oryctognostic, or mineralogical system. It has been translated into various languages, and adopted and commended by other writers.-Enc. Am.

Rumford, 1752.

He was familiar with the discoveries and improvements of modern science, and the industry and perseverance with which he pursued his inquiries enabled him to make some considerable additions to our knowledge of chemistry and practical philosophy. He published four volumes of Essays, experimental, political, economical, and philosophical.— Enc. Am.

Bell, 1763.

An eminent English physician. He published a celebrated work on "( Anatomy.' The first volume consists of a description of the bones, muscles, and joints; the second, the anatomy of the heart and arteries. The work was completed by his brother.-Penny Enc.

Wollaston, 1766.

Though almost every branch of science, at different times, occupied his attention, chemistry was that to which he seems to have been most ardently devoted, and it was by his investigations in that department of philosophy that he attained the most distinguished reputation.

Leslie, 1766.

A Scottish mathematician, inventor of the differential thermometer, and author of various scientific works.

Mohs, 1774.

A celebrated German mineralogist. His principal works are his "Charakteristic des Naturhistorischen Mineralsystem," Dresden, 1820, and "Grundriss der Mineralogie," 1822-26.-Enc. Am.

Gauss, 1777.

One of the first mathematicians of the age. He gave a brilliant display of his powers in his "Disquisitiones Mathematicæ," Leipzig, 1801, a work full of the most refined mathematical speculation, by which the higher arithmetic has been enriched with beautiful discoveries. He also published "Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium," Hamburg, 1809, 4to, a work which contributed much to give a right direction to the efforts made about this time for a more exact and proper use of astronomical observations.

De Candolle, 1778.

A celebrated French botanist.

His "Théorie Elémentaire

de la Botanique" is well known.-Enc. Am.

Sir H. Davy, 1779.

The discovery of the metallic basis of the alkalis and earths, the creation of the science of electro-chemistry, the invention of the safety-lamp, and of the mode of preserving the copper-sheeting of ships, form a part of his labours. His works, 9 vols. 8vo, $28 00, London, 1840.

Berzelius, 1779.

He has enriched chemistry, which, in our times, has become a perfectly new science, by the most important discoveries and profound works, and he has proved himself one of the best chemical analysts.-Enc. Am.

Legendre, 1787.

He has made very important and profound researches respecting the attraction of elliptic spheroids, and has the glory of having been the first to prove that the ellipse is the only form that can preserve the equilibrium of a revolving liquid mass, and that the particles of the mass attract each other according to the square of their distances.

Among his more important works are, Théorie des Nombres, Paris, 1830, 2 vols., $7 00. Exercise de Calcul Intégral, &c., &c., Paris, 1811, 3 vols., $15 00.

IV. HISTORIANS.

(A.) ANCIENT.

1. GREEK.

Hecatæus, 550 B.C.

The fragments of this writer that have reached our times were collected by Creuzer, and published in his "Historicorum Græcorum Antiquit.-Anthon.

Fragmenta, 8vo, Heidelberg, 1806.

Pherecydes, 530 B.C.

A celebrated sage of ancient Greece. He is regarded as the first who wrote on philosophy and religion. The fragments of his works were collected by Sturz.-Enc. Am. Second edition, Gera, 1798.

Herodotus, 484 B.C.

(See third part.) Best edition, Schweighäuser, Greek and Latin, Strasburg, 1816, 6 vols. 8vo.

Thucydides, 471 B.C.

(See third part.) Best edition, Becker, Greek and Latin, Oxford, 1821, 4 vols. 8vo.

Hellanicus of Mytilene, 460 B.C.

He made the first attempt to employ chronology in history. The fragments which remain of his writings were published in Leipzig, second edition, 8vo, 1826.-Anthon.

(See third part.)

Xenophon, 450 B.C.

Herodotus, 7 vols., Thucydides, 6 vols., Xenophon, 10 vols., Opera Omnia, Greek and Latin, 23 vols., Edinburgh, 1804-11, $50 00.

Ctesias, 400 B.C.

He wrote a work on the Assyrian and Persian History, in twenty-three books, and also one book on India. We have only some fragments, preserved in Photius. They were published by Bähr, Frankfort, 1824.—Eschenburg.

Theopompus, 360 B.C.

Dionysius says of this historian, "Not content with relating whatever has passed before the eyes of the world, Theopompus penetrates to the inmost souls of his principal actors, scrutinizes narrowly their most secret intentions, removes the mask from them, and brings forward into open day those vices which their hypocrisy had hoped to conceal. Hence some have charged him with calumniating, because he has blamed boldly what deserved to be blamed, and has lessened the glory which surrounded some individuals."

In 1829 the first complete edition of all the fragments appeared, from the Leyden press, with Notes, a Life of Theopompus, &c., &c., by Wichers, 8vo.

Polybius, 203 B.C.

(See third part.) Best edition, "Historiarum Reliquiæ," Greek and Latin, 8vo, Paris, 1839, $4 75.

2. ROMAN.

Julius Cæsar, 100 B.C.

(See third part.) His complete works by Oberlin, 8vo, $2 50, London, 1825.

Sallustius Crispus, 100 B.C.

(See third part.) 1 vol. folio, $3 25, Venice.

Cornelius Nepos.

Of his writings, we have only the biographies of distinguished Grecian generals. They are models of the biographic style, on account of their concise, and yet clear and full dress, and elegance of diction.-Eschb. Best edition, Fischer, Lips., 1806, 8vo.

Dionysius, 60 B.C.

His narrative is not wholly impartial, being often too favourable to the Romans, and his style is not unexceptionable; yet we may obtain from this work the best insight of the Roman system and constitution, because the author was led, in explaining to the Greeks a novel and strange subject, to enter into particulars much more than the Roman writers needed to do.-Eschenburg.

Livy, 59 B.C.

(See third part.) Best edition, Homeri, London, 8vo, 1794, 3 vols., $7 50.

Velleius Paterculus, 19 B.C.

He is the author of a summary history of Rome. It comes down from the commencement of Rome to his own times, and deserves commendation more for its style than historical verity, as he was evidently swayed by partiality and a servile adulation towards Tiberius and Sejanus.-Eschb.

Best edition, Lemaire, Paris, 1822, 8vo. Translated by Baker, 8vo, $1 50, London, 1814.

Suetonius, A.D. 50.

He gives a plain and candid account of facts, many of them otherwise not known, but of the greatest importance for history. His style is simple, concise, and correct, without either ornament or affectation.-Anthon.

Opera edit., F. A. Wolf, 4 vols., Leipz., 1802, $4 50. A good translation by Dr. A. Thomson, London, 8vo, 1796.

Curtius Rufus.

He wrote a history of the deeds of "Alexander the Great." His style differs much from the noble simplicity of most

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of the Greek and Roman historians, and often sinks into the extravagant and romantic; his style is also frequently elaborate, and abounds too much in ornament. Notwithstanding this, his narrative is not deficient in suavity and interest.

Diodorus, first century.

We are indebted to him for many particulars which, but for him, we never should have known; and we must regret that we have lost the last, and, probably, the most valuable portion of his works, as even by the fragments which remain, we are enabled in many places to correct the errors of Livy. The style of Diodorus, though not very pure or elegant, is sufficiently perspicuous, and presents but few difficulties, except where the MSS. are defective, as is frequently the case.-Anthon.

Best edition, Bipont, 8vo, 1793, Greek and Latin, Heynii, 11 vols.

Valerius Maximus, first century.

Notwithstanding the faults of this historian, his work is interesting both for the history and the study of antiquity, and contains a number of little facts taken from authors whose works have not reached us.

Best edition, Hare, 3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1822.

Tacitus, first century.

(See third part.) Best edition, Leipz., 8vo, 1801, Oberlin, 4 parts, 2 vols., $11 00.

Appianus, first century.

His Roman History abounds with valuable information respecting the history of those times, and on many points of ancient geography. Though evidently a compilation, it is not the less important, however, on this account, since many of the sources whence he derived his information are completely lost to us, while, for some epochs of Roman history, he is the only authority we possess.-Enc. Am.

Best late edition is that of Schweighäuser, Leipzig and Strasburg, 1785, 3 vols.

Plutarch, end of first century.

(See third part.) Best edition, Coray, Paris, 1809-15, 6 vols. 8vo. Good translation by Langhorne, 870, $3 50, London, 1840.