within the volume before us is important as a counteracting influence. Although it covers a long period within comparatively small compass it is not in any sense a handbook. It is at once wide in scope and generous of detail, and for this it has been necessary to assume some measure of knowledge in the reader. The chapter on Geography, for instance, is a well-inspired opening for those already fascinated by French studies, but might prove bafiling to a novice, and chap. vii., which treats of Dialects and Language, makes a severe demand on erudition. Having found our bearings among the provinces of France, we pass to the chapter on History contributed by M. Langlois. Here in 120 pages we are given a brilliant summary of the complicated developments of five centuries. Abridgments of history have, only too frequently, been entrusted to hack-writers without special qualilications for their difficult task. In the chapter before us we have the short survey of the expert. M. Langlois would appear to be saturated in knowledge of the subjects which he treats. In place of the series of statements which so often does duty as abbreviated history he keeps before us the link between effect and cause, and shows us how continually the fate of nations has been determined at the dictation of a familiar human impulse. Feudal Organization can be a dreary topic, but it is here presented so that it makes appeal to the imagination, and the drawback to each method of government, as one succeeds another, is indicated with the impartiality of the true historian. We should have liked to know the views of M. Langlois, had he thought it well to give them to us, on the theories of Fustel de Coulanges in their relation to this period. The opinions of that vigorous writer, so little known in England. are of the kind that provoke reflection and research, and government by an aristocracy particularly concerned him. Such government ceased to be practicable in France after the Sixteenth century had wrought havoc with the power of the nobles as a class, but before that date there were many opportunities for speculation with regard to it. The chapter as it stands, however, provides sufficient incentive to independent thought. There is no slavish adherence to tradition and old landmarks take new significance. The victory of Hugh Capet in 987 ceases to be sensational, and becomes merely the inevitable end of a long process. Even "the magnificent episode of Jeanne d'Arc" seems to owe its effectiveness to coincidence with the exact moment of the turning of a tide. a system framed for the protection of the worker had become a weapon in the hand of the capitalist, and the most rigorous exclusiveness dominated social and business relations. This melancholy development of the trade-union idea in relation to the artisan is balanced by the account of its utility when adapted to the service of the clerk. When we pass on to consider the Universities it is plain that they were indebted for their statutes to the rules drawn up for the protection of industries. It was as necessary that the scholar's knowledge should be tested before he taught as that the apprentice should prove his skill in essential to protect the rights of a corporation handicraft, and the principle of exclusion was whether of scholars or of craftsmen. Those who desire to grasp the history of France during five centuries will find welcome assistance from Mr. A. G. Little's study of the early development of the University in Paris, for at certain crises the fate of France seems to have been indissolubly linked with these developments. He shows us how the Gallican doctrine, originating in the rivalry of monk and secular priest, achieved such vast importance. Here again the interest centres upon individuals, and names such as those of Abelard, of Thomas Aquinas, or of Gerson are thrown into relief. The life of a poor scholar may have been arduous in those days, but it was not monotonous. The possibilities of learning grew in correspondence with the need, and a university existed in idea rather than in fact. It depended on the gathering of scholars, and suppressed in one locality it could rise up in another. Thus the element of adventure was never lacking. Where so much is admirable the critic's task is an ungrateful one, yet we must note a blemish that might have been avoided. There are qualifications--besides familiar knowledge of two languages-necessary to a good translator. The chapter on Literature, in matter as valuable as any in the book, is difficult reading, and there are other passages whose function as a rendering into English is unduly prominent. Tudor Constitutional Documents, A.D. 14851603, with an Historical Commentary. By J. R. Tanner. (Cambridge University Press. £1 178. 6d.) DR. TANNER in his Preface strikes us as somewhat over-sanguine. in his opinion, with the aid of documents the student may not only construct a proper historical background, and create the real historical atmosphere, but also be enabled to test for himself the generalizations and The chapter on Industry and Commerce has epigrams of historians and to find out what closer relation to M. Langlois's History than those really is behind them." This encouragement on the Army and the Navy which actually follow needs to be qualified by some sober warning. it, but in work of this kind the correct rotation Old documents present manifold pitfalls. The of the subjects must be difficult to determine. recognition of common form" alone demands The facts regarding Labour in Medieval France no inconsiderable study, and when we add to might be read with profit by students of social this the detection of propaganda and official questions in modern England; they demonstrate bluff we have still only mentioned one or two of the extreme of abuse that was possible to every, the ordinary and general difficulties to be ensystem in those early times. In the eleventh countered, beyond which lie the innumerable century an industrial class began to be recognized ; ' difficulties of the particular order. To be comin the twelfth the principle of trade-unions was petent to test even epigrams the student must accepted; in the thirteenth trade-union was have a thorough acquaintance with many synonymous with tyranny; in the fourteenth documents, and series of documents, or he will be no more successful in getting at the truth than Courts, the Ancient Courts of Common Law, the historian he proposes to criticize, and we Admiralty and the Constable and Marshal, and certainly think that this is the aspect of the matter the Franchise Courts not only form a necessary which should first be presented to him. Very part of the whole picture of the administration many of the documents collected in this book of the realm, but also reveal the needs which the might be, and indeed have been, read ignorantly Council had to frame itself to fill. The section or read without judgment, and read wrong. on the Ecclesiastical Courts contains among its illustrations a case of witchcraft, dealt with in 1492, which is of great interest. The remaining sections deal with the Law of Treason, Local Government, Parliament and Finance : all are admirable both as to the commentary and to the selection of documents, but we would single out the first as especially good in both respects. Twinings in the Strand. By E. E. Newton. TWININGS was founded in the year 1706. only is it the oldest house of its kind in the kingdom, but it still occupies its original site, and the business is still conducted by members of the original family. So long an existence, touching at more than one point the general commercial history of the nation, might even be thought worthy of a more extended account than our correspondent Mr. Newton gives it in this pleasant little brochure. The Twining of the day suggested Pitt's "Commutation Act," one effect of which was to increase the yearly consumption of tea from 4 to 15 million pounds. Several members of the family from the eighteenth century onwards have attained eminence in literature, art and science. But while we believe that, as a rule, the student cannot tackle original records for himself with any great profit, and that there is just now some tendency to lay too much stress on their use at early stages in the, reading of history, we must certainly welcome such a piece of work as this before us, in which a selection of documents is made the subject of a series of admirable essays and notes. Every page bears the impress of Dr. Tanner's experience as a guide. The texts, in the main, are of the first importance, representing cardinal moments in the history of the Constitution, yet we question whether to the student they themselves will not prove to be secondary in value to the rich commentary which serves ostensibly as their setting. Dr. Tanner has not tediously insisted on giving each Act or other legal document in full--in fact the omissions are often considerable. We pass from the foundation of the Tudor monarchy to the several Church settlements of the sixteenth century. These first 200 pages compose an excellent account detached, circumstantial, by no means devoid of smaller human interest yet faithful to the broad lines of development in thought and policy of the constitutional aspect of the severance of the English Church from Rome. The next subjects dealt with are the King's Secretary, the Privy Council and the Star Chamber. The immense variety of affairs which the Privy Council had to take in hand is most successfully illustrated. In the history of the Star Chamber Dr. Tanner shows that the Parliamentarian lawyers were in error, who, at the time of its abolition, took the Star Chamber to have been established by the Act of 1487. The Court so designated was, in origin, a part of the King's Council, which, while the rest of that body attended the King in his movements about the realm, remained stationary in London to deal with businesschiefly judicial business-that could not otherwise be conveniently transacted. They met most often--but not invariably-in a chamber in the Palace of Westminster, which had a ceiling decorated with stars, and the first use of the expression Star Chamber denotes merely the room, not a court. In fact the Act of Henry VII. which was taken to have established the Star Chamber does not contain the words. Its effect was to give to the said stationary portion of the Council certain freshly defined powers, in the exercise of which it did in time become separate from the Privy Council. Among the select cases by which the work of the Star Chamber is illustrated we have that for trespass brought by the hermit of Highgate against the vicar of St. Pancras in 1503. The civil jurisdiction of the Council may be taken as represented in the Court of Requests. Unlike the Star Chamber, it would seem that the beginning of this Court has been wrongly referred to the times of the later Plantagenets when in fact it was a Tudor establishment. The Financial It would be interesting to collect the histories of any other firms of over two hundred years old which are still conducted by the descendants of the founder. They must be few, indeed, in number. THE Publisher would be pleased to hear from any subscriber who may have a copy of the Index to vol. vi., 12th Series, to spare. Notices to Correspondents. EDITORIAL Communications should be addressed to" The Editor of Notes and Queries —Advertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisher" -at the Office, Printing House Square, London, E.C.4; corrected proofs to The Editor, N. & Q.,' Printing House Square, London, E.C.4. ALL communications intended for insertion in our columns should bear the name and address of the sender-not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. WHEN answering a query, or referring to an article which has already appeared, correspondents are requested to give within parenthesesimmediately after the exact heading--the numbers of the series, volume, and page at which the contribution in question is to be found. WHEN sending a letter to be forwarded to another contributor, correspondents are requested to put in the top left-hand corner of the envelope the number of the page of N. & Q.' to which the letters refers. LONDON, JUNE 24, 1922. CONTENTS.-No. 219. NOTES:-The First Grand Chaplain, 481-Marat in England, 488-John Stow and the New River, 489. daily advancing progress, highly flourishing state, and unquestionable merit, who can doubt a moment that beholds this splendid edifice, that considers this lovely, honourable and illustrious assemblage? .. If antiquity merits our attention and demands our reverence, where will the society be found Masons are well that hath an equal claim? 487-informed, from their own private and interior records, that the building of Solomon's Temple is an important era whence they derive many mysteries of this art. Now, be it remembered that this great event took place above a thousand years before the Christian era and, consequently, more than a century before Homer, the first of the Grecian poets, wrote [sic]; and above five centuries before Pythagoras brought from the East his sublime system of Masonic instruction to illumine our Western world. But remote as QUERIES:-" Qui strepit in campo "-" Gill Ale "-Case before Lord Langdale Joe Manton-Antiseptic Island, 489 Commodore Gale, Legendary-' Gale's Recreations'—Louis de Male—“ George Standfast "--French Coinage of the Birmingham Mint-The Attractions of Paris-Scottish Genealogy-Groombridge Place, Kent, 490-" O et Olla "Rising Glasses "-The Star Club Guinness-Earl of is this period, we date not from thence the com Cambridge, 491. mencement of our art. For, though it might REPLIES:-Rowland Stephenson, M.P.. 491-Reid the owe to the wise and glorious King of Israel some of its many mystic forms and hieroglyphic Mountebank, 492-The Adventures of a Coin-The Capon Tree in Jedwater-The British and Foreign Review ceremonies, yet certainly the art itself is coeval with creation when the Sovereign Architect raised Spencer Smith-Sir William Henry Clinton, G.C.B., 493-on Masonic principles this beauteous globe, and Salad-Clarence Gordon-" Hay Silver "-" Bomenteek commanded that master science, Geometry, to Adrian Stokes, 494-Wedding-ring: Change of Handlay the rule to the planetary world and to regulate "St. Fraunces Fire "-Major William Murray-Stone Sign by its laws the whole stupendous system in just, Grazia Deledda-London Clockmakers-Jottings on some unerring proportion rolling round the central Early Editions of the Bible in Latin-Reversing the Union sun. And as Masonry is of this remote antiquity, Jack, 495-Yorkshire Use of "Thou" 496-"Cannot away so is it, as might reasonably be imagined, of with "-" Hampshire Hogs "-"Stone-coat," 497-"Dy-boundless extent. We trace its footsteps in archy"- Twinings in the Strand '-Byron and the Royal the most distant, the most remote, ages and Society-Waddon-Authors wanted, 498. NOTES ON BOOKS:- The English Village'-'A Pepysian Notes. THE FIRST GRAND CHAPLAIN. nations of the world. We find it among the first and most celebrated civilizers of the East; we deduce it regularly from the first astronomers on the Plains of Chaldea to the wise and mystic kings and priests of Egypt; even to the rude and Gothic builders of a dark and degenerate age whose vast temples still remain amongst us as monuments of their attachment to the Masonic arts and as high proofs of a taste which-however irregular must always be esteemed awful and venerable. DR. WILLIAM DODD'S RECORD. heart of London Port; the sometime "The web of our life is of a mingled THE oration of the Rev. William Dodd, yarn, good and ill together." The very M.A., the first Grand Chaplain of the remarkable, but not unique, clergyman, Dr. William Dodd-the famous preacher Order, at the dedication of Freemasons' Hall, represents, doubtless, the teaching of at the Magdalen Penitents' Home in the the highest initiates of the "craft and mistery" of the time. He says Masonry drudging curate, private tutor, and schoolis an institution not, as the ignorant and master by what is now called West Ham uninstructed vainly suppose, founded on unnecessary mystery and supported by mere good fellowship, but an institution founded on eternal reason and truth, whose deep basis is the civilization of mankind and whose everlasting glory it is to have the immovable support of those two mighty pillars--science and morality. He touches upon the antiquity, the extent, the comprehensiveness, the excellence and the utility of "the Royal art," of whose Portway; the first Grand Chaplain of the Freemasons' Grand Lodge in 1777; and, probably, the most fashionable pulpit exhorter and after-dinner orator of his day-was the principal figure when the Magdalen (popularly called the "Maudlin ") was opened on Aug. 10, 1758, the existence of that institution having been made possible by his florid and fervent rhetoric. It was in Great Prescott Street-where Sir Cloudesley Shovel, the old rough Admiral a POOR MISTRESS DODD. Poor Mistress Dodd-of a much lower social status even than a chaplain or a private schoolmaster when George the Third was King-died in very indigent circumstances (despite the multitude of William Dodd's of her husband's earlier scholastic and quondam friends) at Ilford, near the scene journalistic labours. of Queen Anne, had resided for long-that of each particular case, and left nothing else the first Magdalen Hospital or Hospice connected with it to be looked after. was opened with only eight inmates-all that the institution could then shelter. And five houses in Great Prescott Street once formed the London Infirmary (with "lock" annex), which was the parent of the London Hospital before that institution was removed to the West Heath Mount," on the border of the Mile End Common. Dr. Dodd's last public sermon was preached at the "New Magdalen The marriage of Dodd (who claimed (a much more pretentious asylum than the descent from Sir Thomas Overbury) took original, with a fine chapel attached, which place in April, 1751, and his wife was Mary was greatly affected by quality folk") Perkins (a servant of a Durham Prebendary), on Feb. 2, 1777, two days before he forged whose father was a verger of Durham Cathethe document which hastened his final dral. This was before Dodd was appointed downfall, his conviction, and his strange to the curacy of West Ham or to the lectureexecution at Tyburn-his crime being one ship there. It should be held in mind, by of some ten score for which capital punishment was the penalty in those days. 66 The able and brilliant historian, Grant Robertson, observes that two-thirds of the crimes punishable by death in England had been added in the eighteenth century. An offender could be hanged for falsely pretending to be a Greenwich pensioner; for injuring a county bridge; for cutting down a young tree; for forging a bank-note; for being a fraudulent bankrupt; for stealing any property value five shillings or more than one shilling from the person; for stealing anything from a bleaching ground; and, if a soldier or a sailor, for begging without a pass. . . . Not until 1820 was flogging of women abolished. Such was English law, though English customs, practice, and exigencies often gave those sentenced to the halter the option of finding death at the cannon's mouth upon the Seven Seas, or on the fringes of what we now call the British Commonwealth. Dr. Dodd, the Masonic Grand Chaplain, was not the object of special vengeance from the Courts of Law or the Palace. Of this time Charles Dickens, in 'A Tale of Two Cities,' tells us that putting to death was a recipe much in vogue with all trades and professions. the by, that John Entick, the Stepney MARAT IN ENGLAND. (See ante, pp. 381, 403, 422, 441, 463.) IN December, 1787, then, Le Maître, under his latest alais of Maratt Amiatt, having disappeared from Bristol, the real Jean Paul in January, 1788, emerges from his final lacuna of obscurity and reappears in Paris, where we find him obsequiously presenting a copy of one of his publications to the Queen, whom later he was to hound to the scaffold. There we will leave him until his recognition by the benevolent Bristolian in 1792, which forms the concluding incident of this inquiry. For the convenience of the reader the various links in the chain may now be summarized : We find that about 1772 a foreigner called Le Maître, alias Mara," was engaged as a teacher of French at Warrington Academy, that he was afterwards remembered by several pupils as having been engaged there as such, and that there was also, for a time, a local tradition of a "Marat's walk" at Warrington. That in February, 1776, the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford was robbed by a person called "Le Maître, alias Mara," said to be Swiss or French, who for a time Death is Nature's remedy for all things, and why not Legslation's? Accordingly, the forger was put to death; the utterer of a bad note was put to death; the unlawful opener of a letter was put to death; the purloiner of forty shillings and sixpence was put to death; the holder of a horse at the door, who made off with it, was put to death; the sounders of three-fourths of the notes in the whole gamut of crime were put to death. Not that it did the least good in the way of prevention-it might almost have been worth remarking that the fact was exactly the reverse— had taught French and tambouring in that but it cleared off (as to this world) the trouble, city, and who after the crime fled to Norwich, reach of the former city; also that he was in chronically and perhaps acutely straitened circumstances at the time. We have learnt something of his general moral character from the preceding pages, but his special views on larceny are best conveyed in his own words : All human rights issue from physical wants. If a man has nothing, he has a right to any surplus with which another gorges himself. What do I say? He has a right to seize the indispensable and rather than die of hunger he flesh. Man has a right to self-preservation, to may cut another's throat and eat his throbbing the property, the liberty and even the lives of his fellow-creatures. He is free to do what he pleases to ensure his own happiness (Declaration of the Rights of Man,' Paris, 1789). where he was remarked for the "singularity regard to Oxford, we find that he lived in of his person," and recognized as the former London shortly before the Ashmolean Warrington tutor. That he escaped to robbery, and so was within easy enough Dublin, was there arrested, posing, according to one account, as a German Count, and imprisoned for six months, then transferred to Oxford, where, in March, 1777, he was tried for the robbery, displaying during the proceeding a considerable knowledge of law and procedure. That he was sentenced to the hulks at Woolwich, where he was again recognized as the Warrington tutor. That in April, 1777, fourteen of the Woolwich convicts escaped, and six were not recaptured. That in 1786 one John White set up as a teacher of tambouring in Edinburgh, contracted debts, fled to Newcastle, was arrested, brought back to Edinburgh, found to be the same person as the Warrington and Oxford "Le Maître, alias Mara," and after release left Scotland early in 1787. That John White was of We find at Oxford, as at Warrington, that diminutive size, turbulent and ill-looking, but Jean Paul's real name, like the prisoner's, possessed of an uncommon share of legal is Mara, that he is a teacher of French, adopts knowledge, and called his children "Marat," an alias, and shares the other's "singularity which he said was his family name. That of person." Further, a curious point, that in December, 1787, one "Maratt Amiatt," who had practised in several English towns as "a teacher and quack doctor," set up as a bookseller in Bristol, was imprisoned for debt, released by a benevolent society, and afterwards recognized by one of its members in Paris as the revolutionary Marat. Also that a Mr. Harford did, and a Mr. Bush could, remember "this villain" as the French tutor at Warrington in 1772; that the same Mr. Harford and a Mr. Lloyd had already recognized him as the Woolwich convict; and that the servant of a Mr. Ireland, a friend of Mr. Harford, pointed out Marat in Paris in 1792 to his master as the person they had befriended at Bristol. It will be noticed that Le Maître, though originally spelling his alias as "Mara," afterwards adds the letter t to it at Edinburgh and Bristol. one year he admits having spent something like the Turning now to the real Jean Paul Marat, John White," we know that these two we find, as connecting him with the "Le cities were, after London, his favourite Maître, alias Mara," of Warrington, that his spots; and that he was in fact absent from name also was originally Mara; that he had France at this particular time; while he is been a teacher of French at several other further identified with John White in being northern towns; that, like his father and of diminutive size (appreciably under five brother, he worked largely incognito and feet), turbulent, ill-looking, as well as posunder aliases; that his father being known sessed of an uncommon share of legal knowas le maître de langues, and he himself ful- ledge. It will be recalled also that John filling that description, the pseudonym White stated that Marat was his family Le Maître" was no unlikely choice; and name. Finally, with regard to Bristol, the that he was actually remembered by Mr. real Jean Paul is identified with "Maratt Harford and probably by Mr. Bush as Amiatt" in having himself of later years having been at Warrington in 1772. With added a t to his original name; in having |