,, courts had? For it is to such courts only Old High German had the corresponding that we must look if my hypothesis is name Beraht-wald, whose descendants will correct. Having found them, it will then be found in the Paris Directory as Bertault be necessary to identify their meeting-places; and Bretault, with many variant phonetic and if these are found to be at "nodal spellings. The metathesis of the r is elemenpoints (as those of the Hundred Courts tary phonetics (cf. Fr. Albert and Albret). certainly were), their connexion with Hang. man's Stones will become more than probable. Such points would naturally be used for the assembly of courts of all kinds. O. G. S. CRAWFORD. 66 BRETEL. (12 S. x. 170, 295 ; xi. 17.) I SEE that MR. N. W. HILL regards my derivation of this name, from A.S. Beorhtweald, as pseudo-scientific." As Brettle, occasionally Brittle, Brettall, it is not uncommon in some parts of England and has two probable origins. It may be sometimes local, from one of the Brightwells or Britwells which may be found in the Gazetteer, or from some unidentified Bretwell (for the phonetics cf. the local pronunciation of Southwell). The name of Randolf de Bretewell occurs in the Patent Rolls, temp. Henry III. Brettle is also a personal name, as exemplified by William Bretel, in the same volume (v.s.), who is, I fancy, though I cannot at the moment verify it, identical with William Britwald, mentioned in the Fine Rolls, temp. Edward I., and whose name is pretty obviously A.S. Beorhtweald, approximately bright wielder." 66 There is, of course, a well-established French surname Bretel, though its origin is not so simple as MR. HILL imagines. In the first place it is not likely to mean Breton. It is true that both the O.F. nominative and objective of this racial nickname have survived as surnames (Bret, Lebret, Breton, Lebreton), but it is normally from the ob. jective that O.F. diminutives are formed, e.g., the diminutive of gars (nom.), garçon (obj.), is garçonnet. It is possible that such names as Bretonneau, Bretonnet mean little Breton," but it is very improbable. The element bert or bret occurs in a very large number of early French personal names of Teutonic origin (Bertrand, Berthoud, Hubert, Foubert, &c.), and, as pet forms were created both by aphesis and apocope, it is impossible to say from what name any modern Bert takes his origin. From these monosyllabic forms the most complicated series of later diminutives were built up, so that Bretonneau or Bertonneau is in all probability a double diminutive of Bert or Bret, which in its turn ultimately represents the beraht of some old Teutonic dithematic. Of similar formation are Bertillon, Berthelot, Bertholet, Berthelin and many more. It will be seen from what has been said that there is a possible ultimate relationship, or even occasional identity, between our Brettle and Fr. Bretel, but to describe the English name as borrowed from French is like describing A.S. Beorhtweald as "borrowed " from Ö.H.G. Berahtwald. In dealing with these Teutonic dithematic names, two points should be noted: (1) In their modern surname form the second element is, owing to the accent on the first syllable, normally obscured, so that we find Everett from Eoforheard, boar strong, more usual than Everard; Bardell from Beorht- The alternative derivation put forward by wulf, bright wolf, quite replacing Bardolph; MR. HILL, that Brettle represents broad hill, Goble from Godbeald, god bold, commoner can hardly be meant seriously. A.S. brud or than Godbolt. (2) In this country they brad became brad or braid in the north, commonly assume two sets of forms, accord-broad in the south, these forms being copiously ing as the native or Anglo-French pronuncia- exemplified in place-names and resultant tion prevailed: thus Theodbeald, people surnaines (Bradford, Braidwood, Broadley)bold, survives as Theobald (native) and, more M.E. brade-hul gave the well-known Lancausually, as Tibbles, Tibbets, Tebbut, &c. shire surname Braddell, spelt indifferently (Anglo-French; cf. Fr. Thibaut). In an Braddyll and Bradehul in the Lancashire Anglo-French mouth Beorhtweald would Assize Rolls, 1176-1285. It could only tend to become Birtwell, Birtle, Bretel, &c., become Brettle by phonetic epilepsy. Cf. the while the native form may occasionally be Lancashire names Windle from Windhill, represented by the local-looking Brightwell, Wardle from Wardhill, Hindle from Hinde.g., Brightw‹ Barrow (Glos.) is in Domes- hill. day Book be rg (see Baddeley, I note that MR. HILL warns readers Placeestershire,' p. 31). against accepting everything that appears MARAT IN ENGLAND (12 S. x. 381, 403, 422, 441, 463, 482; xi. 24).-MR. PHIPSON writes, in his fascinating paper on this subject, that "on March 10, 1741, the records show that " Marat's father" was formally admitted to the citizenship of Geneva." But as a matter of fact the name Marat (or Mara) does not appear in the Livre des Bourgeois de l'Ancienne République de Genève,' according to which, moreover, no new citizens were admitted in that year. So the truth would seem to be that Marat père merely received permission on that date from the Genevese Senate to reside in Geneva as a natif. Under the old regime the inhabitants of the Republic of Geneva were divided into three distinct classes: the natifs, who, although allowed to reside in the city, enjoyed no political rights whatever; the bourgeois, who, although naturalized citizens, were ineligible for election to the Senate or the higher offices of State; and the citoyens, who were the sons of either bourgeois or citoyens born within the walls of the city. The name of Marat's brother appears in the Livre du Recteur,' p. 266 (the list of students at the Académie de Genève from 1559 to 1859), as follows: "David Mara Neocomensis (Theol. 1777)," in other words, he is described as a native of what was then the Principality of Neuchâtel. Had his father become a citizen of Geneva in 1741, David Marat would naturally have been entered as a Genevese. In an unpublished letter from the Genevese Alpine traveller Marc Théodore Bourrit to his illustrious fellow-countryman Horace Benedict de Saussure, dated Paris, Nov. 15, 1779, I find the following interesting reference to Jean Paul Marat : ... On parle beaucoup d'un nouveau Newton qui est fils de Mr Marat de Genève. Ce Physicien a inventé une nouvelle manière de voir les secrets de la Nature, il a d'abord eu toute l'Académie | contre lui, mais il la scut forcer à être elle-même le témoin de ses découvertes et qui est plus à les signer. Ce Physicien extraordinaire a commencé à être Médecin à Londres, puis à Pari: où par des cures savantes il s'est attiré un concours étonnant, ensuite de la fortune et avec elle l'envie et la haine des Esculapes de cette ville, qui, dit-on, ne passent pas pour les plus tolérants des hommes. Newton il n'en retient que trois, et il a l'audace Par ses nouvelles expériences des sept couleurs de de placer le Soleil et par conséquent toutes les étoiles au rang des planètes en lui ôtant sa matière embrasée pour la donner au fluide igné, etc. L'on verra ses expériences et ses preuves dans des ouvrages qui vont paraître. Si cela est, ne croyez-vous pas, Monsieur, que bien des auteurs se verront forcer à jeter leurs ouvrages au feu ? HENRY F. MONTAGNIER. Champéry, Valais. I have read with the greatest of interest the remarkable series of articles of MR. SIDNEY L. PHIPSON, and sincerely hope a French translation will be published in pamphlet form. My father, the late Victor de Ternant, about forty years ago purchased a copy of Marat's Les Chaînes de l'Esclavage' (Edimbourg, 1774, in-8vo) in a Lancashire town, with two autograph letters addressed to Dr. John Aikin inserted. In the letters Marat not only made proposals to Dr. Aikin to become his authorized English translator, but also announced that his ambition was to become a naturalized Englishman and a suitor for the hand of the doctor's sister (the future Mrs. Barbauld). Jean Paul Marat had no objection to become a Protestant "to please his brother-in-law and English wife!" In the matter of religion, Jean Paul Marat seems to have been as accommodating as another celebrated Frenchman, Marshal Bernadotte, on accepting the double crowns of Sweden and Norway. Marat likewise informed Dr. Aikin that the sale of his pamphlet entitled Plans for International Scientific Academies in London and Edinburgh' more than paid for its printing and incidental expenses. The pamphlet must have had some circulation in England and Scotland, but there is no trace of it in the British Museum catalogues. My father often said Marat played a more prominent part in England than was generally supposed, and MR. PHIPSON has proved this up to the very hilt. I do not know what became of the Marat book and autograph letters, not having I been consulted in the dispersion of my father's once extensive library. ANDREW DE TERNANT. 36, Somerleyton Road, Brixton, S. W. instances of this surname in Surrey and 66 Westwood, Clitheroe. 6 earliest illustrative quotation is of the The Library includes in its list translations date A.D. 1440. from the German by "John Frederick "Slurrification of the spoil" clearly Smith of Franz Hoffmann's novels: signifies turning the excavated material 'Prince Wolfgang' (Philadelphia, 1871); into slurry," that is, into a thin, sloppy René' (Philadelphia, 1870); Treasure of mud. WM. SELF-WEEKS. the Inca' (Philadelphia, 1870). But can this be the same "J. F. S."? The attribution is the more doubtful from the fact that the list also includes translations from the German by "John Frederick Smith" of Pfleiderer's Hibbert Lectures' (London, 1885) and Ewald's History of Israel, vols. vi.-viii. (London, 1883-86). The translator of these two is designated "Unitarian minister" in the British Museum Catalogue. The New York Public Library has copies of: LONDON INNS: THE COCK IN SUFFOLK STREET (12 S. x. 371, 474).—I am obliged to MR. W. E. GAWTHORP for his suggestion, but I hardly see any ground for thinking Bishop Guy Carleton selected for his consecration dinner on Feb. 11, 1672, the Cock Tavern in Bow Lane. I prefer to think the Bishop may have had in mind the Suffolk Street victualling-house, where Evelyn says, on Dec. 23, 1671, "The Councillors of the Board of Trade dined together at the Cock in Suffolk Street." The Bishop may have avoided the house where Sedley and others had played their characteristic pranks in 1663, and may have preferred Suffolk Street, even if Moll Davis did reside in that street. W. H. QUARRELL. THE NOVIOMAGIAN SOCIETY (see under Some Mid-Victorian Coteries,' 12 S. x. 322, 417). With the gracious courtesy that is characteristic of correspondents of N. & Q.,' W. B. H. has lent me his copy of the ' 'Tribute of Affection to Sir B. W. Richardson,' published by George R. Wright, whose account of the origin of this club differs somewhat from that given by me. It reminds me that Mr. Wright was the immediate successor to Richardson as Lord High President, before Sir Wyke Bayliss. The presidents before S. C. Hall were T. Crofton Croker and W. Wausey. The "Recorder" for many years was T. F. Dillon Croker, son of the founder. On the dissolution of the Club its presidential chair was presented to the Society of Antiquaries. E. BRABROOK. Wallington. · Louis of Mâle took his name from the Castle of Mâle, close to Bruges, where he was born. The castle, which was long the residence of the Counts of Flanders, was burnt in 1490, and now only survives in a modernized form. The chapel was said to have been consecreated by Thomas à Becket in 1163, and Edward I. stayed there from Aug. 20 to Sept. 1, 1297. See Weale, Bruges et ses Environs,' p. 248. JOHN FREDERICK SMITH, NOVELIST (12 S. x. 229, 276, 391).-Through the courtesy of the Librarians of the Library of Congress and the New York Public Library, I have obMALCOLM LETTS. tained information regarding certain American issues of J. F. Smith's books, which it Louis de Mâle, Count of Flanders, was may be as well to put on record in N. & Q.'born at Mâle (Bruges), which does not seem The Library of Congress has copies of ::- to have anything to do with a "male" as Charles Vavasseur; or, The Outcast Heir.' opposed to a female." W. A. B. C. New York: G. Munro [1883]. Lady Ashleigh; or, The Rejected Inheritance.' ¡ New York: G. Munro [1883]. PALLAVICINI ARMS (12 S. x. 309, 357, 376). Die Stieftochter; oder, Wer Gewinnt.' New-See 11 S. ix. 511; 12 S. ii. 328, 396. rk: G. Munro [1885]. ROBERT PIERPOINT. HUBERT DE RIE AND FULBERT OF DOVER (12 S. x. 388, 436, 475; xi. 18, 37).-I am much obliged by E. W. B.'s references to ninth-century instances of "Fulbert." They confirm my view (p. 475) of the Teutonic origin; still they do not entirely dispose of my correspondent's hypothesis of a secondary or accidental formation, and certain Anglo-Norman names (Arthur, for instance?) did apparently derive or coalesce from distinct sources. I should therefore be grateful it any one can give particulars of the first Fulbert of Dover, such as his native province and the names of his father and grandfathers. PERCY HULBURD. ROMNEY'S ELEANOR GORDON (12 S. xi. 11). When cataloguing Mr. George A. Hearn's pictures in New York in 1917, I tried to find out something about the above portrait, but there was nothing to help me to an identification of the lady represented. I think the picture had been relined, and so anything helpful on the old canvas was obliterated. The picture sold for $2,000 at the sale at the American Art Galleries, New York, in March, 1918. I could probably find MR. BULLOCH an impression of the illustration in the catalogue if that would help him. W. ROBERTS. MAIDA NAKED SOLDIERS (11 S. iv. 110, 66 171, 232, 271, 334, 492; v. 14, 115, 195; viii. 316). Fresh light upon fighting naked is cast by the comment, on the text of Livy describing the Gauls in 189 B.C., by Dr. Maljean (a French Army chief physician), in the Chronique Médicale for May, 1922, pp. 131-133. All readers and historians seem to have ascribed the Gallic custom of stripping just before battle, of tearing deeper their shallow wounds, &c., to pure bravado; surgeons in the late war can testify that these customs were anticipations of the latest practice so far as the law allows"; many such a surgeon has wished that he could send his soldiers into battle quite naked (as "Stonewall" Jackson once urged should be done in a Council of War during the American Civil War), since thus the wounds would not become infected by unclean clothing being forced into them. The details are well worth looking up in the extended comment, which is particularly suggestive as hinting that we often lose the true force of the classical texts because we look at them through the spectacles of traditional interpretation. ROCKINGHAM, Boston, Mass. RHYMED HISTORY OF ENGLAND (12 S. x. 229, 249, 352, 376, 397, 414, 458).-Begin. ning with Richard III., one has no difficulty in remembering the Royal succession; but for three centuries_previously I used to feel "mixed up." So I penned a doggerel acrostic some years ago. It has helped me and may help others. When will his stupid head retain Cries, crowns, jests, wives, masques, adieu ! Giving-up-the-ghost with vapour. This carries one from William the Conqueror to Victoria. For the first line I have to thank some earlier poetaster. RICHARD H. THORNTON. Portland, Oregon. REID THE MOUNTEBANK (12 S. x. 409, 492). I do not think that there is the slightest chance that Sir William Read, oculist to Queen Anne, described as a mountebank, had any connexion with the Reid of Sir Walter Scott's poem 'The Lady of the Lake.' Sir William Read lived in London, died at Rochester in 1715, and was buried in St. Nicholas's cemetery in that city. Originally a tailor, he had knighted in 1705 as a mark of Royal favour some notoriety as a quack doctor, and was for services in curing a number of soldiers and sailors. He became wealthy and mixed with the best literary society of his day. There is a portrait of Sir William Read in Caulfield's Portraits, Memoirs, and Characters of Remarkable Persons,' and some particulars of him will be found in the D.N.B.' W. D. READ. I have no doubt MR. DE CASTRO is right in identifying Reid with Sir William Read, though the account of the latter in the 'D.N.B.' knows nothing of his career as a circus-proprietor, nor of his visit to Scotland, nor of his conversion to Catholicism. Whom did he marry? JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. GIDLEY (12 S. xi. 12). This surname, which is uncommon, is peculiar to Devonshire. There are still families of the name in the Honiton district. In the seventeenth century the Gidleys of Gidleigh had large possessions in the county. Bartholomew Gidley was a prominent supporter of Charles II. before the Restoration. He had a grant of arms, which were, Or, a castle sa., a bordure of the second bezantee. W. D. READ. This is a very old family name in Devonshire. There is a parish of that name adjoining Chagford, with the ruins of Gidley Castle. W. CURZON YEO. 10, Beaumont Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. FLAT CANDLE (12 S. x. 467).-I have the following note : A flat candle is a candle used in a flat candlestick-one with a broad flat base and a short stem. An extinguisher was appended to the handle or stem, and often a pair of snuffers put through an opening in the stem. Flat candles, made by pressing two round candles together, were also in use for some special purposes, but Dickens's meaning seems to be clear from a quotation from his Haunted House,' viz., "a bedroom candlestick and candle, or a flat candlestick and candle-put it which way you like." The subject was discussed in 'N. & Q.,' 12 S. iv. 173. Another use of the word in 'Pickwick,' chap. xxxvi.: "Mr. Winkle lighted a flat candle." T. J. R. 66 66 66 THE ENGLISH H": CELTIC, LATIN AND GERMAN INFLUENCES (12 S. x. 32, 116, 172, 338). I wrote Sinhalese," but the editor altered this to Cingalese." The former is the modern way of writing the adjective derived from the name Sinhala, a word which is itself derived from the word for a lion, Sinhaya, which the Sinhalese race associate with their origin. Sinhala is an accurate rendering of the name for the Sinhalese language, adopted in the Government and other scientific methods of transliteration." Cingalese " is an obsolete form, unknown nowadays in Ceylon and used in the West only. There is no letter c in the Sinhalese language, which has s and k to represent the sounds denoted by it in English, and is therefore superfluous. PENRY LEWIS. THE KING, THE BISHOP, AND THE SHEPHERD' (12 S. x. 349, 397, 435).-The Hon. Maurice Baring, in 'The Puppet Show of Memory,' at p. 273, mentions that in a railway carriage on the way to Manchuria in 1904 a Russian soldier told him a version of the story of King John and the Abbot of Canterbury exact in every respect, except that the Abbot became a Patriarch, and King John the Tsar of Moscow, and the shepherd a miller. And when he had finished, he said: "The miller lives at Moscow and I have seen him." JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. 6 GENERAL HENRY LLOYD'S JACOBITE POLITICAL AND MILITARY RHAPSODY (12 S. xi. 12). There is an account in the D.N.B.' of Henry Lloyd, or Henry Humphry Evans (1720 ?-1783), whose A Political and Military Rhapsody on the Defence of Great Britain' appeared in 1779. He died at Hay, Belgium. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. RICHARD PRICE'S OBSERVATIONS ON IMPORTANCE OF FRENCH REVOLUTION' (12 S. xi. 12).-There is an account of Richard Price (1723-1791) in the 'D.N.B.' JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. THE BOSS OF BILLINGSGATE (12 S. x. 452; xi. 16).-' New Remarks of London . collected by the Company of Parish Clerks' (1732) names two Boss Alleys: one partly in St. Mary Hill parish, and the other at Shad Thames, Southwark; and also a Boss or Bos-Pump Yard, in the parish of St. Peter, Paul's Wharf. Elmes's Topographical Dictionary of London' (1831) describes the above two Boss Alleys in detail, and two Boss Courts, one in Southwark, and the other seemingly identical with the Pump Yard existing in 1732. W. B. H. THE FIRST GRAND CHAPLAIN (12 S. x. 481; xi. 4).-Is there tangible ground, amounting to more than guesswork, for the description of the Rev. John Entick (1703 ?-1773) as "William Dodd's guide, philosopher, and friend in matters Masonic"? Dodd (17291777) may be brought into association with Entick in one of the several biographies of him, but I am not aware of this, and there is no mention of Dodd in the carefully written account of Entick by the late Mr. E. L. Hawkins, in Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, xxi. 76-81. There is a circumstantial account of Dodd's alleged resuscitation and subsequent escape to France, from a provincial newspaper of 1794, in A.Q.C., xx. 352-355. W. B. H. WILLIAM PRODHOME OR PRUDHOME (12 S. X. 288; xi. 15).-Barlow's Complete English Peerage' (1772) has of the Earl of Denbigh : A parchment written at the time of Edward IV., and still preserved in the family, informs us that Geoffrey [eldest son of the first Geoffrey, who married Matilda or Maud de Colville] took to wife Agnes Napton, daughter of John de Napton, by Alice, daughter and heir of Richard de Musterton, lord of Musterton in Leicestershire, and by her had William Fielding, who, in right of his wife Juliana, or Jelly, daughter and heir to Robert de Newnham, became lord of the manor of |