of Apollonia made the important step of endowing the apxì, or primary substance, the soul, with intelligence: he is dismissed, however, with a dozen lines; and with no reference either to Aristotle, Cicero, Eusebius, or any writer. Schleiermacher has also a paper on the philosophy of Diogenes. Similar is the deficiency in respect to Leucippus, the founder of atomism. Aristotle's account of his main principles should have been referred to; but no references to any testimony are given, unless we might so consider the observation that Huet and Bayle have both remarked that his theory is very similar to that of Descartes.' But we must not dwell longer on these philosophers of the earlier schools. On the whole, we have, sometimes, been a good deal disappointed with the part of the work which relates to the ancient schools of Greece-for instance, the account of Plato. We have, on this philosopher, not quite a dozen pages, followed by a heap of references. This, in a work of more than 2,000 pages, is a small comparative allowance, especially considering what has been done by the Germans. Very meagre, also, is the account of Aristotle. There are barely six pages on his metaphysic, if even all those pages can be said to be on it. About twenty more are given to logic and the syllogism, in which the syllogism is strangely discussed first. Another chapter follows, on analysis, synthesis, and analogy, as in use among the ancients. In common with ourselves, we presume that the reader would expect to find here some allusion to the synthesis and analysis of those illustrious men, the Greek geometers; but there is no reference to them whatever. Let it not be said that this has nothing to do with a philosophy of the mind; for these two mental processes surely deserve to be exhibited in their various applications. Analysis and synthesis, as understood by the Newtonians, differ much from the original geometrical meanings. The terms are found in chemistry, physics, and the philosophy of the mind; but with an essentially different sense from that of the Greek geometers. We might surely have looked for something like a little history of these important terms, in an express dissertation on them.

We have a final chapter in that part of the work which treats of the Greek and Roman philosophy, on the opinions of the ancient philosophers, up to this period of history, on a Deity, and the human soul. The author here remarks, justly, that there are two extreme classes of opinion with regard to natural theology. Some good men have been very jealous of allowing any natural knowledge at all of the Supreme Being. They have contended that Revelation must have the sole honour of making known to man the existence and attributes of a Deity; and that without it no knowledge of God would now have been found

of the Asarna, and to the people's voluntary homage to their superior wisdom. The sentiment is wonderfully strengthened by that of domestic life and of home. This feeling which has always been strong there, has of late extended itself, by the exchange of literature, throughout all Scandinavia. The different peoples find and feel themselves of one race; having the same common ancestry, the same sacred traditions, the same tastes and feelings. The kindred peoples of the North seem to be called upon by character and history, as well as by the development of the nations, to set an example to other people, by a noble, powerful, and independent life. This feeling has been immensely strengthened by the recent attack on Denmark by the German revolutionary Parliament. The effect of this has been to arouse the spirit of Denmark in a wonderful degree, and to quicken the sense of Scandinavian unity. As this war has excited a strong feeling in England, the account given by Miss Bremer of the effect there on the public mind, as it went on, will be read with interest. We give it exactly as it stands; and with that close our notice of these papers, which offer us more knowledge of the actual state and progress of Denmark than anything we have had for a long time:

I

June 1st-Spring is now in full bloom, and advances towards midsummer. The islands of Denmark have put on their glorious attire. The beech woods murmur by the blue rocks. The groves are become vocal. The stork is arrived; the meadows are in bloom; the laburnam streams in the wind.. But there arises no joyful song of human voices from the friendly islands. Tears, bitter tears, mothers' tears, brides', sisters' tears, fall upon the beautiful, flower-clad earth. Ah! war has broke out anew, and many sons of the country have fallen, and still fall, in the hopeless combat against a conquering, superior force. A little band of men stands fighting against a host composed of their own number many times multiplied; one million against thirty millions. How can there be any hope? And yet-wonderful, but true!-there is, no doubt, no despondency, in that little band. Such firm faith have they in their own righteous cause, and in the righteous arbitration of the people's fate.

Nothing can more truly characterise the temper and disposition of the Danish people, than the effect which has been produced by that unfortunate affair at Eckernförde. The tidings of this reached Copenhagen on Easter Eve. What a murmur of sorrowful disquiet there was that evening in the city, especially in the neighbourhood of the posthouse. Sorrow and amazement were upon every countenance. People talked to each other without the ceremony of introduction; high and low communicated to each other what they thought, and wept together. It was as if every family had lost a child. On Easter Sunday people streamed into the churches. The preachers spoke publicly from the pulpits of the great misfortune which had occurred, lamenting, comforting, and encouraging. The immortal theme of death and the resurrection had a new and an irresistible significance. The people

listened and wept. It was like a day of humiliation in Israel. The misfortune of the fatherland was the misfortune of every individual. The blow which had struck the maritime power of Denmark, struck the silent pride and hope of every heart. I saw young girls shed tears, not for the dead, but for "our banner-for Dannebrog!"

That was Easter Sunday. On Easter Monday it was silent in the gay Copenhagen. The theatres were closed; the dejected attendants spoke in whispers; nothing was to be heard but sighs, and talking about broken hearts of wives and brides! That was the second day. On the third, life again raised itself with strength. Volunteer sailors came by hundreds; came, singing, to offer themselves in the place of those who at Eckernförde had fallen, either by death or into the hands of the enemy. Contributions of money flowed in from all sides, for a new preparation for war; for the families of the killed and wounded. The rich gave abundantly of their wealth; the poor widow gave her mite; and the mothers-beautiful to say-encouraged their sons to go and fight for the fatherland.

A few days later, and the public mind was again calm and collected, and the theatres were again full of people. But all hearts, all noble feelings, seemed to have opened their fountains for a more abundant flow. The Danish people were now only one great family, who, in the day of sorrow, drew nearer together, to comfort and to We will here permit ourselves to introduce a support each other. little trait which will show the feeling of these days. Amongst the many who were named in the newspapers as having was a young man who had really not fallen, fallen at Eckernförde, but had saved himself, in an almost miraculous manner, and now returned to Copenhagen, and to his home there.

His mother and

sisters sate in their mourning, which they had just prepared, when all sistence the lost son and brother stood amongst them? The mother must have died for joy at this moment, had not a strong, secret persuasion possessed her mind that her son lived, and thus she was

prepared for this surprise.

shagen. People rushed from house to house, into the coffee-houses, 9 The news of this circumstance went like wild-fire through Copenand to the news-rooms, to announce it. All were glad ; all rejoiced, Tears of joy and Sympathy fell from all eyes. People began to hope that other fallen as if they had recovered a beloved brother. ones might likewise arise and return. Strangers to the happy family hastened to them to express their joy and their sympathy, and to embrace him who had returned. The whole city was one family of

love.

Days, weeks, months, have passed since this, and the war continues. Countenances grow dark, and the foe goes on conquering.

But quiet and firm stands the little nation, determined to dare the utmost, and to fight to the last drop of blood. There is now no song

of rejoicing upon the beautiful islands, neither is there any lamentation. They make themselves ready for new efforts, for new sacrifices. There is a strong will, a good courage, and a great patience, in the Danish people at this time. No one can see it without emotion, or

without admiration. And therefore-friendly islands, enchanting islands!-whether tears shall still longer fall upon your soil, whether the enemy shall suck your marrow, and the trial become severer— friendly islands, beloved are you still! There is an honour, a victory, an immortality, which every people, as well as every man, can acquire for himself, even when apparently it is subject to an outward, superior power. And therefore, tears of Denmark's daughters! fall-fall still, if it must be so! The soil which you water is the soil of the hero, and that noble sorrow the mother of a noble joy. You shall live to see that which was sown in bitterness bearing the sheaves of a noble harvest, and your beloved Dannebrog waving in joy over the waters of Denmark, over the blue billows. When the life of a people is what it is here at this time, then it awakes its genius, then it is near with saving power. The genius of Denmark has said :

'When life blooms forth in the heart of the Dane,
When its song the People raises,

Then, bright as the sun do I live again,
And the poets sing my praises.
My name is known to the toiling hind;
I embrace him with exultation;
With joy my life thus renewed I find,—
I live in the soul of the nation.
Thou knowest, peasant! I am not dead :
I come back to thee in my glory!
I am thy faithful helper in need,
As in Denmark's ancient story.

-Pp. 209, 210.

Ingeman's Holger the Dane.'

Scarcely had Miss Bremer written this when the news of the victory of Fredericia arrived, and inspired universal confidence. Still, the troubles of Denmark are not completely over in Holstein. She has much of the sympathies of Europe, and we think no one reads the extracts we have given, without feeling that she deserves it; and at the same time that Denmark (the smallest kingdom in Europe) has stood boldly for her rights against the assumptions of Germany, and will stand firm and undaunted to the last. It is the interest of Europe that she should do so, and that every possible strength should be preserved to Scandivania as a bulwark against the encroaching spirit of Russia.

established, says Leibnitz. True-the mind seems to affect the body, and the body the mind: but the connexion is only apparent there is no more reciprocal agency between them, than there is between two clocks, each of whose mechanism is quite independent of the other, and the one of which should be made to strike the hour, while the other pointed to it. This, we remember, is Leibnitz's own illustration. An author of Leibnitz's celebrity should have had a much larger space allotted to him.

The next commanding name is that of Locke. We have always thought that the controversy between this great man and many of his critics on the subject of innate ideas,' owed a great deal to mere words. Locke ought, no doubt, to have taken more notice than he does of the Cartesian notion of the elicitation of ideas, facultatem eliciendi; and not to have argued as though the disciples of Descartes contended for ideas and propositions existing in the mind at birth. We were glad to find our author agreeing with us in his view of this question, and attributing much of the controversy to the different terms in which both parties express themselves.' He also justly regards Locke as underrating the importance of the à priori ideas and truths which are the rudiments of all thought and reasoning.' It must be conceded to Mr. Blakey, that 'Locke's language on this topic is very unguarded.' Some valuable observations occur here, respecting the criticisms on Locke by the Bishop of Worcester, Cousin, and Dr. Whewell. Our author is of opinion that Locke's doctrines have been misapprehended very much, not only on the continent, but also in England and in Scotland: but he defers the detail of these misapprehensions to subsequent parts of his work. On the whole, we think his observations on Locke and his opponents highly deserving of attention. We have never doubted that all attempts to improve and extend psychological science in England, must be based on Locke as the point of departure. Locke is a true type of the sound common-sense of Englishmen, among whom it is impossible that such vagaries as have turned men's heads in Germany, and turned them in different directions, too, can ever become popular. We may borrow many a valuable hint from the Germans; but who that knows our literature and our science could dream of Hegelianism ever taking deep root among us!

In the third volume are some thirty pages on Kant-few enough for a writer requiring so much detail even for stating what he actually says, independently of the next question, what he means. It appears to us that our author has not very accurately estimated what Kant says in the account which he gives of the manner in which he was first led to his own Criticism of Pure Reason, by the speculations of Hume. We