370. Jason, the tyrant of Pheræ, assassinated. 369. The Thebans and their allies, commanded by Epaminondas's and Pelopidas, invade Peloponnesus. They fail in an attack on Sparta, but restore the independence of Messenia.. The Athenians send Iphicrates to the assistance of the Spartans.
368. Second expedition of Epaminondas into Peloponnesus. Pelopidas makes two expeditions into Thessaly; in the second of which he was taken prisoner by Alexander of Pheræ. 367. The Arcadians defeated by the Spartans under Archidamus in the "tearless battle." A Theban force under Epaminondas compels Alexander to liberate Pelopidas.
366. Third expedition of Epaminondas into Peloponnesus. 365. Peace made between the Athenians and Arcadians. 364. Pelopidas gains a victory over Alexander at Cynoscephalæ but is himself slain. Alexander is compelled to enter into an alliance with Thebes.
362. Epaminondas enters Peloponnesus for the fourth and last time. Agesilaus repels the Thebans from Sparta. The battle of Mantinea, in which Epaminondas is killed.
361. A general peace concluded. Independence secured to the Messenians. Sparta alone refuses to agree to the peace.. Agesilaus conducts an expedition to Egypt, and dies on his return home.
359. Accession of Philip to the throne of Macedonia.
358. Philip conducts a successful campaign against the Illyrians; takes Amphipolis and Pydna; and assigns Potidea and Anthemos to the Olynthians.
357. Chios and many other places throw off the supremacy of Athens, and thus give rise to the Social War (B.c. 357-355). Expedition against Chios and death of Chabrias.
356. Second year of the Social War. Birth of Alexander the Great. 355. The Social War concluded by a peace, which deprives Athens of most of her allies, and of a great part of her revenue. Commencement of the Sacred War (B.c. 355-346), waged in the first instance by the Thebans against the Phociaus. 352. Demosthenes delivers his first Philippic.
349. Philip marches against Olynthos. The Athenians send an army to assist the Olynthians.
347. Olynthos and many other Thracian and Chalcidian towns fall into the hands of Philip, who razes them to the ground. 346. Philip concludes a peace with the Athenians and marches into Boeotia. The Phocians submit: their towns are destroyed. and their country laid waste. End of the Sacred War. 344. Philip begins to interfere in Peloponnesus. Philip makes a successful expedition into Illyricum.
Demosthenes delivers his second Philippic.
343. Philip continues his conquests.
342-341. Philip's expedition into Thrace. Selymbria taken. 340. Philip lays siege to Perinthus and Byzantium. The Athenians resolve on war.
338. Philip appointed commander in chief of the forces of the Am-
phyctyons. Commencement of the Amphissian war. The
Athenians form an alliance with the Thebans. Battle of
Charonea, in which Philip gains a decisive victory. Peace
concluded by Philip with Athens and Thebes. Phocion at
the head of affairs at Athens.
337. Congress of the Greek states on the Isthmus of Corinth.
Philip elected commander-in-chief of the Greeks to con-
duct the war against Persia, for which great preparations
are made.
336. Festivals celebrated by Philip at Egæ.
Eschylus, 280 sq., 285, 287
Ætolia, 5, 253
Ætolians, 253
Agamemnon, 31
Agesilaus, becomes King of Sparta,
396; his expedition against the
Persians, ib.; character of, 397;
triumphs in Asia, ib.; recalled,
ib.; offerings at Delphi, 399;
saves Sparta, 415; expedition to
Egypt, 418; death, ib.
Agis, 295, 296, 322, 347
Agora, Athenian, 216
Agrigentum, 91
Ahasuerus, 170 sq.
Alcæus, 96
Alcibiades, 268; character of, 292,
293; at Olympia, 294 sq.; de-
ceives the Spartan ambassadors,
294; accused of mutilating the
Hermæ, 304; arrest of, 307;
escape, 308; condemned, ib.;
goes to Sparta, ib.; excites a
revolt of the Chians, 340; dis-
missed by Sparta, 342; goes to
Tissaphernes, ib.; intrigues of,
ib.; imprisoned by Tissa-
phernes, 345; defeats the Pelo-
ponnesians at Cyzicus, ib.;
subjugates Byzantium and Cha!-
cedon, 346; returns to Athens,
ib.; dismissed from the com-
mand of the Athenian fleet,
349; murder of, 365
Alcidas, 246, 249
Alcmæōnids, 59; liberality of,
76; returned to Athens, 77; ex-
pelled by Cleomenes, 80; re-
called, 81
Alexander, King of Macedon, 158,
162
Alexander, of Pheræ, 414; de-
feated by Pelopidas, 415
Alexander, the Great, 430; acces-
sion, 435; education, ib.; expe-
dition against the Thracians,
437; sacks Thebes, ib.; inter-
view with Diogènes, 438; in-
vades Persia, 439 sq.; passage
of the Granicus, 440; progress
in Asia Minor, 441; dangerous
illness, 442; defeats the Persians
at Issus, ib.; march through
Phoenicia, 443; besieges Tyre,
443 8q.; before Jerusalem, 444
8q.; answer to Parmenio, 445;
defeats Darius at Arbela, 448;
marries Roxana, 451; kills
Cleitus, ib.; reduces the Bac-
trians, 452; plot of the pages
against his life, ib.; crosses the
Hydaspes, 453; vanquishes Po-
rus, 454; return home, 455 sq.;
marries Statira, 456; quells a
mutiny at Opis, ib.; ambitious
projects of, 457; death, 458 sq.;
character, 558 sq.; estimate of
his exploits, 458-459
Allies of Sparta and Athens, 231
Alpheus, 3
Amasis, 108
Ambraciots, 254 sq.
Ameinias, 153
Amompharětus, 162
Amphictyonic Council, 22
Amphictyons, first war of, 23
Amphipolis, 212, 269 sq.; St. Paul
at, 466
Amphissians, 429
Anacreon, 97
Anapus river, 327
Anaxagoras, 184; charged with
impiety, 218 sq.
Anaximander, 183 sq.
Anaximènes, 184
Andocides, 307
Andros, isle of, 155
Antalcĭdas, peace of, 401
Antipăter takes Athens, 460 sq.;
kills Demādes, 461
Antiphon, 343
Anytus, 380
Apaturia, festival of, 351
Apollo, oracle of, 16
Apollonia, 466
Arbela, battle of, 448
Arcadia, position of, 3; invaded
by the Lacedæmonians, 48, 412
sq.
Arcadians, 3; Confederacy, 412
Archias, 404
Archidāmus, 226, 229, 232, 240;
besieges Platæa, 241
Archilochus, 94
Archons, 56 sq.
Areopagus, 57; reformed by Peri-
cles, 202 sq.
Argilus, 269
Arginusæ, battle of, 350
Argives and Spartans, struggles
between, 49
Argos, 3; power of, 33; first king
of, ib.; invasion of, by Sparta, 49;
head of a new confederacy, 290
Arion, 95
Aristagoras, 112 sq., 198
Aristides, character of, 121; exiled,
132; recalled, 148; treasurer of
the confederacy of Delos, 176;
death, 182
Aristodēmus of Messenia, 45 sq.
Aristodēmus of Sparta, 166, 371 sq.
Aristogeiton, conspiracy of, 74
Aristophanes, 283
Aristoměnes, 46; exploits of, 47 sq.
Aristotle, 435
Arnold, Dr., quoted, 165, 333, 338,
339
Artabāzus, retreat of, 165, 168
Artaphernes demands earth and
water of the Athenians, 81; com-
mands in Asia Minor, 112
Artaphernes (nephew), 119
Artaxerxes, 388; mandate of, 401
Artemisia, 153
Artemisium, battle of, 138 sq.
Asia Minor, Greek colonies in, 32
Aspasia, 218 sq.
Astyages, 100 sq.
Astyŏchus, 341
Athēnē, temple of, at Platea, 166
statue of, 207
Athenian drama, 278
Athenian power, rise of, 171 sq.
Athenians divided into four tribes,
56; changed to ten, 77; march
against the Heraclidæ, 56; vic-
tory over the Chalcidians, 81;
assist the Ionians, 114; war with
Egina, 118 sq., 130; abandon
Athens, 147; reject Persian alli-
ance, 158; constitution more
democratic, 180; victorious in
Asia, 189; take Thasus, 190;
form an alliance with Argos,
193; and Megara, ib.; defeat
the Æginētans, 193; assist
Inarus, 194; victorious over the
Boeotians, 196; reduce Ægīna,
ib.; defeated by the Persians in
Egypt, ib.; great power of, 197;
conclude a five years' truce with
Sparta, ib.; make peace with
Persia, 198; lose power in Boo-
tia, 200; subdue Euboea, 201;
conclude a thirty years' truce
with Sparta, ib.; subdue the
Samians, 212; form an alliance
with Corcyra, 223; their allies
in the Peloponnesian war, 231;
their fleets annoy the Pelopon-
nesus, 233; ravage the Megărid,
ib.; their decree against the
Mytilenæans, 246; take Pylus,
257; conquer the Lacedæmo-
nians in Sphacteria, 262; expe-
dition against Boeotia, 267 sq.;
conclude a truce with Sparta,
272; peace of Nicias, 275 sq.;
refuse to evacuate Pylus, 291;
treaty with Argos, 295; conquer
Melos, 298; send an expedition
to Sicily, 299 89.; progress of,
305 sq.; send a fresh fleet to Sicily,
325; defeated at sea by the
Syracusans, 329 sq.; retreat from
Syracuse, 331; defeat the Chians,
341; gain a naval victory at
Cynossema, 344; at Cyzicus,
345; victorious at Arginusæ,
350; form a league with Thebes,
Argos, and Corinth against
Sparta, 398; head a new confe-
deracy, 405; declare war against
Lacedæmon, ib.; declare for
Thebes, ib.; peace with Sparta,
407; form an alliance with the
Peloponnesian states, 412; de-
generacy of, 419; deceived by
Philip, 421 sq.; help the Olyn-
thians, 426; send a fleet to re-
lieve Byzantium, 429; alarm at
the approach of Philip, 430;
coalition against, ib. ; prostrated
by the battle of Chæronca, 431
Athens, 4; early history of, 52;
poor of, 63; liberated by Cleo-
měnes, 76; taken by Xerxes,
148; second occupation by the
Persians, 159; rebuilding of,
172 sq.; Long Walls of, 194; de-
cline of, 198; adorned by Peri-
cles, 207 sq.; state of, before the
Peloponnesian war, 220; plague
at, 234 sq.; oligarchy established
at, 344; invested by the Pelo-
ponnesians, 355; surrender of,
ib.; Spartan garrison at, 364;
democracy restored at, 367; Long
Walls rebuilt, 430; taken by
Antipăter, 460; St. Paul at,
469
Athos, Mount, 117; canal of, 133
Atossa, 132
Attic tribes, four, 56; changed
to ten, 78
Attica, 3; early history of, 50 sq.
Babylon, taken by Cyrus, 101 sq.;
Alexander at, 456
Babylonians, revolt of, 109
Barca, 92
Bercea, 470
Bias of Priene, 70
Boeotia, 4
Boeotians, migration of the, 85
Brasidas, 233, 242, 249, 258; his
expedition to Thrace, 266 sq.;
takes Amphipolis, 269 8q.;
death, 274; honours paid to his
memory, ib.; character of, 277
Bucephala, founded by Alexander,
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