me to Town. 14. James River. By Wm. H. Holcombe. 15. Lines. 16. From the German of Herder. Don Alonzo Perez Guzmann der Getreue. 17. To An Invalid Wife. By Sidney Dyer. EDITOR'S TABLE. A Presidential Funeral-"The Cause of the South"-Death of Sarah Margaret Fuller--Mr. James and Miss Bremer. NOTICES OF NEW WORKS. History of the Polk Administration; The Shoulder Knot; Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land; The Conquest of Canada; Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution; Railway Economy. See Book Notices on third page of cover. The Editor appends the following notice in compliance with repeated requests which have come in upon him ever since his connection with the Messenger. The Editor announces that he shall commence in the next number the re-publication of Judith Bensaddi, a tale by Henry Ruffner, D. D., which appeared in this magazine several years ago. The original edition being out of print, persons desirous of securing a copy of the story will best do so by sending their names as subscribers to the Messenger. Exchange papers will do us a favor by alluding to the foregoing notice. THE CAUSE OF THE SOUTH. prospectus we send them in adding new names. To those who have already done this, and the number is quite considerable, our most grateful thanks are offered. Would all do as much, the list would be speedily doubled. Let Southern men reflect with what liberality Northern works are supported. Harpers' New Monthly Magazine in New York has already forty thousand circulation, and increasing at an immense ratio! This in a few months. Ill health occasioned the absence of the Editor during the summer from New-Orleans, which is the reason for some delays in the issue of the August and September numbers, and will account for any mistakes in the distribution. Should such occur they will be gladly rectifled. It is believed that a few July numbers were sent in place of August. Subscribers will therefore examine, and where it has occurred, return the July, when the August will be sent. To the same reason as above may be ascribed a deficiency in editorial matter and in the Literary Department, a reason which has now ceased to exist, which the editor hopes will be seen in the ensuing numbers. LIBRARY EDITION OF DE BOW'S REVIEW. SINGLE OR DOUBLE VOLUMES. PRICE PER AND SO ON FOR FUTURE VOLUMES. The article with this caption by us in our July number, seems to have been misunderstood by several leading Southern presses, and we have been censured very much about it. A reperusal 8 VOLUMES, 1845-1850, HANDSOMELY BOUND IN will satisfy any one the charge against us is groundless, and in letters to the Charleston Mercury and Southern Press, we have made this appear as it is to be hoped satisfactorily. That article was written in part ironically, but in the main under feelings of much depression growing out of Southern apathy or distraction. God knows the South has no son truer to her cause than ourself, and none who would be found more willing to do or to dare in her behalf, whatever her exigencies may at any time require. Her cause is our cause her destiny ours. Let us then not be misunderstood. TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS, &c. In our last number were enclosed bills and prospectuses, which we hope will meet with favorable consideration and attention. As the bills were made out in the absence of the Editor from New Orleans, it is possible errors may have occurred, etc. The bills sent by us personally in April, May and June last, are correct with the addition of five dollars to each for the year ending January or July, 1851. We entreat prompt remittances, in our greatly enlarged expenses, and to prevent the heavy commissions to agents. The Review is now the largest monthly in the United States, and the expense in four months is as great as that of the Quarterly's in a whole year. The Editor regrets his list has not increased in proportion to the improvements and expenses which have been added to the Review. Will not subscribers exert themselves with the A very few sets remain still, and the editor solicits orders from all persons forming libraries, or who would have upon their tables and shelves a magazine of information upon every subject connected with the industry and population of the Southern and Western States, together with the leading particulars that relate to the Union at large. It is from the sale of these sets the editor hopes to be reimbursed for the early losses sustained in publishing the Review, and he appeals to friends for their influence in obtaining orders. Persons from the country when in the city will do well to call at our office, 22 Exchange Place, and examine these volumes, though it is believed the merits of the work are now sufficiently tested every where, judging from the large and growing circulation. Sets of the work will be delivered in any of the large cities or towns, without any expense to the person ordering, viz.: in Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Charleston, Mobile, Savannah, Vicksburg, Memphis, St. Louis, Cincinnati, etc. Orders on factors payable on sale of crop, if acknowledged, will be received as cash. Subscribers may always remit money to us by mail in any good bank notes or in gold, without waiting for the call of the agent, which will be a great saving to us and no expense to them. THIS Press has proved to be unprecedentedly successful as to speed, ease, and convenience. Its ease is such that less than half a horse-power is required to run five hundred pounds of cotton up to twenty-two inches. Its speed is such that six hands can make fifty bales in a day, and ordinary work of tive hands is three bales to the hour, and less than one hour's work of the horse is necessary to make fifty bales. Its convenience is such that hands never have cotton thrown into the box overhead, nor ever have their heads within the box, consequently it is much less oppressive to hands than ANY OTHER PRESS. Its durability will probs bly be ten times that of any other PRESS, and it is adapted to almost any gin house. The subscriber is prepared to take orders for this press, to be erected on the plantation-the planter furnishing all wood mate rial on the spot, and assistance of two servant men to assist whilst the work is doing, and board hands and horses, and paying freight on iron, at the fol lowing rates: For a No. 1 Press, which has solid iron drivers, $275 00. No. 2 Press, which has all iron joints and wooden drivers, $250 00. No. 3 Press, which has iron toggle or elbow joint, and works in wood at top and bottom, $200 00. No. 4 Press, which has iron bearings at toggle joint, and works in wood at top and bottom, $185 00. These prices include the irons, nails, ropes, and wood-work. He is also prepared to furnish the iron, nails, &c., not including rope, at the following rates: For No. 1 irons, including right to use and working plan, $150 00; No. 2, $125 00; No. 3, $85 00; No. 4, $75 00. Individual rights, (with accurately drawn working plans, by which any good workman can erect the press,) at $40 00 each. The number has reference to the character or kind of irons, and not to the size, ease, speed, or convenience, and the comparative durability is yet to be determined, as the oldest press of this kind, which is No. 4, has worked on only three crops. The general opinion is that either number will last ten times as long as even the iron screw. Having made arrangements for the manufacture and shipment of these PRESSES complete, with a view to supplying the increasing demand, they will be furnished at a convenient point for shipment at the same price that is charged for them on the plantation, the purchaser paying freight and charges. This enables the planter to get his PRESS without trouble, and at a cost of perhaps not more than $25 more outlay, in lieu of which he SAVES the labor of getting timber, box, and door stuff, board of hands, &c., and gets a machine made of better material than it is convenient to get usually on plantations. The PRESS is portable, and can be taken down and removed at pleasure. The subscriber will sell State or County rights for this PRESS, which affords a rare chance to secure a handsome business either in building or selling rights to others to build. All PRESSES supplied by the subscriber are guaranteed to perform according to the above statement, and to be made of good material, and in a workmanlike manner. Persons wishing PRESSES at any future day will please make their orders early, so that the work may be executed in good season. M'COMB'S NON-ELASTIC TIE.-The use of this PRESS, and M'COMB's NON-ELASTIC TIE, (the wooden hoop secured by an iron link,) enables the planter to save from 75 cents to one dollar per bale, as he can put and keep his bales in shipping size. The subscriber will furnish links, with right to use, at 12 cents per bale, (seven links to each bale,) and links and hoops ready to put on at thirty cents per bale. In cases where it is inconvenient to make payment on the completion of a Press, an accepted draft payable out of the next Crop will be taken; consequently planters may have their work done early in the season. AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF IRONS, RIGHTS, &c. J. D. SPEAR & Co., Founders, Mobile, Ala. ZIESER & LANIER, Merchants, Vicksburg, Miss. SUETZ & HEWIT, Founders, Louisville, Ky. In all cases, the receipt for the right to use is a lithographed engraving, signed by the patentee. These are furnished to all authorized to sell, and the public are hereby notified that no others claiming the right to build, or sell irons, are authorized. MISSISSIPPI SPRINGS, May 3, 1850. D. M'COMB, PATENTEE. THIS is to certify that I am now using one of "M'Comb's Labor-Saving Cotton-Presses," on the third crop, and take pleasure in saying that it is truly a labor-saving machine, and surpasses any thing of the press-kind of which I have any knowledge for ease, speed, and convenience. Three bales to the hour is easy work for five hands, and LESS than HALF A HORSE-POWER is necessary to make a FIVE HUNDRED POUND BALE, and only ONE MINUTE USE OF THAT POWER. From my experience with my Press, I conclude that this Press will last ten times as long as any other Press in use. It is much less oppressive to hands than any Press I have seen, it being so constructed as to enable the operators to fill the box without having their heads within it. Upon the whole, I think it the most important improvement in machinery offered to the Cotton grower since the introduction of the Cotton-Gin. JAMES M. GIBSON. Warrenton P. O.. Warren co., Miss. THE undersigned having witnessed the operation of "M'COMB'S LABOR-SAVING COTTON-PRESS," take pleasure in saying that it is admirably calculated to remove all the difficulties heretofore contended with in making cotton-bales, as it combines all the advantages of ease, speed, convenience, and probable durability, more entirely than any press we have seen. The bale is made with from six to eight revolutions, which one horse can make with ease. Its peculiar construction makes the labor to hands less oppressive than usual, and its location under the roof of the gin-house, enables the planter to have pressing done in all kinds of weather, without exposure of hands. Upon the whole, it is our opinion that it is the most important improvement in machinery offered to the cotton growers since the introduction of the cotton-gin, as it reduces the (ordinarily) severe labor of baling cotton, to a comparatively easy operation E. J. TULLIS, HINDS COUNTY, MISS. E. T. MONTGOMERY, MADISON Co., Miss. SAMUEL M'COME, CLAIBORNE Co., WM. MONTGOMERY, HINDS Co., do. J. LIPSCOMB, MADISON CO., A. K. MONTGOMERY, HINDS Co., do. H. N. SPENCER, FORT GIBSON, CLAIBORNE Co., Miss. C. W. MONTGOMERY, do. do. do. do. May 8, 1850. DE BOW'S SOUTHERN AND WESTERN REVIEW. ESTABLISHED JANUARY 1, 1846. VOL. IX. O. S..... NOVEMBER, 1850. 2d SERIES, VOL. III., No. 5.-3d SERIES, VOL. 1, No. 5. ART. I.-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. THEORY OF MANUFACTURES-THEIR PROGRESS-ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF COTTON MANUFACTURES IN ALL COUNTRIES-UNITED MANUFACTURES-SOUTHERN MANUFACTURES. STATES THOUGH every nation be, in fact, primarily dependent upon its soil for the means of support, none can be said to be purely agricultural. Some changes or modifications will take place in the raw material, in the lowest state of society; and even where, in a more advanced period, the vast proportion of the people are employed upon the soil, as is the case in the north of Europe, some kinds of manufactures, however rude, will still gradually grow up. Many of the great trading states of antiquity were also great manufacturing ones. Indeed, without such manufactures any very considerable trade could not be conducted, unless it be the "carrying trade." It is in the nature of manufactures to be regardful of distant and foreign markets. The home demand is ever too narrow, for whilst one agriculturist may be unable to supply the wants of more than four or five persons, a manufacturer can as easily supply those of a hundred. Great Britain, the greatest commercial power on earth, exports no raw produce other than sea coal. In the most polished period of Greece and Rome, manufactures were regarded as essentially servile and unworthy the attention in anyway of freemen. The same spirit has come down to us in many parts of our country, and is with difficulty subdued. It was maintained that such employments were hurtful to the strength and agility of the human body, and to its capacity for enduring the fatigues of war. The whole field was restricted to slaves. There are various modes by which the higher manufactures may be introduced. They may be by a gradual improvement and refinement of the primitive, rude operations of the people, or the imitation 30 VOL. I. of the more showy and splendid fabrics of other countries, and for which commerce introduces a taste. In the first case may be classed the Chinese and other Eastern products; in the last, the wool, silk and other manufactures of England, etc., etc. They do not always indicate national prosperity, as frequent experience has shown, though in general they constitute a good criterion of it. In the midst of the most destructive foreign wars, the greater part of the manufacturers may frequently flourish, says Adam Smith, and on the contrary, they may decline on the return of peace. They may flourish amidst the ruin of their country, and begin to decay on the return of its prosperity.* Manufactures contribute to opulence and luxury, the growth of cities, and their splendors; but the almost incessant concomitant is dense population, and all the evils in its train-poverty, suffering, ignorance and crime. These occur only in the most highly advanced state, and are dependent much, perhaps, upon unwise laws for their intensity. When the manufacturing spirit reaches this point, it be comes a great social and political evil. The melancholy spectacle which Great Britain presents, is not without its warnings. It is possible to stimulate this branch of industry to the point of national degradation. Mr. Allison furnishes a frightful picture. "Great Britain," says he, "is to be regarded as a great workshop, which diffuses its fabrics equally over the frozen and the torrid zones; which clothes alike the negroes of the West Indies, the laborers of Hindostan, the free settlers of Canada, the vine growers of the Cape, and the sheep owners of New-Holland and Van Dieman's Land. The rapid increase of the human race in these advanced posts of civilization sustains and vivifies our empire, notwithstanding all the burdens consequent upon our political situation; and in spite of the prodigious increase in the power of machinery, has called into being an enormous and perilous manufacturing population. "It is utterly impossible that this unparalleled growth of our manufacturing industry can co-exist with the firm foundations of public prosperity. Its obvious tendency is to create immense wealth in one part of the population, and increased numbers in another; to coin gold for the master manufacturer, and to multiply children in his cotton mill; to exhibit a flattering increase in the exports and imports of the empire, and an augmentation as appalling, in its paupers, its depravity, and its crimes." The true position to be taken undoubtedly is, that the prosperity of no country can be considered permanent and stable, which is wholly dependent upon any single one of the three great industrial pursuits of commerce, agriculture, or manufactures, but that, however, any one may prevail; the others must be suffered to grow up by its side, without discouragement. In the natural state of things they will so grow up upon a secure and imperishable foundation. The progress of manufactures in the old European states has been, for the most part, the result of their colonial empires established in Smith's Wealth of Nations, ii., 164. the eastern and western worlds. The markets of these colonies for manufactured goods were limited to the parent state, and they were prohibited from sending their raw produce to any other source, or to work it up into any form of manufactures. Of the whole exports of manufactured goods in 1836, by Great Britain, somewhat more than one half were to her own colonies. Before the close of the seventeenth century, (1699,) the Parliament of England declared that the American plantations should ship no wool or yarn manufactures. This was a blow at their infant attempts in the coarsest goods. In 1719 it was declared, the existence of manufactories in the colonies lessened their dependence upon Great Britain; in 1732, that the convenience of the Americans from the plenty of beavers, hare, coney wool, and many other furs, gave them such advantages, that, unless restrained, they would soon supply all the world with hats. In the report of the Board of Trade, the same year, it is said New-England, New-York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania, have fallen into the manufacture of woollen cloth, for the use of their own families only, and linen cloth; hemp and flax they manufacture into coarse cloth, bags, traces and halters; some iron is manufactured in Massachusetts; also a bounty is given for the manufacture of duck or canvass by the Assembly; brown hollands are made, also small quantities of cloth for shirtings, paper to the amount of £200 a year; nails, bar iron, hollow ware, &c. ; ships are built for the French and Spaniards; hats are made and exported to Spain, Portugal, and West India Islands; several stillhouses and sugar refineries exist, &c. In this alarming state of things, the Board remark, it were to be wished that some expedient might be fallen upon to divert their thoughts from undertakings of this nature, so much the rather, because these manufactures may be carried on in process of time in greater degree, unless an early stop be put to their progress! "From the foregoing statement it is observable, that there are more trades carried on and manufactories set up in the provinces on the Continent of America, to the northward of Virginia, prejudicial to the trade and manufactories of Great Britain, particularly in New England, than in any other of the British colonies."* In 1750, the Americans were forbid to work in iron; and Lord Chatham declared not long after in Parliament, that the colonies of North America had not even the right of manufacturing a nail. During the revolution, and under the articles of federation, our manufacturing system made but little progress, though, in fact, such articles of plain construction as were necessary to our uses, were made. In 1787, while the National Convention, which framed the Constitution, was in session in Philadelphia, a second convention met in that city, of the "Friends of American manufactures.” *McPherson's Annals, Com. |