondly, before 1253, Geoffrey de Geneville (Pat. Rot. 37 Hen. III.), or in 38 Hen. III. (Banks, D. & E. B.,' i. 105). He was summoned to Parliament from 27 E. I. to 35 E. I. (Banks, B. in Fee,' i. 220), and died apparently in the last-mentioned year (F. H. R.), leaving issue. Maud or Matilda, his wife, died 1302 or 1304 (Gilbert, ii. 331). Isabel married secondly, ante 11 April, 1234 (Watson's Genealogist, N.S., xxi., 1904), John Fitz-Geoffrey, Chief Justice of Ireland (Banks, 'B. in Fee,' ii. 78), who resigned that office 1256, and died 1258 (H. Hall), leaving issue. By her second husband Isabel was the direct ancestress of King Edward IV. (Manning and Bray's Surrey,' i. 533). The date of Isabel's death is undiscovered (F. H. R.). II. Roger Bigod (c), who succeeded his father as 4th Earl of Norfolk. Born c. 1213 (Doyle, ii. 576), probably born c. 1209-10 (F. H. R.); married 1 June, 1225 (Roberts, i. 128), Isabel, sister to Alexander, King of Scotland, and died 4 July, 1270 (Doyle, ii. 577), 8.p. III. Hugh Bigod, Chief Justice of England, June, 1258 (Campbell, i. 56). By 1244 he was married to his second wife, Joan de Stuteville (died 1276) (Pipe Roll of 29 Hen. III., Yorks, Dugdale, i. 135a), by whom he left issue. He was alive 10 April, 1266 (Cal. Pat. Rolls,' p. 580), but was dead by 7 Nov., 1266 (Roberts, ii. 448). His children, by Joan his second wife, were (1) Roger Bigod, who succeeded his uncle Roger Bigod, 4th Earl, as 5th and last Earl of Norfolk of that family. He was born 1245, as he was 25 in 1270 (Esc. 54 Hen. III., No. 25, cited by Dugdale); born 1240 (Doyle, ii. 578). [Had he been born in 1240, he would have been Hugh's son by his first wife, Joan, daughter of Robert Burnel. F. H. R.] Roger married firstly, after 1266 (Doyle, ib.), Alina, daughter and heir of Philip, 4th Lord Basset of Wycombe, and widow of Hugh le Despenser (Doyle, ib.), slain at the battle of Evesham, 1265 (F. H. R.). She died 8.p. He married secondly (in 1290) Alice, daughter of John de Avennes, Count of Hainault (Doyle, ib.), who also died s. p. Roger died 11 Dec., 1306 (Doyle, ib.); died 25 Ed. I. (Harrison, i. 254). (2) John Bigod, born c. 1266, as, from Inq. evidence, 40 in 1306 (H. Hall). At death of brother, 25 Ed. I., was 40 years old and upwards (Harrison, i. 254). IV. Ralph Bigod married Berta de Furnival, who survived him, as she was executrix to his will (Roberts, ii. 333). He was dead by 28 July, 1260 (8.p., Munford, p. 22), leaving issue a son, John Bigod (Gilbert, ii. 313). Notes to Pedigree. As (a) L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal' is a long French poem by an author unknown, written c. 1225 for the family (D.N.B.,' xxxvi. 232). My reason for thinking that Hugh may have been born as early as 1190 is the date of his marriage as recorded in the above work. Doyle admits he was born before 1195, and I think he may have only assigned “c. 1212 " for his marriage to make his age thereat a possible one, for he gives no authority for the statement. Maud's parents were married c. 1189, and she was the eldest daughter, it seems to me that she was probably born c. 1190 (Mr. Hamilton Hall says she was not more than 35 in 1225), because her brothers, according to Doyle (iii. 5, 6, 7), were born-William c. 1190, Richard before 1200, Gilbert before 1200, Walter before 1201, Anselm before 1219. Doyle, ignoring Maud, probably takes William as the eldest child, and so says born c. 1190. He may have been born 1191. Hugh was doubtless more than 12, and may have been 17, and Maud the same age, when they married. (b) Isabel's second husband died only two years before Ralph Bigod, which points to the probability of Isabel having been his sister.4 *{ (c) The year 1213 given for his birth looks as if it had been fixed to fit in with the date assigned for the marriage of his parents, for surely he must have been more than 12 when he married. FRANCIS H. RELTON. 8, Lansdowne Road, East Croydon. THE SO-CALLED PSALTER OF ONE of the most ancient MSS. of Irish origin 30. 21, abdito, cf. Sabatier, Bibl. Sacr. Lat. Vers. Ant., 2, 1751, p. 60n. 12, uiderunt, foris, 49. 3, ardebit, Sab. 100, and Bianchini, Psalt. 64. 75. 9, terminos terre, Sab. 126 and Bianch. 103 give fines terræ. 4, potentia arcum et scutum et gladium, this reading is not given by Sab. or Bianch. The shrine or cumdach of the MS., dating from the end of the eleventh century, is also in existence (cf. Gilbert cited below, and Gougaud, Rev. Celt., 34, 1913, p. 35). † Moran (Atlantis, 9, 1870, pp. 71-5), Gilbert (Hist. MSS. Comm., IV., App., 1874, pp. 584–8, and Facs. Nat. MSS. Ireland,' i., 1874, pp. viiviii). The legendary connexion with St. Columba is also accepted without question by a number of popular Irish writers, and by E. A. Savage ( Old English Libraries,' 1911, p. 17). Chiefly those at the beginning, and the verso of the last one. The best preserved are folio☛ 40-58. 80. 9, si audias, Sab. 166. 10, nec, Bianch. 144. 16, sæculo. 17, mellis, cf. Sab. 166n. 81. 3, agenum et pupillum, cf. Sab. 167n. 88. 21, linui, cf. Sab. 178n. 89. 16, et respice, Sab. 183. 90. 4, in scapulis, Sab. 183. 4, obumbrauit te, cf. Sab. 183, Bianch. 162. 15, clarificabo. 94. 4, fines (for sunt omnes fines of Vulg.), Bianch. 168. 5, firmauerunt 6, procedamus. 7, deus (for Dominus Deus, Vulg.), Sab. 189. 10, semper errant, Sab. 190. 11, intrabunt, 95. 2, benedicite (for et benedicite, Vulg.), Sab. 190, Bianch. 169. 2, diem de die, Sab. 190, Bianch. 169. 5, at uero dominus (Dominus autem, Vulg.). 10, regnabit, cf. Sab. 191n. 102. 15, florebit, Bianch. 179. cf. Sab. 190n. 103. 3, in aquis, Sab. 202, Bianch. 180. 10, inmittis. 104. 30, penetrabilibus. 31, cynomia, Bianch. 185. 31, scnyfes. a The MS. is written in a careful Irish semi-uncial handwriting, which bears close general resemblance to that of the Codex Usserianus, which the leading experts place in the latter part of the seventh century.* It would seem, then, that our fragment is to be assigned to the same period, i.e., about a century later than St. Columba. Several facsimiles of the script have been published,† but the only ones of value are the reproductions of ff. 41a, 48a, 50b, 51a, given by Gilbert (Facs. Nat. MSS.,' i. plates iii., iv.). Assuming the volume to have once contained the whole Psalter, it must have consisted originally of at least 110 folios written in single columns, with 25 lines to the page. The length of the line of writing varies from about 12 centimetres with about 50 letters to 7 centimetres with 28 letters. The ruling of the parchment, which is thick, consists of 25 horizontal lines three-quarters of a centimetre apart, and two vertical guiding lines in the margins, done on the recto of the leaf (cf. especially fol. 49). There is little attempt at punctuation, the end of a line generally marking the end of Words are frequently run toa sentence. gether. At the end and in the middle of lines we find a number of ornamental signs used here and there, thus : In certain places erasures have been madein the text and marginal corrections insigne de renvoi. serted with two inclined strokes //, as a. Illumination and artistic work are on the simplest possible scale, being represented only by large capitals at the beginning of each Psalm, drawn in a black or brownish ink, with the outline marked by a series of red dots. The body of the letter usually terminates in plain spiral coils. In one case only (f. 48a) has this termination developed into a beast's head. Crosses are three times. seen inserted in or appended to the letter interlaced work of other Irish MSS. there is (ff. 6a, 48a, 50b). Of the complicated no trace here. The number of each Psalm is prefixed just above the ornamental capital with which it commences, and immediately following the number is a rubric varying in length from one to four lines, e.g., f. 54b to Ps. 102: ips (sic!) dauid uox ecclesiæ ad populum suum. Many of these rubrics are quite illegible; † the best preserved are on ff. 21a, 22a, 32b, 39b, 40a, 42ab, 43b, 46ab. On some of the pages (e.g., 39a, 48b) the writing would appear to have been retraced, and it may also be remarked that some of the marginal ornaments are more faded than the body of the text. They may have been later additions. Some of the than those noted above, we find many With regard to textual peculiarities other blunders which show that the scribe was a very careless or ignorant man. most striking are: ueriae tuae for varietate, in pinguine for et pinguedine, princibus for principibus, tribus for tribubus, gremia for cremium. There are also many of the orthographic errors common to HibernoLatin MSS. generally. As is natural in so ancient a volume, compendia scribendi are but sparingly employed. The majority of those found belong to the nomina sacra class. * Cf. especially ff. 14a, 15b, 17a, 21b, 22b, 28a, 29a, 30a, 41b, 46a, 56b. An omitted word has been added in the margin of f. 4b, possibly in a later hand. + In Gilbert's reproductions of ff. 41a and 48a ('Facsimiles,' i. plate iii.) the rubrics have been very much improved upon. |