Thomas (the first of the name) was the died s.p. circa 1820. This will be mad great cabinet-maker, and wñose Christian doubt, clearer to your readers if the e name ended with the death of his eldest will kindly allow me to insert the follo son Thomas, who was baptized at St. short and direct pedigree, omitting all Paul's, Covent Garden April 23, 1749, and lateral descendants : From this we learn that there are no longer, as we supposed, three Thomas Chip- Chippendale. pendales to be considered, and that it is the first of this name, not the second, that was in reality the subject of my previous article, being in all probability named after his maternal grandfather, Thomas Drake, as that Christian name appears nowhere else in this Chippendale pedigree that Colonel Chippindall has compiled. This strange coincidence is rep again in the place-names, which, t naturally not so numerous, show muc same variety of spelling. Chipinder Chippenden occur in Domesday Book (1 and Chippendale in 1102; Cepndel, Chepyngdale, 1230; Chippendal and C dale, 1258; Chippingdale, 1296; Ch dale, 1352; Chippyndale and Chippin temp. Elizabeth. From Colonel Chippindall's and Mr. A. W. Chippindale's later researches we also learn that the name now accepted as Chippendale admitted of an immense variety. The name would seem to have origi From a list the latter has kindly lent me in the little valley of Chippingdale, a I note that over eighty varieties of the name which is mentioned in the e spelling occur, mostly from Lancashire, Pipe Roll relating to Lancashire, in the Yorkshire, and neighbouring localities, and of Henry I. In the thirteenth ranging down the centuries from Chipindale, the name began to be used as a sur 1307; Chepyngdale, 1379 (this occurs as in a charter, without date but be again in 1535); Chipindall, 1597; Chipen- 1230-1256, Robert signs as person dell, 1637; Chipindayll, 1703; whilst, Chippingdale " (see Cheetham So strange to say, one of the most ancient N.S., vol. xxvi., pp. 165-6), and in Lancashire Assize Rolls, 30-31 Henry III., we find Dyke de Chypendale as a surety for a defendant's appearance. The earliest church registers of Chipping are in 1559, but there are no Chippindales in them. Another very strong proof that the cabinet-maker's family was of Yorkshire extraction is afforded by these researches, in which is mentioned an Indenture of Lease and Release of April 30, 1770, now in the West Riding Registry at Leeds, in which the name of "Thomas Chippindale (sic) of St. Martin's Lane, London, cabinetmaker," appears, together with those of three of his uncles, William, Benjamin, and Joseph. These documents are in respect of a messuage, gardens, orchards, &c., in Broughgate, in Otley. apparently, most of the principal monuments and tombstones are still preserved there or relaid as a flooring. It should be remembered that the site of the present National Gallery once formed part of the churchyard of old St. Martin's. I may say that there are a couple of old, large, square-backed, wide-seated arm-chairs, covered in dark red plush velvet, preserved in the royal pew at the eastern end of the south gallery by the chancel. The wooden part of the arms ends in a lion's face or mask; the same on the knee of the cabriole leg, which itself is supported on a lion's claw-foot. The legs at the back are similarly designed. The wood is probably mahogany, but covered by a thick coating of varnish or some other disfiguring subMay I conclude on a more personal note ? stance. Whether the chairs were preThere had been some doubt expressed as to sented, as has been suggested, by the great what was the age of Thomas Chippendale cabinet-maker himself when he was a neighwhen he died. Mr. Percy Macquoid, in his bouring parishioner, there is no evidence to great work on the History of English show; but, to my mind, though they may Furniture' (1906, vol. iii., p. 134, Age of be of the " Chippendale period," they seem Mahogany '), says that "facts go to prove to disclose a heavier and more foreign that he died at the age of about 70." Miss character-possibly Dutch-than is usually Simon claims to be the first to give the actual associated with Engish 'Chippendale date of his burial as Nov. 13, 1779, furniture. With scarcely an exception the and that he was buried at St. Martin's-in-interior of the church is devoid of monuthe-Fields. But no age was stated. Her ments. statement is confirmed by a personal inAnd now, in conclusion, let me say that spection I made a short while ago of the having once formed the opinion that there clearly written parchment transcript of the were three Thomas Chippendales in succesburial entries of the parish, and there, sion-and, worse still, having recorded it under date Nov. 13, 1779, appears the name "Thomas Chippendale. M.," plainly enough. But there is no entry of age. Of course this can now be arrived at by his baptismal entry at Otley on June 5, 1718, as shown in the before-mentioned pedigree. And further, it is confirmed by the copy which Mr. A. W. Chippindale has made of the Account Book of Funeral Expenses belonging to the parish (which was not accessible when I was at the church), and which he has shown me, in which the age is given as 62 yrs"; and further, presumably, the cause of his death--" Consp." This undoubtedly means "consumption,' as it often occurs, whilst others are given as "dropsy," " fever," and "S.P." for smallpox. His body was probably amongst those removed to the burial-ground belonging to St. Martin's, near the almshouses at Can Town, when the mother church stored some 80 years ago. T in the spacious crypt we re in N. & Q.-now that I have very good reason to believe that it is not the case, it only remains for me to make my humble amende in the same pages, and so prevent your readers in future from falling into that error to which, I am afraid, I may have led some of them in the past. J. S. UDAL, F.S.A. THE SO-CALLED SPANISH ARCHITEC- both squares were enclosed by seventeenth- It is true that nothing here is said as to architecture being Spanish, but to the 66 general reader that would probably be the de Ville, it is true, was built between inference, supported as it is by local guide- years 1501 and 1517, and chronologica books and popular belief. The statement therefore might claim to be Spanis as it stands, however, is not even true his- But the design of this "Gothic palac torically, for both squares took their present as it is styled by M. Camille Enlart, (or pre-war) aspect in the latter half of the inspired by the Town Hall at St. Quer seventeenth century, after the Spanish and owed nothing to Spain. The up domination had come to an end. part of the belfry,* which originally da from 1551-73, was the work of an a born near Bapaume. The later Renaissa wing (1572) was also from the design local man and was Flemish in character Joanne (Northern France,' 1914) has no mention of Spanish architecture at Arras, and the Encyclopædia Britannica' (11th ed.) is also silent on the subject. The latter correctly states : What is known as the "Spanish dom The lofty houses which border the spacious tion" in Arras is usually defined as squares known as the Grande and Petite Places period 1493-1640. But from the time are in the Flemish style. They are built with Maximilian of Austria to the abdica their upper storeys projecting over the footway of Charles V. in 1555 it would be n and supported on columns so as to form arcades. correct, perhaps, to speak of the H Yet well-informed writers like M. Le burg or Austrian domination. Charles Gentil (1877), M. Ardouin-Dumazet (1898), indeed, had in some respects more in com the Abbé Drimille (1913), and M. André with the land of his birth than with de Poncheville (1920) have repeated and mother's country, Spain, and until so perpetuated the common belief that these disappearance from the stage direct Spa purely Flemish buildings are in the Spanish, influence in Artois and Flanders cou or Hispano-Flemish, style. 66 M. Le Gentil, after speaking of the ensemble sans exemple " of the two squares, goes on to say : Les Flandres en effet ainsi que l'Espagne n'ont conservé rien qui puisse lui être comparé. Toutes les maisons hispano-flamandes, de cet ensemble, avec leurs pignons droits découpés frappent d'étonnement et d'admiration quiconque les voit pour la première fois (Le vieil Arras,' p. 501). M. Ardouin-Dumazet, in his 'Voyage en France,' speaks also of "les hautes maisons de style hispano-flamand" of the squares, and the Abbé Drimille, in his 'Guide historique et archéologique,' writes: Voici la Grand' Place et son musée de vieilles maisons hispano-flamandes. Elles forment un ensemble sans égal: ni les Flandres ni l'Espagne n'ont rien de semblable (p. 31). The houses of the Petite Place also, he states, are built in the same style" le style hispano-flamand: presque toutes sont du XVIIe siècle." More surprising is it to find M. André de Poncheville endorsing the popular belief :Les places complétaient l'hôtel de ville et son beffroi. Leurs maisons hispano-flamandes à pignons dentelés avaient eu leur expression totale dans la Maison Commune (Arras et l'Artois devastés,' p. 93). for very little. Even with the comin Spanish statesmen and soldiers 11 Philip II. the domestic life of the ordi citizen went on pretty much as be and Spanish influence in Arras ha extended to matters of art-at any rate to architecture. The Flemish trad continued unimpaired throughout the re of the three Philips until the restora of Arras to France, and well into the of Louis XIV. The period of the real Spanish don tion in Arras is thus reduced to somet less than a century, for although the was not definitely assigned to France 1659, it had been in French posse since its capture in 1640 by the a of Louis XIII. During the siege of year, and again in 1654, when the Span houses in both squares were badly dam made an attempt to regain possession a fact referred to by the well-info writer of the Michelin Guide' (1920) The bombardments of 1640 and 1654 demo or seriously damaged a large number houses. Their façades were rebuilt in ston as is commonly believed, in the Spanish, 1 the Flemish, style (p. 30). But this rebuilding did not take immediately. Down to this time mo This would almost seem to imply that the Hôtel de Ville itself was Hispano- the houses in both squares had be Flemish in style, and such a belief un The belfry was begun in 1463, thirty doubtedly exists though not finding definite before the " Spanish domination," and fi expression in the guide-books. The Hôtel in its original form in 1499. timber, but the further erection of wooden change, attribuait à l'art espagnol l'architecture En réalité, elles étaient presque dwellings had been forbidden in 1574. de ses places. totalement antérieures ou Some houses of stone postérieures à la no doubt existed domination de l'Espagne : la partie visible des before this time, and one, partly of maisons datant de la seconde moitié du XVIIe thirteenth-century date, still stands un-siècle et leurs caves des XIIe, XIIIe, et XIVe. C'est à l'art des Pays-Bays qu'il fallait pignons des places. Nulle trace dans tout cela les pittoresques façades à d'art espagnol." damaged on the north side of the Grande Place. But neither square during the period of the Spanish domination bore the appearance that has since become familiar. Both probably presented what M. Drimille calls a "pêle-mêle des maisons en bois et en pierre," at once irregular and picturesque, without any attempts at order or uniformity. It was not till the time of the French intendant Chauvelin, in 1670, that the alinement of the houses in the squares and in the connecting Rue de la Taillerie was regulated and fixed, thus converting the "pêle-mêle" into a unified yet artistic whole. These new houses were faced with brick and stone and were of varying design and size, but uniform in style. Some few of the dwellings erected during the Spanish period may have been preserved, and one such, at least, belonging to the first decade of the seventeenth century, still stands in the Rue de la Taillerie. But the majority are or were subsequent to 1670; one still standing in the Petite Place is dated 1685. M. Camille Enlart's description of these houses is worth quoting : assimiler toutes Yet so persistent is the "tradition" that curious tourists have been known to find When evidence of Spanish influence in a malformed The visitor with architectural interests will At what period the belief in the Spanish origin of the seventeenth-century buildings in Arras first arose nobody seems to know. Victor Hugo, in 1837, speaks of deux places curieuses à pignons en volutes dans le style flamand-espagnol du temps de Louis XIII., but he may only have been repeating what C'étaient des maisons de briques avec chaîn- he had heard. His reference to the time ages et encadrements de pierre blanche, et au of Louis XIII. is to be remarked. But rez-de-chaussée un étroit portique de grès, formé only three years elapsed between the loss d'arcs en anse de panier et de minces colonnes of Arras by Spain and the death of doriques. Les maisons avaient chacune deux étages supérieurs et un pignon ondulé, composé Louis XIII., and, as we have seen, the houses d'un fronton cintré raccordé à deux grandes in the squares are generally some thirty consoles renversées. Presque toutes ces maisons or forty years later in date. Paul Verlaine, gardaient leurs enseignes de pierre, reproduisant whose mother came from Fampoux, a celles, bien antérieures, des demeures qu' u'elles avaient remplacées (Arras avant la Guerre,' p. 14). village near Arras, speaks of M. Enlart, writing in 1916, uses the past tense, as if everything had been destroyed. But the reality, though bad, is not so bad as that. There are many houses in the Grande Place, especially on the east side, that have survived the war, some damaged, others intact. Too many, however, have [Verlaine] répétait avec ingénuité ce qu'il avait ouï dire. Pour nos pères des âges romantiques disappeared. But all will be rebuilt accordtout était espagnol en Artois et dans les Flandres. ing to the old design, and where possible C'est qu'à leur appétit rien n'était beau qui ne with the old materials. Already the re-vint de loin, rien ne méritait considération qui construction of the squares is making rapid progress. Regarding the architecture of the Grande and Petite Places, M. Enlart has this to say : De 1493 à 1640 Arras appartint à l'Espagne, et l'opinion populaire, qui prend si souvent le la ville aux toits follets Poignardant, espagnols, les ciels épars de Flandre ne décelât une origine exotique. A leurs yeux, le clair de lune lui-même était allemand! This would seem to imply that, in the opinion of M. Potez, the "Spanish tradition" in Arras dates only from the time of the Romantic movement. It may be so. It may be that this popular belief is a gift to us, with Hernani,' from the imaginative fancy of the Victor of Romance. The newer guide-books, however, are discarding the old belief. The Michelin Guide,' as we have seen, throws it over altogether. The popular Guide Davrinche' seeks a compromise Maisons espagnoles disent les uns, hispanoflamandes affirment d'autres ; l'on entend par là que les premières des c'est juste, si maisons datent de la domination ces mais que l'on ne prétende pas y voir une importaespagnole ; tion étrangère: elles sont filles du génie français et de l'art artésien. 66 But the better course is to say quite THE SOTTO PIOMBI, OR THE [12 S. X. JAN. 7, 1922. Being in Venice in 1889, after one day Sotto Piombi had been restored, I told one visiting the Pozzi, having heard that the of the attendants, or guards, that I wanted to visit them. He replied that they had been destroyed, and did not exist. The my request to a third. same reply from a second man. I made I answered "But they have been restored." A similar reply. He then told me that I should have to get leave from the director of the Palace. A few days later I called at the director's office. sent for a man to conduct me. He at once gave me leave, and Meanwhile, this very polite director told me that Casanova's prison room be seen, also that lately there had been was to found many papers about him, which would be published in France. I was taken up many flights of stairs by one of the guards. IN The Times of Dec. 14, 1921, p. 9, c. 5, I find in my diary : 66 'Modern Use for Venice Prisons' editorial note in which it is stated that is an The prisons underneath the leaden roof of the Doges' Palace, known as the Piombi, were destroyed in 1797." As to these prisons guide-books are not agreed : about the place. However, he showed me the room. 12 feet [the other end is smaller). The window Still, there is At the window side it is about a little From the landing-place from which the Ducal ing, being some feet away from the outside roof is very strongly barred, and looks into the buildapartments are entered, stairs lead to the famous wall. Sotto Piombi at the top of the building--as their and very thick, about 6 or 7 inches. The door is undoubtedly old-very low name denotes, "under the leads." formerly used They were round hole through it, about 7 inches in diameter, It has a as prisons. Casanova was shut up in them in 1775 [true date not much else to be seen in the way of dunJacopo [sic] and a heavy lock bar on the outside. There is 1755-56]. Silvio Pellico was not confined here as so often stated. geons. The guard showed me converted into dwelling apartments; the others is a big sort of block (pulley block) in the roof. A few have been recently he said had been the torture chamber. There a place which are used for lumber rooms. Northern Italy,' 1874, p. 345.) (Murray's Handbook, The Piombi, or prisons under the leaden roof of the Palace, were destroyed in 1797, but have recently again been made accessible. (Baedeker's 'Northern Italy,' 1886, p. 252.) From the Anticollegio a staircase leads to the famous Piombi, the Prisons under the leads" a there was in a the window end of the Casanova room The rough outline in my diary makes about 12 feet wide, the opposite end about 10, the door side about 14, and side opposite about 13. pied by Casanova, it is probably his second If this room is a reproduction of one occucachot, that from which he escaped. (not shown) of the suffering in which Jacopo [sic] Casanova, who was imprisoned there 1755, has left such dramatic description. Describing his imprisonment in the Piombi, Silvio Pellico says [Here follows a quotation (trans- that Silvio Pellico was not confined in the The assertion in Murray's 'Handbook,' lated) from Le Mie Prigioni.'] (Augustus J. C. Sotto Piombi, Hare's Venice,' 1896, p. 52.) From the Hall of the Ten . . as so often stated," is a narrow staircase leading out, by which one could chaps. 22, 39, 44, 47, 49, where he says contradiction of what Pellico writes in go up to the Piombi. four of them; but during the revolution in 1797 removal to the prison of San Michele, Originally there were that he was imprisoned there before his three were destroyed and only one preserved to act as a reminder. Bruno before being handed over to the Inquisi- years imprisonment, he was taken to SpielIn these prisons Giordano whence, after being sentenced to fifteen tion was kept; and later on, Silvio Pellico was berg in Moravia. detained there by the Austrian Government Prisons,' 1838, I am referring to before being sent to Spielberg. Mes (Venice and of Le Mie Prigioni.' an abbreviated translation Neighbourhood,' A. Scrocchi, Editor, Milan, ROBERT PIERPOINT. |