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The initials A M and M N, with date 1630, appear upon it, so that it has seen three sieges of the Castle, and has embedded in its walls a cannon ball of the "Waterloo type, said to have been fired at Prince Charlie's troops in 1745. That is all we know about it. To drag in Sir David Baird and the Dukes of Gordon, whose town mansion on Castlehill is now represented by a public school in which the old doorway is preserved, is misleading. The two had no connexion, although the hero of Seringapatam might have had some story of his boyhood connected with the neighbours over the garden wall, for the properties adjoin there.

I am seeking now for another property in that neighbourhood which I wish to provide with a history. I also wish to know who this historic personage really was. My facts are taken from a manuscript volume in the possession of George Heriot's Trust, as follows:-writ, date unascertained, regarding

a tenement situated

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STAVE PORTERS.-What were stave porters that they should furnish a tavern in Jacob Street, Dockhead, with its sign of "The Stave Porter"? Presumably their burden consisted of bundles of staves; but of what kind? The sign, I think, still exists.

J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.

[Did they carry their loads on staves ?] CALTHROPS IN EARLY WARFARE.-Would some correspondent of N. & Q.' oblige by mentioning the earliest reference in Scottish history to calthrops as employed in warfare? They are said to have been in use at the battle of Bannockburn. I know of the authorities cited in the N.E.D.'

Stirling.

WALTER SCOTT.

PRINCESS AMELIA, DAUGHter of GeoRGE II.-I desire information regarding this Princess and her supposed relations with Col. M'Lellan (? Lord Kirkcudbright). Can any reader give me any, or refer me to authorities ? H. L. L. D.

ST. GRATIAN'S NUT.-The Book of the Great Caan, set forth by the Archbishop of Saltania, circa 1330,' in Yule's Cathay and the Way Thither,' Hakluyt Society, 1866, vol. i. p. 244, says :—

"And other trees there be [in the empire of Boussaye, a name which is supposed to point to the Ilkhan of Persia, Abusaid Bahadur, 1317-35] which bear a manner of Filberts, or nuts of St. Gratian; and when this fruit is ripe the folk of the country gather it and open it, and find inside grains like wheat, of which they make bread and macaroni and other food which they are very glad to eat." What is this nut of St. Gratian? KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.

Tanabe, Kii, Japan.

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FUNERAL PLUMES.-When and why did the custom of using plumes in funeral rites, as an expression of respect for the dead, have its origin? In 1789 John Chater advertised that he furnished very fashionable laces and plain dresses, for the Dead, Sheets, Cloaks, Hangings, Coaches, Plumes Feathers," &c. Is not this an early instance ? The earliest in the N.E.D.' appears to be 1832, in Tennyson's 'Lady of

Shalott' :

A funeral, with plumes and lights
And music.

J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.

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"00": HOW PRONOUNCED.-Will some one explain how and when these letters came to represent the sound of long u, as in cool ? The fact is chronicled in philological treatises, but I do not see that they give any reason for the change. I presume that originally they represented a long o. Does any other European language use them to express a u sound? STUDENT.

of MRS. ELIZABETH DRAPER. I wonder if any of your readers could tell me whether the engraving of Miss Draper in The London Magazine for 1776 represents the daughter of Mrs. Elizabeth Draper, the friend of Sterne, or give me a clue to a portrait of Mrs. Draper herself. Sterne alludes to one of her painted by Cosway. W. L. S.

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Replies.

disposing of tithes." In 1139 the tenth canon of the second Lateran Council enacted “Tithes, which canonical authority shows to have been granted for works of piety, we forbid by apostolic authority to be in the possession of laymen." Then in 1179 Canon 14 of the third Lateran Council enacted: "We forbid laymen, who detain tithes at peril of their souls, to transfer them to other laymen in any way whatsoever."

The effect of these canons soon made itself felt in the gifts of tithes to religious But many of the smaller lords houses. were reluctant to grant their tithes to bodies at a distance, and preferred to retain them This object was effected by for local use. tonsuring the lord's steward or other lay person who administered them, whereby he ecclesiastical became converted into an ," and as a clerk could hold them person, The lord's without being in holy orders. grantee thereby became responsible to the bishop for the administration of them, and was called in consequence the responsible person (certa persona), but was commonly spoken of as the parson."2

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The term occurs in the Constitutions of "PARSONS" NOT IN HOLY ORDERS. Clarendon, 1164, and in Canon 6 of the

(10 S. xii. 350.)

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Council of York in 1195. The Exeter registers show parsons and vicars or chaplains existing side by side in a large number of parishes in Devon and Cornwall prior to the "consolidations" effected in the thirteenth century.

I HAVE a document in which Sir Thomas Sackville claims the great tithe of lamb and wool of some sheep in the parish of Bibury as "person 22 of Bibury. Sir Thomas was Lord of the Manor and Lay Rector of Further information on this subject may Bibury, and rebuilt Bibury House in 1634. be found in a paper read by me before the He uses the term throughout as if it belonged Society of Antiquaries on 28 Feb., 1907, to him of right, and the spelling person "entitled 'The Treasury of God; or, The shows that the meaning of the term had Birthright of the Poor.' not then been obscured by the modern spelling "parson. If I now called myself Parson of Bibury, which I have an undoubted right to do, most people would think that I had created myself a clerk in holy orders in derogation of my brother the Vicar.

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One cannot imagine an acolyte having the impudence to call himself the Persona Ecclesiæ."

Sherborne House, Northleach.

SHERBORNE.

Before the three Lateran Councils of 1123, 1139, and 1179 tithes were in this country in theory devoted to pious uses, but practically administered by the lords of the land. The fifth canon of the first Lateran Council of 1123 then ordained: "We decree that no laymen, however religious they be, shall have power of

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Lympstone, Devon.

OSWALD J. REICHEL.

The subjoined quotation from Gasquet's Parish Life in Mediæval England,' wherein occurs at p. 71, opening chap. iv., which relates to The Parish Clergy,' may be useful under this heading :

"The word 'parson,' in the sense of a dignified personage 'the person of the place' was, in certain foreign countries applied in the eleventh century, in its Latin form of persona, to any one holding the parochial cure of souls. English legal writers, such as Coke and Blackstone, have stated the civil law signification of the word as that of any person' by whom the property of God, the patron saint, the church or parish was held, and who could sue or be sued at law in respect of this property. In ecclesiastical language, at any rate in England, according to Lyndwood, the word 'parson' was synonymous with 'rector.'

WILLIAM MCMURRAY.

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2. In 1843 there was published in Paris "Un Hiver à Paris par M. Jules Janin." Probably in 1844, though there is no date on the title-page, there was also published in Paris "L'Été à Paris par M. Jules Janin." Probably in 1844, though still without date on the title-page, "Fisher, Fils & Cie." published in London "L'Hiver et l'Été à Paris, par M. Jules Janin. Illustrés par M. Eugène Lami. L'Eté.22 In 1845-7, according to the British Museum Catalogue, Fisher, Son & Co. published in London a work in four volumes called France Illustrated,....Drawings by Thomas Allom, Esq. Descriptions by the Rev. G. N. Wright, M.A." The title of the last volume reads

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in part : 'France Illustrated. Comprising

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a Summer and Winter in Paris. Drawings
by M. Eugene Lami. Descriptions by M.
Jules Janin. Supplemental Vol. IV. Peter
Jackson, late Fisher, Son & Co." In 1843
Longman published in London The Ame-
rican in Paris;
or, Heath's Picturesque
Annual for 1843. By M. Jules Janin. Illus-
trated by Eighteen Engravings, from Designs
by M. Eugene Lami." In 1844 Burgess,
Stringer & Co. published in New York “The
American in Paris, during the Winter. By
Jules Janin.22

The Longman volume of 1843 (The American in Paris ') is a translation of Un Hiver à Paris. Vol. iv. of France Illustrated' contains 228 pages, of which pp. 5-141 are a translation of Un Hiver à Paris,' and pp. 142-228 a translation of L'Été à Paris.' The translation of Un Hiver à Paris in

with Longman's 'The American in Paris' of 1843, except that certain portions of the latter are omitted in the former. In the translation of L'Été à Paris in France Illustrated' (iv. 142-228) the translator has omitted portions of the French original.

In 1838 Carey & Hart of Philadelphia published in one volume Sketches of Paris: in Familiar Letters to his Friends. By an American." This contains a Preface (pp.France Illustrated' (iv. 5-141) is identical iii-iv) dated "London, August 10th, 1836 22 ; and pp. 5-321 of text in twenty three letters written from Paris between 29 June, 1835, and 7 May, 1836. This was printed in London in 1838 in two volumes under the title of The American in Paris,' and is the book about which MRS. BEALE inquires. As this London edition is not in the Boston or Cambridge (Mass.) libraries, will MRS. BEALE kindly state whether it contains a

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Who wrote 'Un Hiver à Paris and L'Été à Paris'? In all the catalogues I have seen they are attributed to Jules Janin; but the works themselves purport to

be written by an American. In the Introduction to Un Hiver à Paris' we read :

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"J'ais traduit le présent livre d'un récit très exact et très-véridique qui nous est venu du pays de Cooper et de Washington-Irving....Je vous dirai peu de choses de l'écrivain original, car il a mis dans son voyage beaucoup de sa bonne humeur, de son esprit, de sa bienveillance naturelle. était jeune encore lorsqu'il vint à Paris....Il était arrivé à Paris un Parisien évaporé, tout disposé aux plus vives folies; il en sortit un grave Américain, tout préparé aux calmes et tranquilles honneurs que la mère patrie tient en réserve pour les fils de sa prédilection."

In the "English Translator's Introduction " to Longman's 'The American in Paris'

we are told :

"In presenting this volume to the public, the English translator feels that some explanation is necessary; inasmuch as the obvious course would have been, to use the American manuscript referred to, in the French translator's introduction, instead of re-translating the work. The manuscript, however, the publishers could not obtain, and they were therefore compelled either to have a re-translation, or to look elsewhere for a description of Paris,-but the merit of this account was such, that they determined, at once, to adopt the former alternative....In order to give the full effect, to the very clever and amusing, but, at the same time, very peculiar style, of M. Jules Janin, the English translator has sometimes been compelled to use expressions, which may be considered foreign to the genius of the language, and to employ terms, which would not have-been chosen in an original work, but which were necessary to convey the full meaning of this very talented writer, who disdains to think by

rule."

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But no such name as Betubium is to be
found in the works of the ancient geographers.
The word intended is doubtless Berubium,
which occurs in Smith's Dict. of Greek and
Roman Geography,' on the authority of
Ptolemy, and is supposed by Dr. R. G.
Latham to be Noss Head on the north-west
coast of Scotland. In Prof. C. H. Pearson's
Historical Maps of England' (2nd ed. p. 13)
"Berubion Prom." is mentioned, with three
conjectures as to identification, viz., Arde
Head (so Camden), Duncansby Head (so
Horsley), and Noss Head (so Mon. Brit.').
It may perhaps be interesting to give the
forms in Ptolemy as they appear on p. 88
of Müller's splendid edition (1883). Müller
prints in his text Οὐερουβιουμ ἄκρον,
Verubium promontorium," but some MSS.
have Βερουβίουη. A note says:
"Hodie
the Noss prope Wick oppidum."

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It would be interesting from a literary point of view to ask where the poet had met with this rare Ptolemaic name for his 'highest peak 23 o'er which the north-inflated tempest foams." It is not likely that Thomson was a student of Ptolemy. I suppose he must have found the word in Gibson's edition of Camden, where mention is made of the three promontories, viz., Berubium, now Urdehead.... Virvedrum, now Dunsby, otherwise Duncans-bay ;.... and Orcas, now Howburn 22 (ed. 1753, P. 1280).

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21, Norham Road, Oxford.

A. L. MAYHEW.

The Préface to 'L'Été à Paris' begins, There is apparently a misprint in the form "Voici encore notre Américain de l'an of the name Betubium that has been copied passé "; and speaks of the author as un in successive issues of The Seasons.' This compatriote de Franklin "; while on p. 3 is corrected in Longman's edition, dated we read: 'Mais qu'importe ? j'ai pour me 1847, where the line reads :— consoler les vers de mon compatriote le poëte Wordsworth, Long Fellow: sweet April! If Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ever saw this book, he must have been amused at the French printer's version of his name.

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O'er Orcas' or Berubium's highest peaks.

are

These are names of two extremities on the northern face of the Scottish mainland, and are latinized forms of the promontories mentioned in Ptolemy's geography of Britain. "Tarvidium and Orcas " Ptolemy's identified with Cape Wrath and Fair Aird Head on the one hand; and his "Promontory Berubium 22 (Bepovßiovμ åκpov) is identified with Duncansbay Head on the other.

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The poet, after describing "the naked melancholy isles," has turned to the mainland, where a while the muse passes Caledonia itself in romantic view from the tributary Jed

To where the north-inflated tempest foams
O'er Orcas' or Berubium's highest peak;
or, in other words, from the Tweed to the
Pentland Frith. R. OLIVER HESLOP.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

See Camden's Britannia, ed. 1722, vol. ii. cols. 1279-80).

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In Thomson's 'Poetical Works,' edited by Robert Bell, 1855, vol. ii. p. 151, Betubium's highest peak" is said to be a promontory called Cape St. Andrew.

J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.

There is a place on the north coast of Sutherlandshire, where the river Naver empties itself into the sea, which still goes by the name of Bettyhill, a name certainly suggestive of an origin from Betubium, if such a word was ever prevalent. J. FOSTER PALMER.

8, Royal Avenue, S.W. [MR. WALTER SCOTT also thanked for reply.] LADY WORSLEY (10 S. xii. 409).-In response to the request of your correspondent I give the imaginary epitaph upon Lady Worsley from The Abbey of Kilkhampton A CENOTAPH.

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Raised to the lovely, yet ungentle Lady W..... of rebellious Memory, Wight's envied Boast. Her Intrepidity was equalled only by her Address: She wished to make Sir R- popular, and neglected every other

Blessing, for the exemplary Purpose of accomplishing

the Object of her ambition.

The Sea-girt Isle, like that of Paphos, knew no other Divinity,

Than the blue-eyed Venus of Ambe. The Voice, the Dance, the hearts of either Sex were

obedient

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daughter of Sir John Fleming, Bt., of Brompton Park, Middlesex, and had a son and a daughter, who both died unmarried. On 21 Feb., 1782, Sir Richard brought an action for crim. con. against George Maurice Bissett, but, collusion being suspected, he was awarded only one shilling damages. A report of the trial, which caused a great sensation in the fashionable world, can easily be procured.

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On 14 March, 1782, Gillray published a caricature of the incident, called "Sir Richard Worse than Sly,' which is described in Wright and Grego's Works of James Gillray,' p. 33. In the Print-Room at the British Museum are the following other satirical engravings::

1. Lady Worsley dressing in the Bathing-house. Feb., 1782. 2. The Maidstone Bath; or, The Modern Susannah. March 12, 1782.

3. The Maidstone Whim. 8 March, 1782. 4. A Peep into Lady Worsley's Seraglio. 29 April, 1782.

5. The Shilling; or, The Value of a P[riv]y Councillo]r's Matrimonial Honour. 18 Feb., 1782. Several poems and pamphlets were written about the case, such as :—

1. The Whim!!! or, The Maidstone Bath. A Kentish Poetic. Dedicated to Lady Worsley. 4to, 18. 6d. Williams.

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