grist mill has been driven by it for a great number rs, and more recently, a large cotton factory has erected below the corn mill, which depended enon the water of this spring to turn its whole maty. om these, and such like facts, there can be but little that small streams are constantly running under d among the crevices of the rocks, and that such s are formed by a union of many of these tributaries, imilar manner to which larger streams are formed surface of the earth, by the union of several smaller CHANGE OF CLIMATE. vill be the object of this section to show, that the rature of the earth's surface, at some period anterior era of history, suffered a material, and probably a n change, and that in consequence, the climates of ent countries have become colder than they were at remote period. is is a subject of great interest in geology, and alh the idea of a universal change of climate was once -ly controverted, most writers, at the present day, er that there is sufficient evidence, that the temre of the earth's surface is much lower than for hat the climate of the northern hemisphere has unme an important change," says Mr. Lyell, "and that an annual temperature must once have resembled ow experienced within the tropics, was the opinion ne of the naturalists who first investigated the conof ancient strata. Their conjecture became more ole, when the shells and corals of the secondary were more carefully examined, for these organic rewere found to be intimately connected, by generic y, with species now living in warmer latitudes. At a beriod, many reptiles, such as turtles, tortoises, and saurian (lizard-like) animals, were discovered in the bean strata, in great abundance, and they supplied new owerful arguments from analogy, in support of the me, that the heat of the climate had been great when this quest mains be abound i subjected and Cala strata, be inhabit t that indi average vol. i. p. The sh differ in sea, exce than thos It has Italy is these she the clim secondary formations were deposited. Lastly, when botanist turned his attention to the specific determinaof fossil plants, the evidence acquired the fullest conation; for the flora of a country is peculiarly influed by its temperature; and the ancient vegetation of earth might more readily than the forms of animals, e afforded conflicting proofs, had the popular theory without foundation. It is not merely reasoning from analogy, that we are to infer a diminution of temperature, in the climate of ope; there are direct proofs in confirmation of the e doctrine, in the only countries hitherto investigated -xpert geologists, where we could expect to meet with et proofs. It is not in England, or Northern France, around the borders of the Mediterranean, from the -h of Spain to Calabria, and in the islands of the Me-ranean, that we must look for conclusive evidence on question; for it is not in strata, where the organic reis belong to extinct species, but where living species und in a fossil state, that the theory of climate can be ected to the experimentum crucis. In Sicily, Ischia, Calabria, where the fossil testacea, of the more recent a, belong almost entirely to species now known to bit the Mediterranean, the conchologist remarks, individuals in the inland deposites, exceed in their age size the living analogues."-Lyell's Geology, i. p. 92. he shells thus existing in strata, and in the fossil state, r in no respects from those now found in the adjoining except in size; the ancient ones being much larger those now living. Hence the conclusion, that because e animals do not attain the size the same species did ently, the climate has deteriorated. has also been ascertained that some species of shells d in the fossil state, in Italy, are now living in the InOcean, and that these correspond in size; whereas the especies existing at present in the Mediterranean, are paratively dwarfs in size, having been stinted in their vth, for want of the heat which now exists in the InOcean. hese circumstances go far to show, that the climate of is not so hot as formerly, for it is well known, that a shells attain a size in some proportion to the heat of 66 other and perhaps stronger proof, is drawn from the able remains, which are found in various strata, eslly in those of coal. M. Adolphe Brogniart, in his -atise on the classification and distribution of fossil ," has come to the following, among other concluFirst. on this subject. That in the strata of coal anthracite, the vegetables preserved are nearly all ogamous, or monocotyledonous plants, as ferns,t etums, and lycopodiums, &c., and that some of tribes which no longer exist, except as fossils, grew immense size in Europe." ome of the Equisetums were ten or twenty feet high, from six to twelve inches in diameter. These tribes r climate at the present day, grow from one to three n height, and are ordinarily about the size of a pipeA specimen of this tribe from the borders of Canow before us, is more than two inches in diameter, of that the climate of North America, as well as that urope has changed. Plants of the fern kind, in some of Europe, attained the height of forty or fifty feet; he aborescent club-mosses were sixty or seventy feet No plants of these tribes, at the present day, ever one fourth of these sizes.) cond. "That in the higher strata, a great variety of vegetables exist, which, for the most part, appear to g to similar tribes of plants, if not in species, at in genera, to vegetables which still inhabit the hotegions of the earth; nor is it probable that they have transported to the places where they are found in pe, from such climates, since their most delicate parts ninjured." It is therefore, reasonable to suppose, that the growth of these vegetables, the climate of Europe uffered a great change. e Count Sternberg, author of a splendid work, the anical and Geological Flora," of the Ancient world, lants with one Cotyledon, as wheat, Indian corn, and the S. olypodies and Brakes. orsetails. The scouring rush is a species. round-pine or Club-mosses. The ground-pine, employed in ng churches for Christmas, is an example. shaped 1 their loft plants ex entertaine rope from indication The g more gig tell, to w would be digious sents us I Seeds of this cha ncludes, that the vegetation of which bituminous coal," been formed, consisted of several species of large trees, -hich he has in his collection trunks eighteen inches in meter. These trees seem all to have belonged to the ocotyledonous or polycotyledonous families. They e palms, bamboos, &c., plants which at the present day found only in hot climates. 66 If," says Dr. Ure, we examine the fossilized fruits d in the upper (coal) strata, we shall see that several nem evidently belonged to the same family of palms; One of the most extraordinary facts connected with this ect is, that none of these fruits appear to have grown he palms with fan-shaped leaves; but on the contrary, all the fruits that have been delineated by authors, referable to the genera with pinnate, (feather-formed) es." here is no doubt, however, that palms, with faned leaves, (fan-palms,) once covered Europe with ·lofty vegetation, since petrified specimens of these ts exist in great abundance. The opinion formerly rtained, that these trees had been transported to Eufrom warmer climates, appears in the present state nowledge, to be without the least foundation, since only trees with entire branches have been found, but roots in the places where they grew. In some coal es, have been discovered the trunks of large trees Hing in their original vertical positions, around which ral strata of rock and coal have been deposited, which is clearly incompatible with the hypothesis of trans tion. he existence of the bones of animals of enormous disions, though of extinct species, afford by analogy, an cation of the tropical heat of Europe, at some remote od. he great megalosaurus, (great lizard,) and the still e gigantic iguanadon (iguana-toothed,) says Mr. Manto which the groves of palms and arborescent ferns, ld be mere beds of reeds, must have been of such propus magnitude, that the existing animal creation preus with no fit objects of comparison. Imagine an leeds consisting of more than two seed lobes. Very few plants hal of the lizard tribe, three or four times as large as e been the iguanadon. his huge animal is supposed, from the dimensions of e of his bones, to have been about seventy feet in length, a body as thick as that of an elephant. Its skeleton found in Sussex, England. The bones of the megalosaurus, also found in England, cate an animal of the lizard kind, about forty feet long, when standing, eight feet high. is true that these animals no longer exist, and thereonly indicate a change of climate, by the analogy, animals of similar tribes, and of great size, are found usively in tropical climates at the present day. But e is not wanting other evidence of such a change, and aps as direct as the nature of such a case will allow, he fact clearly proved by Dr. Buckland, that animals. e inhabited Europe, the genera of which are known to only in tropical climates. The following are the cir stances: cave was discovered by some workmen at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in 1821. Its mouth was at first nearly covby rubbish, but on removing this, and exploring the rior, there was found a cavern 240 feet in length, fourfeet high, and from three to seven feet wide. The being of limestone, its roof was covered with hangstalactites,* and its floor in many places incrusted stalagmite. The floor was covered with a coat of mud, or loam, about a foot thick, and in this were d the bones of various animals. These were in a high of preservation, they were broken, but none appeared hough they had been worn by the action of water, Stalactites are formed by the percolation of water through limerocks, by which calcareous particles are dissolved, and subently left by the evaporation of the water, on the roof of the rn. They hang like icicles, and gradually increase by the sition of stony particles, in concentric circles. Stalagmite is formed by the water which falls from the stalacto the floor of the cavern, where by evaporation, it deposites alcareous matter. Sometimes the stalactite and the stalagmite each other, and joining, form pillars, extending from the floor e roof of the cavern. or sand, had they The g long am Tiger, B ros, Hipp are still On ex These hyenas w more tha This and app habitatio food the decayed The possess, manner tack a d "single |