Sea, is its seaport. Other important towns, Valen'cia, Cō'ro, Truxîl'lo, Měr'ida, Cumanä", and Angostura.

§ 3. NEW GRENADA.

Area, 394,664 square miles. Population, 2,243,054.

This state occupies the north-west part of South America, and includes the Isthmus of Panama'. It consists of elevated table lands extending northward from the Knot of Pas'to, on the southern frontier, to the sea coast. The soil is fertile, producing cotton, grain, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, and indigo; and the mines yield gold, silver, plăt'ina, emeralds, copper, lead, and salt. The Isthmus of Panamä' forms one of the departments of the state, and contains the towns of Panamä', Chä'grès, Por'to Bel'lo, and Verä'gua.

Bogota', the capital, is in the interior, on a beautiful, fertile plain, 8730 feet above the sea level. Carthagē'na, San'ta Mar‍tha, and Hon'da are situated on the northern coast; Pōpayan' and Pasto in the south.

§ 4. ECUADOR.

Area, 325,000 square miles. Population, 665,000.

ECUADOR is a republic, and resembles New Grenä'da in climate, soil, and productions; and contains some of the remarkable summits of the Andes Chimborä'zo, Pichin'cha, Cotopăx'i, and Antisä'na.

Qui'to, the capital, is situated under the equator, on an elevated plateau, 9543 feet above the level of the sea. The city is well built and handsome; the churches are splendid; it possesses all the comforts and luxuries of civilized life, in a situation of unrivalled grandeur and beauty. Guayaquil, on the Pacific, is distinguished for its excellent harbor and extensive commerce. Riobăm'ba, Lō'ja, and Jaên' are among the other important towns.

Situation. Aspects. Soil. Productions. Minerals. Isthmus of Panama. Towns. Bogota. Other cities. ECUADOR. Summits of the Andes within

§ 5. PERU.

Area, 520,000 square miles. Population, 2,127,662.

PERU is noted for the variety of its climate and produc tions, and its mines of the precious metals.

Li'ma, the capital, is situated on the Rî'mac, in a delightful valley, 7 miles from the seaport of Callao', on the Pacific. Cuz'co, about 250 miles from the ocean, was the capital of the ancient empire of the Incas. It was regarded by the natives as a sacred city, and contained the celebrated temple of the sun. It was originally connected with Quî'to by two immense causeways 1500 miles in length. Arequî'pa, Arî'ca, and Pay'ta are considerable towns on the coast.

§ 6. BOLIVIA.

Area, 374,480 square miles. Population, 1,700,000.

BOLIVIA was once a part of Peru. Though mining is extensively carried on, the chief pursuit of the people is agriculture. The western part of Bolîv'ia is traversed by the ranges of the Andes, in which are some of the loftiest summits; while in the eastern part are the extensive plains of Mō'jos and Chiquî'tos. Between the Andes and the Pacific is the Desert of Atacä'ma.

Chuquisa'ca, the capital, is situated on a plain, in the central part of the state. La Päz, north-west of the capital, is the chief commercial city of Bolivia; it is elevated 12,150 feet above the sea level. Poto'si, formerly a large and opulent city, celebrated for its rich silver mines, is situated at the height of 13,330 feet above the sea, on the western declivity of the Cer'ro-de-Poto'si. This mountain seems to consist entirely of silver ore, of different degrees of richness. Cobî'ja is a little village in the Desert of Atacä'ma, and deșerves notice as being the only seaport of the republic.

it. Quito. Guayaquil. Other towns.— PERU. -BOLIVIA. Aspects. Desert. Chuquisaca.

Lima. Cuzco. Other towns. La Paz. Potosi. Cobija. ·

§ 7. CHILE.

Area, 171,244 square miles. Population, 1,600,000.

CHILE is the best governed and most prosperous state in South America, and consists of a long, narrow territory, extending 1200 miles along the Pacific coast. It presents a plain, gradually rising in elevation as it recedes from the coast and approaches the Andes. The maritime part is intersected by three ridges, running parallel with the Andes; the midland part is generally level, of great fertility, and a delightful climate. This state is the most thickly-settled portion of South America. Agriculture is the leading pursuit; the commerce is large and increasing; and the mining of copper and silver is extensive.

Santiä'go, the capital, is on a plain, about 90 miles from the sea. It is connected by a railroad with Valparai'so, the chief seaport of Chî'le, which stands on the Pacific, and has a fine harbor. Coquîm'bo, Copiä'po, Concepcion, and Valdiv'ia are among the other important places.

§ 8. THE ARGENTINE REPUblic.

Area, 726,000 square miles. Population, 829,400.

This is an entensive country, distinguished for its immense plains, called pampas, on which vast herds of wild horses and cattle roam at large. The confederation consists of thirteen states and the territory of Grand Chaco, of which the city of Buênōs Aÿ'res is the capital, situated on the south bank of the Rî'ō de lä Plä'ta. It is one of the principal cities of South America, and distinguished both for its literary and commercial activity. Corriĕn'tes, Cordō'va, Sän Juän', and Mendō'za are other principal towns.

CHILE. Maritime part. Midland part. Comparison. Agriculture. Mining. Santiago. Valparaiso. Other towns. - BUEÑOS AYRES. States. City of

25*

§ 9. URUGUAY, OR BANDA Oriental.

Area, 120,000 square miles. Population, 250,000.

URUGUAY is a small state, lying between the Atlantic ocean and the La Plä'ta and Uruguay' Rivers. It has a fertile soil, healthful climate, and a favorable situation for commerce. Mon'tevideo, the capital, is on the north bank of the Rî'ō de lä Plä'ta, near its mouth.

§ 10. PARAGUAY.

Area, 84,000 square miles. Population, 260,000.

PARAGUAY is a small inland state, lying between the Paranä' and Paraguay' Rivers. Its surface is level, soil fertile, and climate healthy. Its most noted production is mǎt'te, called Paraguay tea. The chief towns are Asunciōn', the capital, Villa Rî'ca, and Villa Real'.

§ 11. EMPIRE OF BRAZIL.

Area, 3,956,000 square miles. Population, 6,065,000

BRAZIL Occupies about one third of the South American continent, and is one of the richest countries in the world in vegetable and mineral productions. The climate, for the most part, is mild and genial; the soil rich; and the surface diversified with mountains and valleys, hills and plains. It is politically divided into nineteen provinces. The white inhabitants are principally Portuguese, or of Portuguese origin. Much of the country has never been explored, and is occu · pied by savage tribes of independent Indians.

Rio Janeiro is the capital and chief city of the empire. It is situated on a bay of the Atlantic, which forms one of the best harbors in the world. Bähîa, or Sän Salvadōr', on the strait leading to the Bay of All Saints, is the rival of the capital in commerce. Pernambu'co, Natäl', Maranhăm', Parä', are all important places,

Buenos Ayres. Other towns. URUGUAY.

Montevideo. - PARAGUAY.

Tea. Chief towns. BRAZIL. Climate. Soil. Surface. Divisions. White

§ 12. GUIANA.

Area, 162,560 square miles. Population, 213,975.

GUIANA comprises three colonies, severally belonging to Great Britain, Holland, and France.

DEMERARA, or British Guiana, is the western portion, and includes the three colonies of Demerä'ra, Bërbîce', and Essequî'bō. The chief towns are Georgetown, the capital, and New Amsterdam.

SURINAM, or Dutch Guiana, is the middle portion, and consists of unhealthy marshes, drained by canals. Păramăr'ibō, the capital, is on the Surinăm River. It has a good harbor and extensive commerce.

CAYENNE, or French Guiana, is the eastern portion. It is divided into two districts Cayenne' and Sinnamäri. enné, on the island of that name, is the capital.

§ 13. PATAGONIA.

Area, 80,000 square miles. Population, 20,000.

Caỹ

This territory, comprising the southern point of the continent, is wholly occupied by Indians, who are in a savage state, and of remarkably large stature.

EXERCISES IN VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

Describe a voyage from New York to Rio Janeiro. Thence to Buenos Ayres. From La Guayra to Panama by sea and land. The same as a sea voyage. Voyage from Cayenne to Asuncion. From Valparaiso to Callao, touching at the intermediate ports. From Carthagena to Boston. A cargo of coffee from Rio Janeiro to Providence. Describe the overland route from Buenos Ayres to Valparaiso. Ship a cargo of hides and horns at Montevideo, and select a market in the United States.

population. Indians. Rio Janeiro. Bahia. Other towns. onies. Demerara. Surinam. Cayenne. PATAGONIA.

GUIANA. Col