Bishop Sprat, the historian of the Royal Society, sets out a statement of the objects of the Royal Society, which is applicable Your Honts most Obedt & Dutiful Servant equally to the objects of the craft of Free

Popish, or Protestant philosophy-but a philo- from Oxford a sophy of mankind.

as

Lodge of Masons" to assist in the erection of St. Paul's Cathedral, under the superintendence of Sir Christopher Wren, and that the father of Thomas Strong, Valentine Strong, buried in Fairford Churchyard in November, 1662, is described 66 a Free Mason," and it may well be assumed that among the members of the Masonic craft in the latter half of the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth centuries were members of the Royal Society other than those whose names are mentioned above. DUDLEY WRIGHT.

Oxford.

OLIVER STARKEY.

SPEAKING of the first year of Queen Mary,
T. Warton, in his History of English Poetry
(1870 ed.), at p. 833 says:-

histories.

This

It is a notable fact that many of the characters prominent in the early annals of Freemasonry in England were also conspicuous in the discussions and organization of the Royal Society. In addition to Sir Robert Moray, already mentioned, another well-known Freemason, Elias Ashmole, the founder of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, initiated into Freemasonry at Warrington in October, 1646, was one of the first members of the Royal Society. The Grand Lodge of England was constituted in 1717, and many of its prominent officers in the early days of its history figure also as assiduous workers in the Royal Society. Eight of the Grand Masters in the first thirty years of its history were entitled to write "F.R.S." after their names, to wit: John Theophilus Desagu- Nearly the same period, a translation of Eccleliers, D.C.L. (Grand Master, 1719), John, siastes into rhyme by Oliver Starkey occurs in Duke of Montague (1721), Francis Scott, bishop Tanner's library, if I recollect right, Earl of Dalkeith (1723), James Hamilton, together with his Translation of Sallust's two Lord Paisley (1725), Henry Hare, Lord Was this translator Coleraine (1727), James Lyon, Earl of Knight of St. John, natural son of Hugh Oliver Starkey, Strathmore (1733), John Lindsay, Earl of Starkey of Oulton Lowe, Cheshire? Crawfurd (1734), and James Douglas, Oliver Starkey, when the Venerable Tongue Earl of Morton (1741, Grand Master of of England was restored in the Kingdom of Scotland 1739), in addition to Francis England by Philip and Mary by letters patent Drake, who was Grand Master of the rival, April 2, 1557, and the Priorate of England, Grand Lodge of All England at York. at St. John's, Clerkenwell, with nine of the Among the Deputy Grand Masters are to be old commanderies, May 5, 1557, obtained found the names of Martin Folkes (1724), the Commandery of Quenington, near Fairfax, William Graeme, M.D. (1739-40), Martin Gloucestershire. On Queen Elizabeth's Clare (1741), E. Hody, M.D. (1745-6), accession he withdrew to Malta. On Nov. and the Hon. Charles Dillon, twelfth Vis2, 1558, the Tongue appointed count Dillon (1768-74). Mention must also be made of Sir J. Thornhill, Senior Grand Warden in 1728; Richard Rawlinson, D.C.L., who bequeathed the famous Rawlinson Collection to the Bodleian Library, Grand Steward in 1734; the following On the last day of February, 1560, the Grand Stewards: John Faber (1740), Tongue elected, and the Grand Master conMark Adston (1753), Samuel Spencer firmed, Sir Oliver as Lieutenant Turcopolier. (1754), the Rev. J. Entick (1755), and On July 11, 1561, Sir Oliver appealed to the Jonathan Scott (1758-9); while among the Council against Sir Pedro Felizes de la Nuça, rank and file were Sir Christopher Wren whom Philip and Mary had appointed (sometimes claimed as a Grand Master Bailiff of Eagle, for the residue of a bequest before the formation of Grand Lodge), of 62 pounds sterling and five pence by Dr. William Stukeley, the Duke of Lor- Cardinal Pole to the Tongue, of which bequest raine, and the Chevalier Ramsay. the Bailiff had only paid 50 crowns xii terynes to the crowne." On Dec. 22, 1561, he took a house at Birgu on lease to serve as an alberge for the Tongue. In 1563 Sir John James Sandilands had a violent dispute with the Lieutenant Turcopolier in the Magisterial Palace. Felizes de la Nuça was killed in action in 1565 during the defence

Owing to the fact that there are very few records extant relating to Freemasonry in England in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries it is difficult to trace membership of the craft except in instances where office was held. It is known that Thomas Strong took with him to London

com

combe and Sir Olyver Starkey knight
Sir James Shelley knight commander of Temple
mandre of Quenyngton for to make drawe and
devyse the rowle belonging to the same reverend
tonge.

at

of Fort St. Michael, and on Dec. 15, 1565, Starkey, who became Bailiff of Eagle in his stead, petitioned on behalf of the Tongue for certain articles belonging to him. It was reported by spies that Starkey would be willing to conform to Protestantism if allowed to return to England.

On May 17, 1561, Sir Oliver Starkey and Sir James Shelley had been placed by the Order on a par with the other knights of their standing in the matter of lodging, board, and raiment."

Canon Mifsud says:

Under the title of "alberge, table and soldea," they received pensions adequate to their rank. which allowed of each one of them having a house of his own. From Starkey's application presented to, and passed by, the Chapter General held in Malta on 5th December, 1569, it appears that he was in receipt of a pension from the Common Treasury of 102 scudi and 6 tarì, besides the " gaggi or allowances usually paid to the Lieutenant Turcopolier, table and soldea, allowances for the cook, porter, and butler, and the rents of the houses belonging to the Tongue. From that date he was granted an increase of 15 scudi to the allowances of the Lieutenancy, to make up the 60 scudi which were paid yearly to the other Conventual Bailiffs. Later on, on the 21st June, 1571, Starkey was authorized to receive a penson of 400 scudi from any priory whatsoever, and James Shelley, after having been granted by the Common Treasury (20th May, 1573) an additional pension of 50 scudi, obtained permission from the Council to draw from the Treasury up to 300 scudi (22nd November, 1574). At that sitting the Bailiff of St. Stephen, Antonio Bologna, gave Shelley 50 scudi out of the rents of his own baliage.

It appears that Sir Richard Shelley, at his own request, vacated the office of Turcopolier for that of Grand Prior of England, Sept. 20, 1561; but I cannot find who became Turcopolier in his room. On July 13, 1559, Sir George Dudley obtained leave of absence from Malta, after having secured the reversion of the Turcopoliership, but it does not seem that he ever became Turcopolier.

decision. It would appear, then, that Starkey had died before this last date, though not long before, as when Romegas died in 1581 the baliage of Eagle was still occupied by Starkey, who opposed Gonzales de Mendoça's succession to the Priory of Ireland. Perhaps before he died Starkey had become Turcopolier, for Canon Mifsud writes:

As a link of the English knights with La Valette [i.c., Jean Parisot de La Valette, the Grand Master, who died in 1568], the hero of the siege of 1565, a slab was placed, after the British occupation, in the Grand Masters' crypt in St. John's, to the memory of Sir Oliver Starkey, the last English Turcopolier of the Tongue of England. Who put up this slab and what is the inOrmerod says that Sir scription thereon? Oliver Starkey became Grand Prior of England, but it is probable that this is a mistake. See, as to Sir Oliver Starkey, Mifsud, The English Knights Hospitallers in Malta' (Malta, 1914), passim; Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, 1564, p. 330; Ormerod, Cheshire,' ii. 188; and as to the office of Turcopolerius, 11 S. ii. 247, 336, 371; iii. 12. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

GLASS-PAINTERS OF YORK.

(See ante, 12 S. viii. 127, 323, 364, 406, 442, 485; ix. 21, 61, 103, 163, 204, 245, 268, 323, 363, 404, 442, 483, 523.).

THE HODGSON FAMILY.

at

DURING the second quarter of the nineteenth century the brothers William and Thomas Hodgson carried on a business of plumbers and glaziers No. 25, Stonegate, which had been established since the end of the seventeenth century. At the same period, Jean Baptiste Capronnier, the famous glass-painter of Brussels, was rapidly acquiring a world-wide reputation. He had succeeded to the business founded by his father François, the Belgian reviver of the art, who, after having been for some time at the porcelain manufactory at Sèvres, turned his attention to ap-glass-painting, and in 1830 founded a studio for the purpose. J. B. Capronnier executed very many windows for churches in England and employed William and Thomas Hodgson to fix them. At that time there was no firm of glass-painters in York, the Barnett firm having been broken up in 1853 and the several members of the family dispersed in various directions. These considerations evidently induced the Hodgsons to start as glass-painters on their account, and they induced Mark Barnett,

Possibly the office remained vacant until it appeared certain that no reconciliation between England and the Catholic Church was possible. Two foreigners were pointed by briefs of Gregory XIII.; first Mathurin d'Aux de Lescout, called Romegas, and then Pedro Gonzales de Mendoça. The latter renounced the post April 15, 1578, which was eventually annexed to the Grand Mastership by brief dated June 9, 1582. The military duties of the office were at the same time permanently vested in the Grand Master's Seneschal. James Shelley had been refused (Dec. 14, 1581) the Lieutenancy of the Turcopoliership pending such

own

Eastern Railway Company, where he still is.

who had gone to Newcastle and entered the studio of Wailes, to return to York and set them up in the business. Several agreeThe other apprentice, Charles Hardgrave, ments between Mark Barnett and the firm was born in 1850, and was the son of Michael still exist. One of these, probably the Hardgrave, coppersmith in Fossgate, York. latest, which is dated Oct. 2, 1860, was an In 1867, when he was 17 years of age, he won agreement for three years at £2 per week, on a scholarship at the National School of Dethe expiration of which two promissory notes sign, South Kensington (now the Royal of £10 and £20 for sums of money advanced College of Art), with a design for a five-light to Barnett from time to time by his employers window. In 1871 he entered the studios of were to be made void. During the time Messrs. Powell of Whitefriars and supervised Barnett was with them, Messrs. Hodgson for them the mosaic in St. Paul's after executed windows for St. Michael-le-Belfrey Raphael's Disputation,' and the reredos of Church in 1855, for St. Mary's Bishophill Clifton College Chapel after Holman Hunt's Junior, the east window of Heslington Church, and windows for many other places. About the year 1863, Mark Barnett, who was of unsteady habits, finally left York and eventually died in poverty in Manchester.

The glass-painting was afterwards carried on by Richard Lambert, who had been an apprentice and who now became manager, and by two apprentices, Charles Hardgrave and Harry Dickson. However, Mr. T. G. Hodgson, the present proprietor, on succeeding his uncle and father in the ownership and management of the business, closed the stained-glass department as he found it did not pay. Richard Lambert, the manager, went up to London to try to enter one of the studios there. He had, however, been trained under Mark Barnett to work in the manner of the early revivers, with colours mixed with oil of spike, and the difficult water-colour technique adopted by the Londoners frightened him so much that he abandoned glass-painting and went to the Potteries.

The two apprentices, Harry Dickson and Charles Hardgrave, had long and useful careers before them. Harry Dickson, who, happily, is still alive, was born in 1848 and began glass-painting at Hodgson's when he was 16 years of age. Two or three years later he left them and went to London, where he worked for some of the principal studios, including Messrs. Clayton and Bell, Messrs. Ward and Hughes, Messrs. Bell and Almond and others. He eventually returned to York and was for over 14 years in the studio of the writer's father. He subsequently went to the North Eastern Railway Company's carriage works to carry out glass-painting and heraldic and decorative work, where he has been ever since. His son, George Dickson, entered the studio of J. W. Knowles in 1889, and after being there for some years joined his father at the North

Finding of the Saviour in the Temple,' whilst the mosaics in All Souls' Church, Hastings, were from his designs. He was a fine colourist and frequently exhibited at the Royal Academy designs for mosaics and glass. Probably his most successful windows were the great north transept windows in Bristol Cathedral, the east window of Romsey Abbey, and the east window of the church of St. Edmund King and Martyr, Lombard Street. He died in August, 1920.

Mr. T. G. Hodgson still possesses a large number of cartoons and drawings, also numerous panels of glass done by Mark Barnett and others. On Nov. 5 last, a "preliminary announcement to the clergy and others interested," which appeared in The Yorkshire Herald, stated that at an early date there would be offered for sale by auction "a large quantity of valuable Old York Stained Glass, including six full lights, 20 panels of groups, and a large number of geometrical designs the work of a well-known York artist, [which] were painted upwards of 70 years ago." JOHN A. KNOWLES.

BYRON AND CAMPBELL:
A PARALLEL.

IT is a well-known fact that Byron, in
his rather free appropriation of phrases and
images from other authors, borrowed several
times from Thomas Campbell.* Yet little
notice has been taken of Campbell's debt
to Byron; partly, perhaps, because of the
former's relative unimportance as a poet,

Works,' ed. of E. H. Coleridge, London, 1899. The following parallels are pointed out :Childe Harold,' Canto IX., st. i., and Battlc of the Baltic,' ii., ll. 1-2 Siege of Corinth, 246, and Pleasures of Hope.' ii. 207- Childe Harold,' Don Juan.' I. lxxxviii., and I. x. 6, and Gertrude of Wyoming,' II. viii. 1Gertrude of Wyoming,' III. i.

and partly on account of the obscurity of his later works.

Only a careful reading of the two poems, however, can give an adequate idea of the extent of Campbell's borrowing. It may be objected that there are only a few things to say about the ocean, and that these are common property of poets. But originality of conception and image and phrase are Campbell can hardly be said to have given us in the 'Lines on the View from St.

Campbell's obligation is nowhere more evident than in Lines on the View from St. Leonards' (1831), where diction, imagery, thought and mood show the influence of 'Childe Harold,' Canto IV. A few quotations from each poem make com- reasonably expected of a poet, and these ment unnecessary :

'C.H.'

Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form Leonards.'
Glasses itself in tempests.

*

This is not the only instance of Campbell's
too great dependence on Byron. The
former's Last Man' (1823) was so much
like Byron's 'Darkness' (published 1816)
that the poet thought it best to justify
himself by explaining in a letter to his
friend Gray that the idea expressed in the
two poems was originally his own. Nor
is it the first charge of plagiarism brought
against him. For in 1825, in the columns
of Blackwood's, one who signed himself
"Detector" pointed out the fact that
To a Rainbow' must have been written
with Vaughan's poem on the same theme in
mind.† In this case also there is enough
similarity of phrase and thought to warrant
a note or annotation, but no edition of
Campbell's poetry has a comment on the
| parallelism.
WALTER GRAHAM.

Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

NEEDHAM'S POINT CEMETERY, BARBADOS JAMES SIMS (see ante, p. 23).It will be noted that the list of the English dead who lie buried in this cemetery includes the name of James Sims, naval schoolmaster of H.M.S. Bacchante, which took Prince Albert Victor and Prince George of Wales round the world in 1879-80. This young man died on Jan. 1, 1880, in hospital, to which he had been transferred from the ship on the preceding day, at the early age of 23. It is recorded in The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship Bacchante (London, Macmillan and Co., 1886) that he was buried at 5.30 p.m. on the same day in the military cemetery by the edge of the sea," and that George [now King George V.] happening to have that watch, marched as the midshipman in charge of the funeral party of

166

*Beattie, 'Life and Letters of Thomas Campbell,' vol. ii., p. 243. Cf. London Magazine and Review, 1825, new series, vii. 588.

†Plagiarism by Mr. Thomas Campbell, 'Blackrood's, xviii. 131.