FLEETWOOD WILSON. The danger in regard to bears is mainly passage of the Saranac. Soon afterwards attributable to their extraordinarily un- he was named Commander-in-Chief and certain temper. Provisional Governor of the Upper Provinces, He had received the gold medal with two which appointment he held until June, 1816. clasps for Vittoria, San Sebastian and the BRITISH SETTLERS IN AMERICA (12 S. ix. 462, 517, 521; x. 57).-I am indebted to MRS. MAUD M. MORRIS for her correction (at 12 S. ix. 517) of the name of the Governor of New York. The pedigree of the Brockholls or Brockholes (of Claugh; ton) family in Burke's Landed Gentry does not show Governor Anthony Brockholes as being a member of that family, and I should be glad if any reader could supply the missing link. Nive. In 1838 Sir Frederick Philippse Robinson colonelcy of was made a G.C.B., and in 1840 he got the the 39th Regiment. Sir Frederick married, first, the daughter of Thomas Bowles, Esq., of Charleville; and, secondly, Miss Fanshaugh. He died in his 88th year. Sir Frederick's grandfather was John Robinson, President of the Council of Virginia. The latter married Catherine, daughter of Robert Beverley, formerly of Beverley in Yorkshire. The Beverley's claim descent from John of Beverley, who was born at Harpham, on the wolds of Yorkshire, about the year 640. JAMES SETON-ANDERSON. 39, Carlisle Road, Hove, Sussex. As mentioned (at 12 S. ix. 463), Frederic Philippse married Joanna, daughter of Governor Brockholes, and had, with other issue, Susan, who was married to Col. Beverley Robinson, who died at Bath, April 9, 1792. Col. Beverley Robinson's fourth son was General Sir Frederick Philippse Robinson, G.C.B., a venerable and very gallant officer who, at his death in Brighton, Jan. 1, 1852, was the oldest soldier in the British Army. He entered the service as an Ensign in BREWERS' COMPANY (12 S. ix. 431, 478, February, 1777, and rising through the 517). It may be added to the general invarious grades became a General in 1841. formation supplied that the interesting The military career of Philippse Robinson buildings at 18, Addle Street, the courtyard, was long and glorious, extending over a arcade, hall, screens, court-room, &c., well period of seventy-five years, and passing repay inspection. The buildings date from amidst some of the brightest achievements 1667. As a special item dealing with this of his country. For five years he was in the first American War, and was present in Company it should be stated that it possessed a notable clerk, Mr. Alexander Whitchurch, the several battles fought during that attorney. His portrait was painted (which period. Subsequently, in 1794, he went was not at all uncommon), and it was also to the West Indies and shared in the cap- honoured with a good mezzotint plate ture of Martinique, St. Lucia, and Guade- 6in. x 8in., showing a dignified yet cheerful loupe; he was also at the storming of gentleman in wig and ruffles, holding a roll Fleur d'Epée and the Heights of Palmiste. of papers, and leaning on a book of minutes In 1812, Philippse Robinson joined the for 1776. The engraver is not known. The army in the Peninsula. At the battle of Company has a rather indifferent impression, Vittoria he commanded the brigade which one is in the British Museum, and Î possess carried the village of Gamozza Mayo without a good impression. The minutes of the firing one shot. He also was present at the Company show that Mr. Whitchurch was first and second assaults on San Sebastian, elected clerk on July 8, 1757, and at the being severely wounded at the second attack. court held on April 12, 1782, his death was He took part in the passage of the Bidassoa, reported. The Company does not possess the grand reconnaissance before Bayonne; the original portrait, and it would be inthe battle of the Nive, being there again teresting to know where it is. severely wounded; in the blockade of Bayonne, and in the repulse of the sortie from that place, when he succeeded to the command of the 5th Division of the Army. In June, 1814, Major-General Robinson went to North America in command of a brigade, and he led the forces intended for the attack of Plattsburg, but received ders to retire after having forced the Hermitage." W. H. QUARRELL. PICTURES IN THE HERMITAGE AT PETROGRAD (12 S. ix. 528).-To two people, both of them likely to be well informed, I have put the question, "Where are the pictures that were once in the Hermitage?" and both made the same reply, "They are in the T. PERCY ARMSTRONG. SURNAMES AS CHRISTIAN NAMES (12 S. Menken's body was laid in a temporary ix. 370, 437, 474, 511).-According to the grave in Père Lachaise when she died in Granville Pedigree (Roger Granville, History Paris in August, 1868, but it was removed, at of the Granville Family,' 1895), Sir Thomas the instance, I believe, of one of the RothGranville (d. 1513) married the daughter schild family, to the Jewish portion of the of Sir Otes Gilbert, and Sir Thomas's daughter cemetery of Montparnasse on April 21, Joan was married to Wymond Raleigh im- 1869, where it now rests. mediately after her father's death. M. H. DOdds. THE ARMS OF LEEDS (12 S. ix. 507; x. 56, 72).—I am curious to know what kind of helmet has been granted to Leeds. Does it figure as a noble, a baronet or knight, or as a mere esquire ? ST. SWITHIN. DANTE'S BEARD (12 S. ix. 271, 315, 378, 436; x. 56).—I do not think the idea of there being any connexion between the smoothness or the roughness of Dante's chin and his mourning for Beatrice ever occurred to me, and I must have expressed myself very badly for MR. T. PERCY ARMSTRONG to find such a theory in my unimportant remarks. I may as well take this opportunity of saying that, without believing Dante to be a man of fashion, I thought it possible that some habit of the day in which he lived might have had an influence on his use or disuse of the razor. I think the Greek symbolism, to which Mr. Armstrong refers, would hardly affect the artists who tried to portray the living human Dante. ST. SWITHIN. BARON GRANT (12 S. x. 31, 75).-SIR ALFRED ROBBINS is not accurate in what he says at the last reference. Carlo Pellegrini's cartoon of Albert Grant appeared in Vanity Fair of Feb. 21, 1874, but so far as the distich is concerned it was neither given at the foot of the picture nor referred to in the accompanying letterpress. All that was printed under the cartoon was simply the words "Leicester Square." It is regrettable that contributors to N. & Q., whose readers naturally look for reliable information, should not be at more pains to verify the accuracy of what purport to be categorical statements of fact, instead of trusting to their memories. WILLOUGHBY MAYCOCK. Various misstatements about her burialplace were fully exposed by me in a letter which appeared in The Referee of June 27, 1909. WILLOUGHBY MAYCOCK. · BRITISH MELODIES' (12 S. x. 48).-In the late Mr. Bertram Dobell's Catalogue of Books printed for Private Circulation (London, 1906), this book is offered for sale at 4s. 6d. In a footnote Mr. Dobell says that though British Meolodies' bears no date it may be pretty confidently ascribed to 1816 or 1817, as it is printed on paper water-marked 1815. few of inferior merit being included. The The pieces are well selected, only a largest contributors are Byron, Wordsworth, Scott, and Moore. I have looked in vain for "the many original pieces the title page promises. ARCHIBALD SPARKE. WELSH MAP SOUGHT (12 S. x. 32).-In reply to the latter part of MR. L. C. PRICE'S query, there appeared an article in Archaologia Cambrensis, vol. 1860, signed J. E., Ysbytty Ifan; or, the Hospitallers in old house of Gilar which is in the parish. Wales,' which gives information on the The owner, the late Colonel Salusbury Mainwaring, dilated in its antiquarian features when Cambrian archæologists visited the place in 1911 (see Arch. Camb., 1912). ANEURIN WILLIAMS. ADAH ISAACS MENKEN'S INFELICIA' (12 S. x. 32, 79, 97).—I am sorry to see that MR. ROBERT PIERPOINT at the second "TO BURN ONE'S BOATS (12 S. viii. 210; reference perpetuates an inaccuracy by ix. 177; x. 79). Robert Guiscard, before the quoting a statement by Mr. G. R. Sims in battle of Durazzo, October, 1081, proposes The Referee of Dec. 24, 1905, to the effect this measure : whether it was carried out that Adah Menken is buried in the Jewish is not very clear (Gibbon, ' D. & F. R. E.,' portion of Père Lachaise." 66 cap. lvi.). S. 66 66 WILLIAM R. POWER. to FINAL DEN IN KENTISH PLACE-NAMES men; but when Amasis expelled these Shep(12 S. x. 49).—The final "den" in Kentish herd Kings, he abolished the human offerings place-names is taken from the "dens," and ordered that in their place three candles "dennes" or "denberæ "of the Weald- should be burned daily on the altar. This from the Saxon "dene, signifying valley, allows opportunity to view the "threelow-enclosed place, or den." These dens, light superstition from a happier standaccording to Spelman, were of no deter- point. The Rev. S. Baring-Gould quotes the minate bigness nor extent." They appear foregoing in his Strange Survivals.' to have contained in places a few hundred acres or less; in other places they extended several miles. With the exception of OtterSPELLING OF "CHAMPAGNE" (12 S. x. 71). den, near Faversham, and Heronden, near According to the N.E.D.' the earliest use Sandwich, the termination "den" is not of champagne, as now generally spelt, occurs 1718 (attributed found in Kent outside the Weald. These in Freethinker,' "dennes" were the first settlements in the Addison and others), "Sprightly young Great Wood, and at first were but clearings fellows, who drink champagne" (Essay 107). in the forests for the "pannage of hogs," and, If your inquirer wishes to pursue the derilater, for the feeding of cattle. After the vation he should consult Elyot, Stephens Conquest they were mostly appended by royal grants to circumadjacent and even to far distant manors; it is from the latter circumstance that, as noted above, one or two final "dens" appear in other parts of Kent, e.g., the Heronden, near Sandwich, from Heronden in Tenterden in the Weald, though this particular instance happened partly from a "family removal." The old names, such as Mapulisinden, Biddenden, Benenden, Pettenden and Rouvenden or Rolvenden, &c., are interesting to philologists, as the "en" or "in" of the penultimate syllable is that genitive form to which Mr. Allen Mawer, in his 'Place-names of Northumberland,' draws attention, I think, in dealing with names in "ing"; it marked the den " of the Mapules family, of the Bidds or Budds, of the Petts, of Rolf or of Rollo; it was not a reference to Rolf "in the den." Human beings lived, colloquially, "on the den," hogs, &c., in it. PERCY HULBURD. 66 TRANSLATION OF MOTTO REQUIRED (12 S. ix. 331, 397).-Perhaps the source of this motto should be recorded. The words "Alterum alterius auxilio eget" (not egit) are taken from Sallust's 'Catilina,' cap. i. The historian, speaking of war, declares that deliberation before action and prompt action after deliberation are required to supplement one another. EDWARD BENSLY. SMOKERS' FOLK LORE (12 S. ix. 528; x. 38). The reference to the dislike to having three lights in a room prompts one to mention the history of the Hyksos or Shepherd Kings of ancient North Egypt, who, it is alleged, were wont daily to sacrifice three and Cooper, Latin English Dictionary,' THE CEREMONIAL VESTMENTS OF JUDICIARY (12 S. ix. 529).-This query recalls a newspaper account of approximately fifteen years since, when Mr. Justice (now Lord) Phillimore, then sitting at York Assizes, paid a visit to a girls' school in or near that city, and for the edification of the scholars donned the robes of a “red judge," explaining in much detail the use or significance of each portion of the judicial W. B. H. equipment. VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHRISTOPHER MINGS affixes to the paragraphs dealing with each (12 S. ix. 461, 513; x. 13, 35).-In Meadows event. The most striking passages in the Cowper's Canterbury Marriage Licences' course of his argument with the Duke of is the following :Ormonde, who was pressing him to become Prime Minister, are as follows: Thomas Hamon of Acrise, esq., widr, and Mary Mennes of Woodnesborough, about 27, whose mother consents-at Woodnesborough. Feb. 16 [or 26] 1630. This settles the question of a marriage connexion between the families of Mennes of Sandwich and Mynge of New Romney. GEORGE S. FRY. PRIME MINISTER (12 S. ix. 446).—I have read with much interest the note on the earliest use of the title of Prime Minister which appeared at the above referencethere said to have been applied to the Duke of Buckingham in 1667. I have also read the numerous contributions to 'N & Q.' at previous dates on this subject. It appears to have escaped the notice of previous contributors to the store of knowledge on this question that Lord Clarendon actually uses the term Prime Minister when giving an account of the sequence of events affecting his life in 1660, The Continuation of the Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon, Lord High Chancellor of England, &c. . Being a Continuation of His History of the Grand Rebellion, from the Restoration to his Banishment in 1667. Written by Himself' (see pp. 85-92). had that the English Nation would sooner submit to the Government of Cromwell, than to any other Subject who should be thought to govern the King. That England would not bear a Favourite, nor any one Man, who should out of of the publick Affairs. his Ambition engross to himself the Disposal Again Whereas, if He gave over that Administration [i.e., the Chancellorship] and had Nothing to rely upon for the Support of himself and Family, but an extraordinary Pension out of the Exchequer, under no other Title or Pretense but of being First Minister (a title so newly translated out of French into English, that it was not enough understood to be liked, and every man would detest it for that Burden it was attended with); the King himself, who was not by Nature immoderately inclined to give, would quickly weary of so chargeable an Officer, and be very willing to be freed from the Reproach of being governed by any (the very Suspicion whereof He doth exceedingly abhor) at the Price and Charge of the Man, who had been raised by him to that inconvenient Height above other Men. JOHN BERESFORD. 86, Lansdowne Road, Holland Park, W.11. INSCRIPTIONS ON AN ICON (12 S. x. 33).1. The letters on the nimbus are evidently those which are usual on the Divine nimbus, viz., O ON (see Jer. x. 6, Apoc. i. 8, &c.), the final letter being in its Slavonic form (H), and the mark over the 2 the breathing, or the breathing and accent, perhaps con ventionalized. 66 not misread and is apparently been Where is the Almighty?" but--what might be mistaken for it, especially if the Slavonic lettering is not quite clear-“The Lord God Almighty (Apoc. xix. 6). For the convenience of readers I abstract the most important references. In passing it should be observed that these follow on his extraordinary account of the marriage of his daughter with the Duke of York. Commenting on the view taken by his contemporaries, that as a result of this 2. The inscription at the bottom has marriage his "greatness and power been firmly established, he observes :I say, to all Men but to himself, who was not the least Degree exalted with it. He knew well upon how slippery Ground He stood, and how naturally averse the Nation was from approving an exorbitant Power in any Subject. Thereupon follows an account of the various honours which he managed to evade. refused a considerable offer of Crown Lands." "He declined being made Knight of the Garter." "He refused to be made an Erl." "But at length unwillingly consented." "He was strongly urged to resign his Office of Chancellor." "And to assume the Character of Prime Minister." "Which would be more beneficial to him." "But this He absolutely refused." These are the various marginal headings Lord Clarendon 66 He 3. The "twisting" of the fingers represents the Eastern attitude of episcopal benediction, corresponding to, but contrasted with, the familiar Western attitude, the third finger being bent over and the thumb touching it or crossed over it (see Smith and Cheetham, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,' s.v. Benedictions,' i. p. 199). 6 6 F. E. B. These few notes may be of help to MR. PERY ARMSTRONG. Without close inspection of his icon it is difficult to answer off-hand his queries as to (1) the three letter: in the nimbus, (2) the inscription at the base, and (3) the “twisted" fingers. a distinguish the mitre and tiara from each other; His effigy above his tomb in the crypt of St. Peter's wears a sugar-loaf-shaped camelaucum surrounded by two crowns. 1. I should think that, if he carefully examines the three letters, "Omega,' "Omicron" and "Eta" as he calls them, he will find that peculiar dash like the top of a T not only over the Omega but also over the "Eta." In the latter case, however, there would be no truncated T stem. The Omicron" very probably has slight dash carried on directly from its арех. This being so, we evidently have The first notice of three crowns is conbefore us letters from the Cyrillic form of tained in an inventory of the papal treasure the old Slavonic alphabet (i.e., the Greek of the year 1315 or 1316. The tomb of the liturgical uncial form adopted by the successor of Boniface,. Blessed Benedict XI. Russian Orthodox Church). The Eta (1303-4), at Perugia shows a tiara with one must be an N in the Russian form H. The crown only. The tomb of John XXII. dashes denote contraction. The "Omi- (1316-1334) at Avignon shows a tiara with cron " as I read it would be in reality a two crowns: but his successor, Benedict XII. Gamma and Delta combined and would (1334-1342), had an effigy with three crowns, stand for Gospod = the Lord. The "Omega "the remains of which are preserved in the would stand for Otietz = the Father. The museum at Avignon. H would stand for nash=our. The whole would mean The Lord our Father." 2. The inscription at the base of the icon cannot mean Where is the Almighty?" Such an inscription would be inadmissible in a Russian icon. That first word is again, I should think, a contracted form of Gospod, an accent being added as generally after consonants. It is not gdie, meaning where. "The Lord FREEDOM OF A CITY (12 S. ix. 489; x. 55, Almighty would then be the reading. 66 3. The Orthodox sign of the cross is made on the forehead with the thumb (God), the first finger (Son) and the second (Holy Ghost) joined together. The followers of the Old Rite make this sign with the thumb and third finger joined together, the first two more or less rigid, and the fourth bent. VALENTINE J. O'HARA. National Liberal Club, London. THE PAPAL TRIPLE CROWN (12 S. x. 92).GENERAL LAMBARDE will find practically all the evidence available on this subject summarized in the article Tiara,' in the 'Catholic Encyclopedia,' which article is from the pen of the Rev. Joseph Braun, S.J. The tiara took its rise in a head-dress of white stuff shaped like a helmet and called the camelaucum. This was worn by the Pope as early as the beginning of the eighth century, as appears from the biography of Pope Constantine I. (708-15), in the Liber Pontificalis.' This camelaucum or phrygium probably received the first crown at the time when the mitre developed from the tiara, perhaps in the tenth century, in order to The addition of the third crown is often erroneously attributed to Blessed Urban V. (1362-1370). No reason for the assumption of the third crown has been forthcoming; and in fact some subsequent Popes down to the close of the fifteenth century are represented with two crowns only. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. 97). My grandfather's great-grandfather, John Wainewright, at the beginning of 1751 lent the mayor and burgesses of the Borough of Nottingham the sum of £400 at 4 per cent., and on Sept. 19, 1752, he was made a burgess of that town gratis (' Records of the Borough of Nottingham.' vol. vi., pp. 239, 247, 348). JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. AUTHORS WANTED (12 S. x. 72).-1. The lines would certainly seem to have been suggested by In tua quod spargi cornua possit erit," appears to have been indebted in the lines just quoted : Κἤν με φάγῃς ἐπὶ ῥίζαν, ὅμως ἔτι καρποφορήσω ('Anth. Pal.,' ix. 75), by Evenus of Ascalon, |