upon the ground and worshipped," . Ezek. viii. 16: "And they worshipped on the sun towards the east.”

Before we close our examples, let us notice how the Hebrews applied this word in poetry. Ps. xlv. 12 (11 of the English text): "Worship " thou him." xcix. 5: "Exalt ye the Lord our God, and worship at his footstool." cvi. 19: "They made a calf in Horeb and worshipped 11

the molten

image." xcvii. 7: "Confounded be all they that serve slave themselves to) graven images; that boast themselves of idols: worship p him, all ye gods." In this instance, the word serve associates with the idea of slavery, as does the original; but the worship with that of reverence. Both words occurring in the same sentence, will give us some idea of their different uses; yet some think this word in such instances synonymous with the word worship, notwithstanding the Hebrew writers thought differently; yet true it is, this word is sometimes used (as it were by figure) to express humility, subserviency, and devotedness of the true worshipper. In the same manner, St. Paul expresses the idea, when he says, that he is the doulos (Sov205, slave) of Jesus

Christ. In an analogous sense, the Arabic words hel and hallel, Hebrew hallal, are used to mean worship, &c. Ps. cl. "Praise ye the Lord, praise God in his sanctuary,' &c., where this word is in frequent use, and from which our word

:

hallelujah has arisen. Also the Arabic word hōd, Hebrew 1 hōd, is in somewhat similar use: Ps. cxxxvi. 1, 2, 3, all commencing, "O give thanks to the Lord," meaning glory, majesty, or dignity to the Lord, as the worship of the Almighty. We trust no one has ever found the word ebed used in such a sense.

But it is said that avoda means implements, utensils, appurtenances, (see Gessenius,) and Num. iii. 26, 31, and 36, is quoted in proof: "And the hangings of the court and the curtains for the door of the court, which is by the tabernacle, and by the altar round about, and the cords of it, for all the service thereof." Service is translated from y avodatho. The word, as here used, means slave-labour, and might well have been translated, "For all the slave-labour thereof," i. e. of the tabernacle. We can

not perceive that it means the hanging of the court, or the curtains, or cords. The other instances quoted are of the same character, and we dismiss their consideration, asking the passages to be read.

But it is said, to minister, to minister unto, is sometimes translated to the word ebed. 1 Kings xix. 21: "Then he arose and went unto Elijah, and ministered unto him." The word

is from the root

shereth, and means to wait upon, to attend to, &c., distinct from the idea of slavery. In Matt. iv. 11: "Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and ministered (Strxovovv, diekonoun) unto him." This Greek word, we deem, would be a good translation of this word from Hebrew into Greek. This word is used in Num. iii. 6: "That they may minister unto him." 31: "Wherewith they may minister unto it." iv. 12: "And they shall take all the instruments of ministry wherewith they minister." 14: "Wherewith they minister about it." xviii. 2: "That they may be joined unto thee and minister unto thee." 1 Kings i. 4: "And the damsel was very

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fair, and cherished the king and ministered to him." 15: "The Shunammite ministered unto the king." If the word ebed had been used, it would have shown that she was a slave. The same word is continued to be used to mean minister. In 1 Sam. ii. 11: "And the child did minister unto the Lord before Eli." 18: "But Samuel ministered

unto

before the Lord, being a child." iii. 1: "And the child Samuel ministered unto the Lord before Eli." 2 Sam. xiii. 17: "Then he called his servant ( his young man) that ministered in him." Now, had the ebed been here used instead of this word, as a verb, in the required mood and tense, &c., it would have been proof that the young man was a slave. But, in case the word ebed, as a noun, had been used, instead of nar, then this word might have been used as it is, without affecting the slave character of the servant. 1 Kings x. 5: "And the sitting of his servants, (' slaves,) and the attendance of his ministers,"

This passage shows with great distinctness the different use and meaning of the words ebed and shereth, between those who minis

tered unto him, and those who did slave-labour, between the minister and the slave; and so we ever find the distinct uses and meanings of these words. See Exod. xxviii. 43: "Or when they come near unto the altar to minister in the holy place." Deut. x. 8: "To stand before the Lord to minister unto him." xviii. 5: "For the Lord thy God hath chosen. him out of all thy tribes to stand to minister

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because of the

in the name of the Lord, him and his sons for ever." 1 Kings viii. 11: "So that the priests could not stand to minister cloud." 2 Kings xxv. 14: "And all the vessels of brass wherewith they ministered, , took they away." 2 Chron. xxiv. 14: "Even vessels to minister," . Neh. x. 36 (the 27th of the Hebrew text): "Unto the priests that minister in the house of God." 39 (the 40th of the Hebrew text): "And the priests that minister," '. Isa. lx. 7: "The rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee." Let it be noticed that the -word strangers is translated from the word nechar. The word is of Arabic derivation from eker, and has a privative sense, as nescivit, abrogavit, improbavit. Hence, the Hebrews used it to mean strange, foreign, and sometimes false, as in Deut. xxxii. 12: "No strange (false) God with him." Mal. ii. 11: "The daughter of a strange (false) God." And this word was used to mean the strangers, idolaters, and rejected people, out of whom the Hebrews were allowed to make slaves, and therefore it was used in Gen. xvii. 12: "Or bought with thy money of any stranger (neker) which is not of thy seed." And therefore the propriety of the use of this word in the description of those who should be their drudges and slaves, is beautifully expressed by the idea of building up their walls, as here expressed by the prophet. But the idea of the kings ministering, is as before, from the root, shereth. Many more examples of the use of this word might be quoted; but we trust the foregoing are sufficient to establish its meaning to be altogether different and distinct from any use of the word ebed. Yet, there are in the received translation of the holy books, a few instances where this word is translated erroneously, as though it were a synonyme of the word ebed.

In Num. xi. 28, "And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of Moses," the word servant is translated from, and should nave been the minister of Moses. In Exod. xxiv. 13: "Moses rose up and Joshua his minister" 1. In this last quotation, minister is correctly translated from the word as above, proving the error in Numbers. A similar error occurs also in Ezek. xx. 32; it reads thus: "And that which cometh into your mind shall not be at all that ye say, We will be as the heathen, as the families of the country to serve wood and stone." Serve is translated from as above, and should have been to minister unto wood and stone. A like error occurs in Exod. xxxiii. 11: "But his servant Joshua," should have been rendered, "his minister Joshua." So, also, in Num. iv. 47, the word ebed is translated as a synonyme of sherath. The passage reads thus: "From thirty years old and upward, even unto fifty years old, every one that comes to do the service of the ministry, and the service of the burden in the tabernacle of the congregation." In this passage, the word ebed, with affixes, is used four times consecutively, and immediately followed by the word massa, which we have before seen means labour, with the idea of the burden of labour altogether predominating.

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In the translation, it is plain to see that one of these words is totally left out, which, we suppose, no one will pretend is not an error. The translation made of these five words at the Theological College at Andover, is far more correct than the received version. It is thus: "to perform the business of the service and the business of the burden," &c. Yet this is not the language of the original, which reads thus: p njy) ngày njay jayb.

If our proposition is correct, that the word ebed is never used in Hebrew expression unassociated with the idea of slavery, then this passage from Numbers should read: "From thirty years old. and upwards, even to fifty years old, every one that comes to slave in the slavery of the slave labour, and in the slavery of the burdens of the tabernacle of the congregation." We agree that the passage is somewhat difficult to render into English; but because we may find some difficulty in making good English, we are not to translate from other words of different meaning from the ones used. The holy penmen said what they meant, and surely meant what they said there was no double dealing in the spirit of Jehovah, who dictated to them. But that translators should have, in some

few instances, mistaken or confounded the use of cne word, is not to be thought strange. Taking into view the volume of the holy books, it is truly wonderful that greater errors were not committed. And we take occasion here to remark, that, of all the ideas, qualities, and actions, given in definition of the word ebed, unassociated with the idea of slavery, upon examination of the language, we shall find graphic symbols representing their phonetic signs, distinct from the idea of slavery, as we have these already examined.

LESSON V.

To show more clearly that the word ebed is never used in Hebrew expression unassociated with the idea of slavery, we now propose to examine that word as used by the Hebrew writers in the holy books. Our words SERVANT, servitude, service, &c. are all derived from the Roman word SERVUS, which meant a SLAVE; and our word servant, when first introduced into our language, as absolutely meant a slave as now does that term itself, and even now fully retains that meaning, where the English language and slavery coexist. The oriental scholar (and let him be invited to examine) will perceive that the word y ebed was common to all the Shemitic tribes, and almost with the same phonetic particulars; but as their figures representing the same phonetic power were quite dissimilar, we think it a proof, almost demonstration, that the word Ty ebed was used as a phonetic symbol by them long before any of those languages were written. This circumstance shows the extreme antiquity of the word; and if we succeed to establish the fact, that this word meant nothing but what is now meant by the word slave, we shall also have established the extreme antiquity of the thing itself. A word means nothing, until it is by some means agreed what it shall represent, what idea, or association of ideas it shall excite in the mind. Hence, it not unfrequently occurs that a thing may be better described by paraphrasis than by the expression of a single term. In Gen. xii. 5: "And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his brother's son, and their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran." The latter clause of this sentence

וְאֶת־הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂוּ בְחָרָן,is from this Hebrew expression