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of different languages: hence we speak of the style of Addison, but of the diom of the English language. Q. What do you consider, then, the true import of idiom?

A. That peculiarity in the mode of expression, and arrangement of words, which distinguishes one language from another.

Q. Do languages differ much in point of idiom?

A. Very considerably; modes of expression and arrangement appearing quite proper in one, which would be harsh and uncouth in another.

CHAPTER X.

OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF STYLE.

Q. Can you mention any of the different qualities of style? A. The strong, the weak, the simple, the florid, the concise, the diffuse.

Q. What do you mean by a strong or vigorous style?

A. A style that makes a deep and powerful impres sion upon the mind of the hearer or reader.

Q. And what by a weak or feeble style?

A. A style that has little power of arresting the attention, or exciting the feelings of the reader or

nearer.

Q. Can you express your opinion of a simple style?

A. Simple style is that in which there is little apparent labor, and no attempt at any thing but merely to be understood.

Q. And what do you mean by a florid style?

A. Style in which there is great profusion of oina ment, and an obvious desire to produce effect.

Q. What have you to say of the concise style?

A. It is the style which a writer or speaker uses, who expresses his thoughts in very few words. Q. And what of the diffuse?

A. Diffuse style is that which persons employ, whic express themselves very fully, and dwell long on the same thoughts.

Q. Are there any more qualities of style?

A Yes; but it is impossible to enumerate them ali, for they are as diversified as the characters of men's

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minds, and the occasions on which they require to speak or write?

Q. What do you mean by a natural style?

A. A style in strict accordance with the rules and principles of the language, in which a person speaks or writes, and such as one, deeply impressed with his subject, uses without apparent effort or labor.

Q. What is a bombastic style?

A. A style in which great swelling words are employed to express common thoughts.

Q. When should one kind of style be used in preference to

another?

A. That depends entirely upon the nature of the subject, as well as the occasion on which a person may be called to speak or write.

[Note. For examples of different kinds of style, let the scholar be re quested to make selections from books or periodicals: Mrs. Tuthill's "Young Ladies' Reader" is a valuable book of reference.]

CHAPTER XI.

OF PERSPICUITY.

Q. What do you conceive to be the greatest excellence of style o whatever class it belongs?

A. Perspicuity, or that quality which enables us to see at once an author's meaning, and renders it impossible for us to misunderstand it.

Q. What quality stands next to perspicuity in importance? A. Ornament, or elegance, which, joined with perspicuity, forms the highest excellence that style can possess.

Q. What renders perspicuity so essential in style?

A. The circumstance of its being necessary that composition should be easily understood; for without this no other quality is of any value.

Q. On what does perspicuity depend?

A. Partly on the choice of words, and partly on their structure in sentences.

Q. What are the chief things to be attended to in the choice of words?

A. Purity, Propriety, and Precision.

Q. What arrangement of words, or structure (f sentences, do you think best?

A. That, whatever it may be, which is best fitted to express the meaning intended to be conveyed.

CHAPTER XII.

OF PURITY.

Q. What do you mean by Purity of style?

A. The use of such words and modes of expression as are perfectly English, and warranted by good at.. thority.

Q. What do you consider a violation of purity?

A. The use of such words as are either foreign to the language, or have become antiquated by disuse. Q. Can you give an example of the violation of purity in respec of foreign words?

A. Fraicheur, for coolness; fougue, for turbulence, politesse, for politeness, are examples of French words used instead of English.

Q. Can you give an example of the latter species of violation of purity?

A. Behest, for command; erst, for formerly; and sith, for since, are now of this class, though they were once in common use.

Q. What is the standard of purity?

A. The practice and authority of the best speakers and writers.

Q. Are words much subject to change?

A. Almost as much so as any thing connected wit human affairs.

Q. In what manner do they suffer these changes?

A. On some occasions they change their significa tion; as, let once signified to hinder; on others they drop out of use, or become obsolete; as, strook, which once was used instead of struck.

Q. In what does purity of construction consist?

A. In the arranging of words in a sentence according to the English idiom, or mode of expression. Q. Can you give any examples of the violation of this principle! A. "He will repent himself of such conduct,” is a French, not an English mode of expression.

Q. How would you correct this?

A. By leaving out the word himself.

Q. Are all writers alike restricted in the use of words?

A. All writers are restricted to a certain degree; but poets take, and are allowed much greater liberties in this respect than prose writers.

Q. Can you give an example?

A. "The sunset of life gives me mystical lore:" here the word lore is an antiquated word, denoting learning, and would hardly be tolerated in any thing but poetry.

Q. Will you endeavor to correct the following violations of purity? He stroamed idly about the fields. He was certainly an extra genius. They showed too much hauteur.

A. He roamed idly, &c. He was certainly an uncommon genius. They showed too much haughtiness.

EXERCISES.

I. Correct the grammatical errors in the following

sentences:

1. A variety of pleasing objects charm the eye.

2. If the privileges to which he has an undoubted right, and has so long enjoyed, should now be wrested from him, would be flagrant injustice.

3. The religion of these people, as well as their customs and manners, were strangely misrepresented.

4. Whether one person or more was concerned in the business, does not yet appear.

5. The mind of man can not be long without some food to nourish the activity of his thoughts.

6. They ought to have contributed the same proportion as us, yet we gave a third more than them.

7. Who should I meet the other evening but my old friend.

8. Those sort of favors do real injury under the appearance of kindness 9. I saw one or more persons enter the garden.

10. Every person, whatever be their station, is bound by the duties of morality and religion.

11. The conspiracy was the easier discovered from its being known to many.

12. The pleasures of the understanding are more preferable than those of the senses.

13. Eve was the fairest of all her daughters.

14. I can not tell who has befriended me, unless it is him from whom ! nave received so many favors.

15. The confession is ingenuous, and I hope mor from thee now than could if you had promised.

16. Each of these words imply some pursuit or object relinquished. 17. No nation gives greater encouragement to learning than we do; yet, at the same time, none are so injudicious in the application.

18. I should be obliged to him if he will gratify me in that particular.

19. We have done no more than it was our duty to have done.

20 His vices have weakened his mind, and broke his health.

2

They could not persuade him, though they were never so eloquent.

22. We need not, nor do not, limit the divine purposes

23. He is resolved of going abroad.

24. He was accused with having acted unfairly.

25. The wisest princes need not think it any diminution to their greatness, or derogation to their sufficiency, to rely upon counsel.*

II. Correct the errors in the use of foreign, obsolete, or new-coined words and phrases, in the following

sentences:

1. The popular lords did not fail to enlarge themselves on the subject. 2. The queen, whom it highly imported that the two monarchs should be at peace, acted the part of mediator.

3. All these things required abundance of finesse and delicatesse to manage with advantage, as well as a strict observance of times and sea

sons.

4. The hauteur of Florio was very disgracious, and disgusted both his friends and strangers.

5. When I made some a propos remarks upon his conduct, he began to quiz me but he had as lief let it alone.

6. They thought it an important subject, and the question was strenu ously debated pro and con.

CHAPTER XIII.

OF PROPRIETY.

Q. What do you mean by Propriety as applied to style? A. The selection of such words as are best adapted to express the meaning intended to be conveyed. Q. What is the first rule to be observed with regard to propriety?

A. Avoid such words and expressions as are low and vulgar, or tend to excite mean conceptions: as, to see a thing with half an eye; to get into a scrape; which should be, to see a thing at a glance; to get into a difficulty.

Q. What is the second rule?

A. In writing prose, we should reject such words as belong entirely to the province of poetry; as, morn, for morning; eve, for evening; lone, for lonely.

Q. What is the rule next to be observed?

A. We should avoid technical terms, or terms peculiar to some particular art or profession, unless when writing to persons who understand them; as, we tacked

* If his pils have not been thoroughly instructed in grammar, the teacher may revert to the rules of syntax, on which he will find abundance of exercises in all the ordinary text-books

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