offices, which are thrown open to women, and women are given the right to vote at school elections (Art. VII, Sec. 9; Art. IX, Sec. 7, Const. 1889).

Tennessee, under the Constitution of 1870, prohibits a religious test for either voting or holding office, and Federal citizens only are electors and qualified to hold office. But no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatever, is eligible to a seat in either House of the Legislature;" and any person who "denies the being of God, or a future state of rewards and punishments," is prohibited from holding any office in the civil departments of the State; while participants to a duel are deprived of the right to vote and to hold office (Art. IX). Any county office created by the Legislature must be filled either by the people or by the County Court (Art. XI, Sec. 17). Any person who, to secure election, gives, promises, or bestows upon an elector as a reward for his vote either "meat, drink, money, or otherwise," is incapacitated from serving in the office for which he has been elected, for a period of six years (Art. X, Sec. 3).

Texas, in the Constitution of 1876, prohibits any religious test as a qualification to any office or to vote, and it does not permit the exclusion of any one from office on account of his religious sentiments, provided he acknowledges the existence of a Supreme Being (Art. I, Sec. 4). Persons of foreign birth and allegiance who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, are admitted to the rights of electors, and there is nothing in the oath of office prescribed by the Constitution to

prevent any alien from qualifying as an office-holder without violation to his conscience or treachery to his allegiance. But it is stipulated in the case of the administrative and judicial offices of the State that only Federal citizens are qualified.

The Constitution which Vermont adopted in 1793 on its admission to the Union of States under the act of Congress of 1791, has been in force ever since. Amendments have, however, been adopted by the people on several occasions. Art. VIII of Chapter I defines the status of eligibility to vote and to hold office, as follows: "All freemen, having a sufficient evidence, common interest with, and attachment to the community." Up to 1828, aliens who were able to comply with these conditions enjoyed both the right of electing and the right of 'being elected to office; but in the year named an amendment to the Constitution was adopted defining the status of a freeman thus: "No person, who is not already a freeman of this State, shall be entitled to exercise the privilege of a freeman, unless he be a natural-born citizen of this or some one of the United States, or until he shall have been naturalized agreeably to the acts of Congress." Federal citizenship is, consequently, the standard of eligibility to vote and to hold office in Vermont, at present.

Federal citizenship constitutes the basis of the right to the elective franchise in Virginia under the Constitution of 1870, and the amendment adopted in 1876; and the same Constitution declares that "all persons entitled to

vote shall be eligible to any office in the gift of the people, except as restricted in this Constitution." Another Constitutional provision restricts the right to sit as jurors to those who are eligible to vote and hold office.

Eligibility to hold office and to vote is the same in the new State of Washington, and no person, except a citizen of the United States and a qualified elector of the State is eligible to hold any State office; but such aliens as declared their intention to become citizens of the United States under the Territorial law were, under the ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Nebraska case of Thayer vs. Boyd, admitted to Federal citizenship under the Enabling and Admission acts of Congress. The Legislature is authorized by the Constitution of 1889 to provide that there shall be no denial of the elective franchise at any school election on account of sex, and an act was passed in March, 1890, putting this provision into operation (see page 103). The Treasurer is the only State officer who is, under this Constitution, ineligible to be his own direct successor (Art. III, Sec. 25), and no county officer is eligible to hold his office more than two terms in succession (Art. XI, Sec. 7). The Constitution of West Virginia of 1872 makes Federal citizens only citizens of the State, and male citizens of the State, not minors, or of unsound mind, or paupers, or under conviction of treason, felony, or bribery in an election, electors, provided that they have the necessary residence qualifications; and only such as are enabled to vote are eligible to election or appointment to office,

whether it be State, county or municipal (Art. IV. Secs. I and 4).

Wisconsin, under the Constitution of 1848, makes it compulsory for the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor to be citizens of the United States (Art. V, Sec. 2), so also the State and county Judiciary; but being a qualified elector of the district which he may be chosen to represent qualifies a person for a seat in the State Legislature, if he has resided one year in the State (Art. IV, Sec. 6); and among those who are qualified electors are persons of foreign birth who have merely declared their intention to become citizens of the United States conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization, and civilized persons of Indian descent not members of any tribe, but who are really ineligible to Federal citizenship by any of the ordinary methods of acquiring it. (Art. III, Sec. 1). Sheriffs are made ineligible to the same office "for two years next succeeding the termination of their office" (Art. VI, Sec. 4). Dueling, or participation therein as accessory, forever disqualifies the person thus engaged as an elector and from holding any office under the Constitution and laws of the State (Art. XIII, Sec. 2). Members of Congress, persons holding office under the Federal Government (Postmasters excepted), persons convicted of infamous crime, defaulters to the United States, or to the State of Wisconsin, or to any county or town in it, or to any State or Territory in the United States are ineligible to

any office (Art. XIII, Sec. 3). A religious test or a qualification for office is prohibited (Art. I, Sec. 19).

Wyoming gives women the right of suffrage, and its Constitution declares that the right to hold office, as well as the right to vote, shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex, both male and female citizens being guaranteed equally the enjoyment of all civil, political and religious rights and privileges (Art. VI, Sec. 1, Const. 1889); but in defining the qualifications and duties of the executive, judicial, legislative and other officers, the incumbent thereof is, in every instance, referred to as of the male sex. When New Jersey granted woman the right of suffrage, all legislation relating to the elective franchise recognized with great particularity, in every reference to person, the equality of the sexes*. This has been deemed unnecessary in Wyoming, woman being understood wherever man is named in the Constitution. Federal citizenship is the standard of office-holding and electorship (Art. VI, Sec. 5), and whatever debars any person from the enjoyment of one deprives him also of the right of the other. Wyoming is the only State in the Union where woman is, politically, the co-equal of man. But for the first five years of the State's existence, aliens may vote (Art. VI, Sec. 10), and possibly hold office.

It will be observed from the foregoing that at least thirteen States give those owing foreign allegiance the right to hold office. The right to vote and to hold office

American Citizens' Manual, p. 89.